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TOPIC 1 Introduction, Scalar and Vector

The document discusses introducing physics concepts including scalars, vectors, components of vectors, and how to add and multiply vectors. It provides examples of calculating significant figures, vector addition using graphical and component methods, and solving physics problems using concepts of speed, velocity, force and resultant vectors.

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Jhudiel Ortega
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views

TOPIC 1 Introduction, Scalar and Vector

The document discusses introducing physics concepts including scalars, vectors, components of vectors, and how to add and multiply vectors. It provides examples of calculating significant figures, vector addition using graphical and component methods, and solving physics problems using concepts of speed, velocity, force and resultant vectors.

Uploaded by

Jhudiel Ortega
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS132

PHYSICS FOR
ENGINEERS

SECONDSEMESTER
INTRODUCTION, SCALARS
AND VECTORS
Presentation By:
ENGR. MARJON T. NAVIDA
Goals
• Three fundamental quantities of physics: meters, kilograms, and
seconds

• To keep track of significant figures in calculation

• To understand vectors and scalars and how to add vectors


graphically

• To determine vector components and how to use them in


calculations

• To understand unit vectors and how to use them with components


to describe vectors

• To learn two ways of multiplying vectors


Standards and Units
• Length, time, and mass are three fundamental quantities of
physics.

• The International System (SI for Système International) is the


most widely used system of units.

• In SI units, length is measured in meters, time in seconds, and


mass in kilograms.

• Remember – Engineers sometimes (often?) use other units!


Unit Prefixes
• Table 1.1 shows some larger and smaller units for the fundamental
quantities.
Uncertainty and Significant Figures
• The uncertainty of a measured quantity is
indicated by its number of significant figures.
• For multiplication and division, the answer
can have no more significant figures than the
smallest number of significant figures in the
factors.
• For addition and subtraction, the number of
significant figures is determined by the term
having the fewest digits to the right of the
decimal point.
• As this train mishap illustrates, even a small
percent error can have spectacular results!
Unit Consistency and Conversion

• An equation must be dimensionally consistent. Terms to be added or


equated must always have the same units. (Be sure you’re adding
“apples to apples.”)

• Always carry units through calculations.

• How many meters in a light year? (so you have to do conversion


first before calculating)
Vectors and Scalars
• A scalar quantity can be described by a single number.

• A vector quantity has both a magnitude and a direction in space, or…

• In this book, a vector quantity


→
is represented in boldface italic type
with an arrow over it: A.

→ →
• The magnitude of A is written as A or |A|.
Vectors and Scalars

SCALAR VS. VECTOR


Magnitude only Magnitude and Direction
Distance Displacement
Speed Velocity
Mass Force
Temperature Acceleration
Adding two Vectors Graphically
Components of a Vector
• Adding vectors graphically provides limited accuracy. Vector
components provide a general method for adding vectors.
• Any vector can be represented by an x-component Ax and a y-
component Ay.
• Use trigonometry to find the components of a vector: Ax = Acos θ and
Ay = Asin θ, where θ is measured from the +x-axis toward the +y-axis
Calculations using Components
• We can use the components of a vector to find its
magnitude and direction:
Ay
A = Ax2 + Ay2 and tan =
Ax

• We can use the components of a set of vectors to


find the components of their sum:

Rx = Ax + Bx + Cx + , Ry = Ay + By + C y +
The Scalar Product
• The scalar product
(also called the “dot
product”) of two
vectors is

• Figures illustrate the


scalar product.
Calculating a Scalar Product
• In terms of components,

• Example below shows how to calculate a scalar product in two ways.


The Vector Product
• The vector
product (“cross
product”) of
two vectors has
magnitude

and the right-


hand rule gives
its direction.
See Figures.
Calculating the Vector Product
• Use ABsin to find the
magnitude and the right-hand
rule to find the direction.
Example
Significant Figures:
4.231 + 3.51? 500 + 1.365?
4.231 500
+ 3.51 Round off + 1.365 Round off

7.741 7.74 501.365 500

6.357 - 2.47? 301 – 47.465?


6.357 301
- 2.47 Round off - 47.465 Round off

3.887 3.89 253.535 254


Example
Significant Figures:
8.4 x 5? 279 x 83?
8.4 279
x 5 Round off x 83 Round off

42 40 23157 23000

32.6 ÷ 2.8? 464.6895 ÷ 12.145?


32.6 464.6895
Round off
÷ 2.8 Round off ÷ 12.145
11.64286 12 38.26179498 38.262
Example
1. A car travels 100 miles north in 2 hours and then 40 miles
south in 1 hour. Calculate the (a) total distance travelled (b)
displacement (c) average speed and (d) average velocity.
Solution: 40 miles
1 hour
100 miles
2 hours
Example
Answers:
Distance = total distance covered = 140 miles
Displacement = 100 miles – 40 miles = 60 miles North
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 140 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
Speed = = = 46.7 miles per hour
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 3 ℎ𝑟𝑠.

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 60 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
Velocity = = = 𝟐𝟎 miles per hour North
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 3 ℎ𝑟𝑠.
Example
2. A force vector has a magnitude of 100N directed at an angle
of 30 degrees above the x-axis. Calculate the magnitude of
the x and y components of this force vectors.
Solution:
F Fy=Fsinɵ
Fy Fx=Fcosɵ
ɵ
Fx
Example
Solution:

F=100 N Fx=Fcosɵ = 100N cos 30O


Fy Fx = 86.6N
30O
Fy=Fsinɵ = 100N sin 30O
Fx
Fy=50N
Example
Solution: z

k
F= 86.6i + 50 j
i y
j
x
Example
3. Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant
vector that is formed when taking the sum of two vectors
shown below:

F1 = 200N
F2 = 300N
45O 30O
Example
Solution:

F1x = F1 cosɵ

F1 = 200N F1x = 200N cos30O


F2 = 300N
F1y F1x = 173.2N
45O 30O
F1y = F1 sinɵ
F1x
F1y = 200N sin30O
F1 = 173.2i + 100j F1y = 100N
Example
Solution:

F2x = F2 cosɵ

F1 = 200N F2x = 300N cos135O


F2 = 300N
F2x = -212.1N
45O 30O
F2y = F2 sinɵ
F2y = 300N sin135O
F2 = -212.1i + 212.1j F2y = 212.1N
Example
Solution:
312.1 FR
FR = F1 + F2
FR = [173.2 +(-212.1)] i + [100+212.1] j
FR = -38.9i + 312.1 j
𝜃R
-38.9
FR = (−38.9)2 +(312.1)2

FR = 314.5 𝑁
Example
Solution:
312.1 FR
312.1
𝜃R =𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
−38.9

312.1
𝜃R =𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
−38.9
𝜃R
𝜃R =82.9𝑂
𝑂 𝑂 -38.9
𝜃R =180 − 82.9
𝜃R =97.1𝑂

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