8 Stellar Atmospheres and interior of stars: Fourth Year B.S. (Hons.

) Major Courses in Physics

The Description of the Radiation Field, Stellar Opacity, Radiative
Transfer, The Interiors of Stars: Hydrostatic Equilibrium, Pressure PH 401: Statistical Mechanics (3 credits)
Equation of State, Stellar Energy Sources, Energy Transport and
Thermodynamics 3 lect 1. The scope of statistical physics: Assembles, Phase space,
Liouville Theorem. Distribution over energies, Weights of
9 The Interstellar Medium and Star Formation: Interstellar Dust configuration, the most probable configuration, The Maxwell-
and Gas, The Formation of Protostars, Pre-Main-Sequence Boltzmann Distribution. 5 Lect.
Evolution, Main Sequence and Post-Main-Sequence Stellar
Evolution, Evolution on the Main Sequence, Late Stages of Stellar 2. Statistical Ensembles: Micro-canonical, canonical and grand-
Evolution, Stellar Clusters 3 lect canonical ensembles. Boltzmann formula. Entropy, Free energies
and other thermodynamic functions. 4 Lect.
10. The Fate of Massive Stars: Post-Main-Sequence Evolution of
Massive Srs, Supernovae, Gamma-Ray Bursts, Cosmic Rays, The 3. The Thermodynamics of Gases: The weight, Amax, for a classical
Degenerate Remnants of Stars, The Discovery of Sirius B, White perfect gas. The Boltzmann partition function. The evaluation of the
Dwarfs, The Physics of Degenerate Matter, The Chandrasekhar classical partition function. The semi-classical perfect gas
Limit, The Cooling of White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, Pulsars 4 lect components of the partition function. 7 Lect.

11 Formation of Planetary Systems : Characteristics of Extrasolar 4. Particle Statistics :Principle of indistinguishability for quantum
Planetary Systems, Planetary System Formation and Evolution, The particles. Spin-statistics connection. Degenerate and non-degenerate
Nature of Galaxies, The Hubble Sequence, The Structure of the system. 4 Lect.
Universe 4 lect
5.Bose-Einstein Distribution: Bose-Einstein Gas, The Photon Gas,
12 Cosmology: Newtonian Cosmology: The Early Universe 2 lect The Specific heats of solids, the phonon Gas, Bose-Einstein
condensation. 6 Lect.
References :
1. An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics (Second Edition) - 6. Fermi-Dirac Distribution: Fermi-Dirac Gas, the Electron Gas.
Bradley W. Carroll, Dale A. Ostlie 5 Lec
2. Universe (5th edition) – William J Kaufmann, Roger A
7.Applications of statistical thermodynamics: The paramagnetic
Freedman
gas, the harmonic oscillator, the diatomic molecule, the disordered
3. Astronomy A Physical Perspective – Marc L Kutner lattice. 5 Lect.

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8.Transport phenomena : Boltzmann transport equation. H- matrices and Rotation operator for spin 1/2. 2 Lect
theorem, validity of equation. Mean free path. Viscosity and
Diffusion. Electrical conductivity. Brownian motion. 7 Lect b. Orthogonal and Unitary transformation, Rotation operators with
Euler angles, Eigenvalues and eigenstates of angular momentum:
9.Phase Transition: Phase, Phase transitions, Difference between Ladder operators, Matrix elements of angular momentum
first and second order phase transition, Phase diagram, Mean-field operators, Representation of rotation operator: Wigner function
theory, Applications of Mean-field theory, Ising model, Flory- 2 Lect
Huggins lattice model. 7 Lect c. Addition of angular momentum, Clebsch-Gordon coefficient,
Recursion relations for Clebsch-Gordoncoefficient, Examples
References: 2 Lect
d. Tensor operators, Irreducible spherical tensors, Wigner-Eckart
1. An Introduction to statistical Physics, by A.J. Pointon, Theorem 2 Lect
Longman.
2. Statistical Physics by L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz 3. Approximation Methods in Quantum Mechanics:
a. Time Independent Perturbation Theory:
Elsevier, 3rd Edition (Part one).
Perturbation in non-degenerate case, Perturbation in degenerate
3. Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics by W. Greiner, case, Stark Effect, Hydrogen-like atoms: Fine structure and the
L. Neise, and H. Stocker Springer, 2nd Edition. Zeeman effect 8 Lect
4. The Physics of Phase Transitions (Concepts and
Applications) by P. Papon, J. Leblond, and P.H.E. Meijer b. The Variational Method:
Springer, 2nd Edition. Upper bound on ground state energy, Approximation to states, The
5. Statistical Mechanics by R.K. Pathria Elsevier, 2nd Edition. Helium atom 2 Lect

PH 402: Quantum Mechanics –II (3 credits) c. The WKB approximation:

Semiclassical approximation, Approximation solutions, Validity
1. Symmetry in Quantum Mechanics: conditions, Turning points, Connection formulas, Tunneling,
Conserved quantities, Degeneracies, Wigner's theorem, Parity Application: theory of alpha decay 5 Lect
operator 1 Lect
4. Time-dependent problem:
2. Angular Momentum: a. The Interaction picture, Time-dependent two-state problems:
a. Rotation, Angular momentum as generator of rotation, Rabi's formula and resonance, Precession of spin 1/2 particle in a
Commutation relations, Two-level system: spin 1/2 particle, Pauli time varying magnetic field, Magnetic resonance, Ammonia

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molecule and Maser, Sudden and Adiabatic approximations 2 Lect PH-403: Electronics II (3 credits)

b. Time-dependent perturbation theory: Dyson series, Transition 1. Power and Tuned Amplifiers: 7 lect.
probability, Fermi's golden rule, Harmonic perturbation, Absorption
and stimulated emission of radiation, Selection rules 4 Lect Power Amplifier Types, Efficiency Requirement, Low Efficiency of
Class A amplifiers, Class B Push-Pull Power Amplifiers: Output
5. Scattering: Power, Efficiency, Power Dissipation; Transformer Coupled and
Lippmann-Schwinger Equation, Scattering amplitude, The kernel, Complementary Symmetry Push-Pull Circuits, Cross-over
Scattering amplitude for a central potential, Differential and total Distortion and Elimination, Harmonic Distortion, Basic Principle of
cross section, Optical theorem, The Born approximation, Review of Tuned Amplifier, Analysis of Single and Double Tuned Amplifier.
partial wave analysis, Hard-sphere scattering 10 Lect
2. Oscillator Circuits: 5 lect.
6. Identical Particles: Positive Feedback, Barkhausen Criterion for Oscillation, RC Phase
Permutation symmetry, States of non-interacting identical particles, Shift, Wien Bridge, Hartley and Colpitts Oscillator Circuits. Crystal
Symmetrization postulates: Boson and Fermion, Pauli's exclusion Oscillator, BJT Astable, Monostable & Bistable Multivibrators.
principle, Slater determinant, Scattering of two bosons and two
fermions, Bose Einstein condensation 5 Lect 3. DC Stabilized Power Supply: 3 lect.
Series Voltage Regulation with Feedback using Transistor and Op-
References: Amp, Load and Source Regulation, Current Limiting (short circuit
1. Modern Quantum Mechanics, J. J. Sakurai and J. Napolitano, protection), IC Regulators (Positive and Negative, Fixed and
2nd edition Variable Voltage Regulators).
2. A Modern Approach to Quantum Mechanics, J. S. Townsand
4. pnpn and Other Devices: 3 lect
3. Quantum Mechanics, Vol 1 and Vol 2, C. Cohen-Tannoudji,
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR): Construction, Operation,
B. Diu and Franck Laloe Characteristics, Ratings, Application: Half Wave Phase Control of
4. Quantum Mechanics: Fundamentals, K. Gottfried and T. Power, TRIAC: Construction, Operation and Characteristics,
Yan, 2nd edition Application: Phase Control, Unijunction Transistor: Construction,
5. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, D. J. Griffiths, 2nd Operation, Characteristics, UJT as Relaxation Oscillators.
edition
6. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, B. H. Bransden and
Joachain
7. Lectures on Quantum Mechanics, Steven Weinberg
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5. Integrated Circuit Logic Families: 3 lect. 10. A/D, D/A Conversion & Data Acquisition: 4 lect.
Diode Logic, DTL Logic, TTL Logic, Tristate TTL, MOS Logic, Sampling Theory, Aliasing, Digital-Ramp, Successive
CMOS Logic. Comparison of Important Characteristics of IC Logic Approximation, and Flash A/D Conversion, Weighted Resistor and
Families. R-2R Ladder D/A Converters, Data Acquisition.

6. Medium Scale Integration Logic Circuits: 3 lect. 11. Communication Systems: 6 lect.
Decoders, Encoders, Multiplexer, Demultiplexer, Data Bus Fundamentals of Radio Communication: AM & FM Modulation,
Operation. Radio Transmission Technical Standards, Demodulation, Diode
Detection, Block Diagram of Superheterodyne AM Receiver, Digital
7. The Memory Devices: 4 lect. Modulation and Demodulation Technique. Fundamentals of TV:
Memory Terminology, ROM Architecture, Flash Memory, Analysis and synthesis of TV picture, Scanning, Standard scanning
Programmable Logic Devices, RAM Architecture, Dynamic Ram pattern, Synchronization, Blanking pulses, Composite video signal, Color
Structure and Operation, Expanding Word Size and Capacity. video signals, Matrix circuits, Colourplexed Composite Video Signal,
Signal Transmission, TV channels, Channel Bandwidth.
8. Microprocessor: 6 lect.
Introduction to Microprocessor: Overview of computer References :
architecture, Evolution of Microprocessors, Difference between
microprocessor and microcontroller, Introduction to 8086/8088: 1. Robert L. Boylestad, and Louis Nashelsky: Electronic
Basic architecture of 8086, Memory segmentation, Flags, Devices and Circuit Theory. Prentice-Hall, India.
Addressing Modes, Pins & Signals, Single and Multi-processor 2. David A. Bell: Electronic Devices and Circuits Prentice Hall,
systems, Microprocessor Programming: Instruction Sets, India
Introduction to Assembly Language Programming. Over viewing 3. K.R. Botkar: Integrated Circuits
other Microprocessors: 80186, 80286, 80386, 80486 and Pentium 4. Tocci and Widmer. Digital Systems, Prentice Hall
Series Processors. 5. Tocci, R.J. and Laskowski : Microprocessors and
Microcomputers. Prentice-Hall International, 3rd Edition,
9. Interfacing: 1 lect. 1987.
Microcontroller, Working with Microcontroller, Working in 6. Barry B. Brey : The Intel Microprocessors
Arduino platform 7. Simon Haykin: Communication Systems
8. Louis E. Frenzel: Communication Electronics
9. R. R. Gulati: Monochrome and Colour Television
10. Bernard Grob and Charles E. Herndon: Basic Television and
Video Systems

26
PH 404: Methods of Experimental Physics (3 credits) 7. Basic idea of Cleanroom Technology: Laminar and turbulent
flow, different types of cleanrooms, Super cleanroom, ISO standard
1. Optical and Spectroscopy Instruments: Phase contrast and of cleanliness, different types of Filters: High Efficiency Particulate
Polarizing Microscope, Spectrophotometers, Optical Transmittance, Air (HEPA) and Ultra-Low Particulate Air (ULPA) Filters and
Reflectance and Absorption coefficients. 4 Lect Physics of Filter. 5 Lect

2. Electrical Measurements: Potentiometer, High Impedance 8. Gamma-Camera and NMR/ Transducer: Principle and
Voltmeters, Oscilloscope, DC Amplifier, Frequency Meter and operation of Gamma Camera, NMR and NMR Imaging Techniques.
Counter, Four point probe and Hall probe and Impedance Analyzer. 3 Lect
5 Lect
9. Detectors: modes of operation, efficiency, dead time, acceptance,
3. Thin Film Technique: Vacuum and Ultra-High Vacuum: resolution, photoubes, scintillators, Cherenkov detectors, transition
Fundamentals of vacuum, free gas, volume and surface gas, flow of radiation detectors, gas detectors: drift of electrons and ions,
gas, pumping techniques: Rotary pump, Diffusion, Pump, Diffusion ionization chambers, proportional counters, multiwire proportional
pump, Ion pump, Turbo pump, Pirani Gauge, Penning and chambers, drift chambers, Geiger Mueller, Electromagnetic and
Ionization Gauges, applications of vacuum techniques. Ion and thin Hadronic calorimeters. 5Lect
film techniques: Thermal evaporation (electron gun, laser ablation,
reactive deposition), Production and Characterization of Thin Film, References :
Thickness Measurement. 7 Lect 1. Methods of Experimental Physics Vol. 2. Marton and
Marton.Academic press, N.Y.
4. Phase Sensitive Detection: Look-in Amplifier, SCR type
Temperature Controller. 3 Lect 2. High Vacuum Techniques, J. Yarwood, Chapman and Hall.
3. Principles of Electronic Instrumentation, Diefen-derfer
5. Methods of surface and structure analysis: X-ray diffraction 4. Basic Electronics for Scientists, J. Brophy, N.Y.
technique. Neutron diffraction Fundamentals of electron 5. Applied Optics Vol. IV, Kings Lake
microscopy: SEM, TEM, Electron diffraction and STEM. 8 Lect 6. Fundamentals of Optics, F.A. Jenkins and H.E. White,
McGraw Hill, Singapore.
6. Experiments at low temperatures: Cryogens, properties of
materials at low temperatures, quantum liquids, He4 and He3 7. Vacuum Technology- A. Roth 2nd Edition
cryostats, closed cycle refrigerators, dilution refrigerators, Low 8. Handbook of Thin Film Technology- L.I. Maissel and R.
temperature measurement techniques, Ultra-low temperatures, Glang
Pomeranchuk cooling, magnetic cooling. 5 Lect

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PH 405: Solid State Physics -II (3 credits) References :
1. Solid State Physics: N.Y. Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin,
Band Theory of Solids : 12 lect Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
Electron in Periodic Potential : Kroning-Penney model, Schrodinger 2. Statistical Mechanics: Kerson Hung. Wiley Eastern, New
Equation, Bloch Function, Brillouin Zones, Reduced Zone Scheme,
Delhi.
Methods of Band Structure Calculation-LCAO and OPW methods.
3. Elementary Solid state Physics: M. Ali Omar. Pearson
Semiconductors 10 lect Education, Inc.
4. An Introduction to Solid State Physics : C. Kittel, John
Direct and Indirect Band Gap Semiconductors. Extrinsic
Wiley and Sons, N.Y.
Semiconductor. Shallow Levels. Density of States. Charge Carrier
5. Introduction to Solid State Physics : A.J. Dekkar, Prentice-
Concentration. Fermi level in the energy gap. Carrier Life time.
Hall N.J.
Recombination Process. P-N junction depletion Region. Junction
6. Introductory Solid State Physics : H.P. Myers.
Capacitance. Diode Current. Tunnel Diode. Metal-Semiconductor
Junction. Surface States
PH 406: Nuclear and Particle Physics (3 Credits)
Dielectric Properties of Insulators 8 lect
Static Dielectric Constants. Clausius-Mosotti Relations, Complex 1. Nuclear Force:
Dielectric Constant, Debye Equation, Dielectric Loss. Relaxation Natural units, Non-exchange and exchange forces, Yukawa theory:
Time. Polarization Mechanism. nuclear force and meson exchange, Pi-Meson, Propagators,
Feynman diagrams, Interaction cross section, Decay and resonance
Superconductivity 6 lect 3 Lect
Types of Superconductivity, Magnetic Flux Quantization, Zero-
Resistance Phenomenon. Meissner Effect. Critical Magnetic Field. 2. Gamma and Beta Decay:
London Equations. Penetration Depth-Coherence Length. Elements Theory of Gamma emission, Selection rules, Mossbauer effect, Beta
of BCS Theory. Josephson Effect: AC and DC. High Tc decay: Fermi's four fermion interaction, Weak interaction 3 Lect
Superconductors.
3. Feynman Diagrams and Interaction Processes:
Magnetism 9 lect Propagators, Feynman diagrams, Interaction cross section, Decay
Classification of Magnetic Materials. Classical and Quantum theory and Resonance. 4 Lect
of Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism. Theory of Ferromagnetic and
Anti- Ferromagnetic Orders. Magnetic Resonance.

28
4. The Dirac Equation: 8. Electroweak Interactions and Overview of the Standard
Particle and antiparticles, The Klein-Gordon equation, The Dirac Model:
equation, Properties of Dirac matrices, Positive and Negative energy Particle content of the Standard Model, Electroweak Interactions,
solutions and Feynman-Stuckelberg interpretation, Electron spin and Structure of weak currents,
magnetic moment, Helicity and Chirality, Helicity conservation, The Glashow-Salam-Weinberg Model, Discovery of W and Z boson,
Weyl equation 7 Lect Higgs boson 5 Lect

5. Conservation Laws and Quantum Numbers: References:

Concepts of Group theory, Parity of particles and antiparticles, 1. Nuclear and Particle Physics, B. Martin, 2nd edition
Parity of pion, Charge conjugation, Time reversal and CPT 2. Introduction to High Energy Physics, D. H. Perkins, 4th
invariance, CP violation and T violation, Charge conservation and edition
Gauge invariance, Baryon and Lepton Number conservation, Isospin
3. Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics, A. Bettini
symmetry, Isospin of two nucleon and pion-nucleon system,
Strangeness, Hypercharge, G-parity 7 Lect 4. Modern Elementary Particle Physics, G. Kane
5. Introduction to Elementary Particles, D. J. Griffiths
6. Quarks and Hadrons: 6. Quarks and Leptons, F. Halzen and A. D. Martin
a. Evidence of quarks, Quark spin and Color, Quark quantum 7. An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics,
numbers, Quark-antiquark states: Mesons, Light pseudoscalar W. N. Cottingham and D. A. Greenwood
mesons: pi-mesons, K-mesons and eta meson, Three quark states:
Baryons, Nucleon and Hyperons, Baryon Octet and Decuplet, Heavy
quark states: charm, bottom and top quarks, Heavy quarkonium
states, D-meson and B-mesons 6 lect PH 407: Introduction to Material Science and Nanotechnology
(3 Credits)
b. Deep inelastic scattering and nucleon structure: parton model,
Gluon, Strong coupling and asymptotic freedom, quark-gluon I. Material Science:
plasma 4 lect
1. The Structure of Materials: Introduction and Objectives,
7. Weak Interactions: Structure of Metals and Alloys, Structure of Ceramics and Glasses,
a. Classifications of weak interactions, Low energy lepton processes, Structure of Polymers, Structure of Composites, Structure of
Paritynon-conservation in Beta decay, V-A interaction, Pion and Biologics 6 Lect
Muon decay, CP violation in neutral K meson 5 Lect

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2 Thermodynamics of Condensed Phases: Thermodynamics of 3. What are Limits to Smallness: Particle (Quantum) Nature of
Metals and Alloys, Thermodynamics of Ceramics and Glasses, Matter: Photons, Electrons, Atoms, Molecules: Biological Examples
Thermodynamics of Polymers, Thermodynamics of Composites, of Nanomotors and Nanodevices, Linear Spring Motors, Linear
Thermodynamics of Biologics 5 Lect Engines on Tracks, RotaryMotors, Ion Channels, the Nano
transistors of Biology, What are the Methods for Making Small
3. Kinetic Processes in Materials: Kinetic Processes in Metals and Objects?, Approaches to Assembly of Small Three-dimensional
Alloys, Kinetic Processes in Ceramics and Glasses, Kinetic Objects, Use of DNA Strands in Guiding Self-assembly of
Processes in Polymers, Kinetic Processes in Composites, Kinetic Nanometer Size Structures 4 lect
Processes in Biologics 6 Lect
4. Quantum Nature of the Nanoworld: Review of Quantum
4. Softmatter: The colloidal system, Forces act in the colloidal mechanics, Maxwell’s Equations; E and B as Wavefunctions for
system, The DLVO theory, Amphiphiles (surfactants) in solution, Photons, Optical Fiber Modes, Quantum States and Energies,
Interfacial films and spontaneous curvature, Micellar shapes and Barrier Tunneling, The Trapped Particle in one Dimension,
phase behavior, The structure of Microemulsions. Self-organization Penetration of a Barrier, Escape Time from a Well, Resonant
of Macromolecules 6 lect Tunneling Diode, Trapped Particles in Two and Three Dimensions:
Quantum Dot, 2D Bands and Quantum Wires, One-electron Atoms,
II. Nanotechnology Excitons, Magnetic Moments, Magnetization and Magnetic
1 Introduction: Nanometers, Micrometers, Millimeters, Moore’s Susceptibility, Positronium and Excitons, Fermions, Bosons and
Law, Esaki’s Quantum Tunneling Diode, Quantum Dots of Many Occupation Rules. 7 lect
Colors, GMR 100Gb Hard Drive “Read” Heads, Accelerometers in
your Car, Nanopore Filters, Nanoscale Elements in Traditional 5. Self-assembled Nanostructures in Nature and Industry:
Technologies 3 lect Carbon Atom, Methane, Ethane and Octane, Ethylene, Benzene, and
Acetylene, C60 Buckyball, C Nanotube (~0.5 nm), Si Nanowire (~5
2 Systematics of Making Things Smaller, Pre-quantum: nm), InAs Quantum Dot (~5 nm), AgBr Nanocrystal (0.1–2 nm),
Mechanical Frequencies Increase in Small Systems, Scaling Fe3O4 Magnetite and Fe3S4Greigite Nanoparticles in Magnetotactic
Relations Illustrated by a Simple Harmonic Oscillator, Scaling Bacteria, Self-assembled Monolayers on Au and Other Smooth
Relations Illustrated by Simple Circuit Elements, Thermal Time Surfaces 4 lect
Constants and Temperature Differences Decrease, Viscous Forces
Become Dominant for Small Particles in Fluid Media, Frictional
Forces can Disappear in Symmetric Molecular Scale Systems 4 lect

30
References : For Physics Non-Major Students
1. Nanophysics and Nanotechnology - Edward L. Wolf Physics Non-Major Courses for Students of
2. Nanoscience -Nanotechnologies and Nanophysics - C. Dupas Departments other Than Physics.
P. Houdy M. Lahmani
The B.S (Honours) students of departments other than Physics will
3. An introduction to materials engineering and science - Brian
have to take at least 2 units of Physics, if they opt to take Physics as
S. Mitchell a minor course, of which at least 0.5 unit will be on laboratory
4. Materials Science and Engineering An Introduction - experiments. Students taking more than 2 units of Physics minor
William D. Callister course will have to take at least 1 unit of laboratory experiment
5. Soft Matter Physics, M. Daoud, C. E. Williams (Eds.) distributed evenly over first and 2nd year of the 4 years. Honours
course.

FIRST YEAR MINOR COURSES IN PHYSICS

1. PM 111, Mechanics and Waves 2 credits

(i) Vectors 11 lect.

Addition and Subtraction. Unit Vectors. Scalar and Vector Products.
Scalar Triple Product. Vector Triple Product. Scalar and Vector
Fields. Gradient, Divergence and Curl., Greens theorem, Gauss and
Stoke’s Theorems. Curvilinear coordinates.

(ii) Particle Dynamics 4 lect.

Motion in One Dimension, Motion in Two and Three Dimension,
Application of Newton’s Law, Conservation of Linear Momentum,
Work and Energy. Conservation Laws. Conservative Force.

(iii) Simple Harmonic Motion 6 lect

Definition. Combination of Two SHM’s. Lissajou’s Figures.
Damped SHM. Forced Oscillation. Resonance. Power and Intensity
of Wave Motion, Principle of Superpositoin

31