EXPERIMEN

T1

ELL 100
INTRODUC
TION TO
ELECTRIC
AL SUBMITTED BY
SAMAKSH MODI
ENGINEER 2022TT12132
GROUP-10
ING
LAB
STUDY OF DIGITAL STORAGE
PROJECT OSCILLOSCOPE

 MOTIVATION
The Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) is a beneficial and versatile laboratory instrument
used for measuring and analyzing waveforms and other phenomena in electrical and electronic
circuits. An oscilloscope automatically graphs a time-varying voltage; that is, it displays the
instantaneous amplitude of an a. c. voltage waveform versus time. In addition to voltages, the
 CRO can present a visual representation of many time-varying quantities employing
“transducers” which convert current, pressure, strain, acceleration, temperature, etc., into
voltages.

 OBJECTIVES
1. To become familiar with the operation and adjustment of controls on the front panel
of a DSO.
2. To use the DSO for visual display of electric signals.
3. To make frequency measurements using Lissajous patterns.
4. To measure the phase difference between two signals of the same frequency.
5. To learn how to measure the period and frequency of a periodic waveform.

 THEORY

a) Channels CH -1 and CH-2

Section 1 – The five function keys located on the side of the display
Section 2 – The section below the display consists of a Power switch and probe compensation
output (calibrated source).
Section 3 – A variable knob and Ten Menu keys are located on the top side to the left of the
display.
Section 4 – Knobs and buttons are located in three columns at the center, indicated as
VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL, and TRIGGER.
Section 5 – Located at the bottom to the left of the display are input BNC sockets for CH -1,
CH – 2, External Trigger terminals, and an extra socket for GND.

b) Channels CH -1 and CH-2

Note that the DSO can display signals simultaneously on two channels. The signal display part
of the LCD screen is 10cm (X-axis) long and 8cm (Y -axis) high. For convenience, these
channels are indicated in different colors. The signal connected to Channel 1 (CH-1) would
appear YELLOW on the LCD screen. Numera1-1 is also shown on the extreme left side of the
display. CH-1 controls are also given yellow color. By pressing the yellow button (CH 1), this
channel (and display) can be turned on or off. The Volts/Div knob indicates the Y -scale in
volts/full div or volts/cm. The signal to CH -1 should be connected to the BNC connector, seen
just below the Volts/div knob. Similarly, the signal to CH-2 should be connected to the socket
below the CH-2 Volts/div knob. CH-2 display would appear blue on the LCD screen.
Numeral-2 is also indicated.

c) CH-1 and CH-2 Coupling Modes

 Press the required channel button (CH-1 or CH-2). Now sub-menu for that channel would
appear on the left side of the screen. Choose the top option, “Coupling” by pressing the first
function key. The current coupling mode would be displayed below the line “Coupling.” The
three possible coupling modes are DC(two lines: solid line and broken line), AC(sine wave),
and GROUND (ground sign). As you press this function key, the coupling modes keep
changing. The present mode would be displayed below the “Coupling” function.

d) Triggering the Display

Proper triggering of the signal is required to get a stable display. Triggering synchronizes the
horizontal sweep of the oscilloscope with the signal, thus making a repetitive signal appear
static. When the signal is triggered correctly, a message in the green color “Trig’d” will appear
on the top. By pressing the “MENU” button in the “TRIGGER” column (extreme right
column), various options for triggering are obtained. These are,
Type: Edge, Pulse, Video
Source: CH 1, CH 2, External, Line
Slope/Coupling: Slope(+ve/–ve), Coupling (DC/AC), Rejection (Off/ LF/HF),
Noise, Rej(Off/On)
Mode: Auto

For regular use, choose Type: Edge, Source: CH1 or CH2, Slope (+ve or –ve), Coupling: DC.
The signals to be displayed may either be continuously triggered and acquired by the DSO or
just once. By pressing the “SINGLE” button on the Trigger submenu (extreme right column),
signals are received just once, the instant immediately after pressing this button. A " Stop "
message on the top of the LCD indicates that the acquisition has been stopped.

The trigger mode also turns to “Normal” as indicated at the extreme right bottom. This mode is
worthwhile only when you want to make a measurement and are not interested in displaying
the input signals in a continuous fashion. Most of the time one is interested in the continuous
trigger and acquisition mode. To get back to the continuous mode, press on the lowermost
function button indicating “Mode normal” It would make the trigger mode continuous, and the
“Mode Auto” message would appear at the lowermost function. Now the channels would be
continuously updated. The message “Trig’d” would appear at the top to indicate that the mode
is continuous and that the signal is appropriately triggered. Notice the signal frequency
displayed at the bottom of the LCD screen.

e) Horizontal Functions
 The horizontal controls consist of the following:
• The horizontal scale knob — changes the oscilloscope’s time per division setting using the
center of the screen as a reference.
• The horizontal position knob — changes the trigger point's position relative to the screen's
center.
• The [Horiz] key — displays the Horizontal menu, which lets you display the zoomed
(delayed) time base, change the time base mode, and display the sample rate.

f) To change the horizontal time base (Y-T, X-Y, or Roll)

1. Press [Horiz].
2. In the Horizontal menu, press Time Base.
3. Continue pressing the Time Base softkey or turn the entry knob to Y-T Amplitude vs.
time. This is the typical horizontal time base setting. X-Y Channel 2 (X-axis) vs. Channel 1
(Y- axis).

g) AUTOSCALE Function

This button may be thought of as the ‘panic’ button. This button may be pressed when you
feel lost and need help (regarding displaying the signals on the DSO correctly!). Once the
AUTOSCALE button is pressed, the DSO measures the amplitudes and time periods of the
input signals connected to CH-1 and CH -2 and automatically chooses the correct Volts/Div,
Time/Div, and Trigger mode settings.

 EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

1. Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO)

2. DC Power Supply 0-30V
3. Function generator 0 to 3 MHz
4. Resistors (1 KΩ, 10 KΩ, 4.7 KΩ) and Capacitors

 VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
 Peak to Peak
Deflection Volts/Div RMS Value
Voltage

6 10 12 4.14

20 5 20 7.03

14 5 14 4.88

8 10 16 5.56

 Frequency Measurement
An oscilloscope may be used to measure the frequency of an unknown sine wave signal if an
accurately calibrated sine wave generator is available as a standard for comparison. The
unknown frequency signal is usually applied to the oscilloscope’s vertical terminal, and the
standard frequency signal is applied to the horizontal amplifier. The horizontal time-base mode
should be set to XY mode. The standard frequency is then adjusted manually until the pattern
appears as a circle or ellipse, indicating that both signals are at the same frequency. Where it is
impossible to change the standard signal frequency to the exact frequency of the unknown signal,
the standard is adjusted to a multiple until a stable pattern appears on the screen. This is called a
Lissajous pattern. Several Lissajous patterns are to be observed. Note that if horizontal (H) and
vertical (V) lines are drawn tangent to the figure, the number of points of horizontal tangency,
TH, and vertical tangency TV may be obtained. The relationship between the known signal
frequency and the unknown signal frequency Fx is given by the equation.

FX = F. TH/ Tv
 SL. Lissajous Frequency of Unknown
No. of points of tangency
No. Pattern generator Frequency
TH TV

1. Pic (a) 1 1 2 2

2. Pic (b) 1 2 1 2

3. Pic (c) 1 3 1 3

4. Pic (d) 1 4 1 4

 Phase Measurement
The phase difference between two sine waves of the same frequency may also be determined by
the Lissajous pattern/ In this case, one of the two signals is connected to the vertical input and
the other to the horizontal input of the oscilloscope and the horizontal time base to XY.
Connect the circuit as shown in Figure. Set the frequency of the signal generator at 1KHz and
voltage at 4volt peak to peak. Point A goes to the horizontal (Ch. II) input terminal point, Point B
goes to the vertical (Ch. I) input terminal point, and G to the ground of the Oscilloscope.
Switch on the CRO and set it to XY mode. Ground both the channels and adjust the beam into
the center of the CRO screen. Remove the set ground from both channels to get an elliptical
pattern on the screen of the CRO. The value of R can be varied from 0 Ω to 10 KΩ in step by
using a variable resistance. Calculate the phase difference, which may be computed C 0.22uF
1kHz R by substituting measured values of A and C in the formula Sin θ = C/A.
SL. Lissajous
R (KΩ) Measures Values Calculated Θ
No. Pattern
 A C Θ

1. 0.99 Pic (i) 64 33.6 31.668 34.37

2. 4.68 Pic (ii) 58.4 12 11.85 8.21

3. 9.85 Pic (iii) 60 4.4 4.2 3.93

 CONCLUSION
1. Peak-to-peak voltage of a sine wave is measured using a DSO, this can be done by
changing the amplitude of the signal. Also, the rms value can be calculated from peak to
peak voltage by using a factor of ½(2)1/2.
2. The unknown signal frequency FX can be calculated using Lissajous Figures by the relation
between FX=F.TH/TV.
3. The Phase Difference between two sine waves can also be calculated using Lissajous
Patterns.
 PICTURES

a) Voltage Measurement
b) Frequency Measurement
c) Phase Measurement

 VERIFIED READINGS