5-5 eping enuuos Formula Guide Formula Guide G-L G LFormula Guide—_kx= ©. ‘The goal of Kumon Mathematics Programme is to Jet students learn up to differentiation and integration as early as possible. In this book, important mathematics formulas and problems that appear in Levels G to L are included so that students can smoothly lea up to differentiation and integration, Not only elementary or junior high school students but also high school students are encouraged to use this book to remember some formulas that they may forget or to confirm how to solve particular problems. ; @ Find from “Table of Worksheets & Formulas” “ Formulas can be found from “Table of Worksheets & eanntw:arine ena this took Reine (71-72). J —— cmp noveroernnsrsas ate Squfn = ae TEE ete tera gatcrmipeesine wa oop cmmenae! In case you remember the name ‘of the formula, refer to the “Index” (on p.68-69 to find the formula. @ Find trom “Index” Incatd in ho English alphabetic! od. Shg— Appcabe age is initio “Formulas can be found from “List of Formulas” on p.64-67, [raphe of Linear Funcions (6 agra yet 3] | 2 aiesto ne orn ct woohoo ristiszsiiss =)” rambo Fe rete ai []} <= © denotes ts rurdar assigns othe Terres he vee: fare Sonn @ futes of oittoreniaton' ‘These are the important formulas that facilitate your smooth learning. Refer to them «© remember or to cconfirm the ones you forget. My-hieten he) eacset) These are generally important problems or problems in which formulas are encouraged to be at used. Look at the problem and its answer to confirm hhow to apply the © certain formula Detailed explanation is provided to solve the problem. Refer to these points when the problem is not clear enough. > In*Point” some Intermediate steps are described more n detail than the ones in the answer for you to have better understanding. However, does not require to write as described. You are more encouraged to follow the examples in the worksheet Certain terms appeared in the page are defined. Ea denotes important points with explanation.@ Motiptcation & Division of Positive & Negative Numbers (G 63-71 -72)-~ @ Addition & Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions (G 121 -126)-~ @ Mattiptication of Monomials & Polynomials (H_ 125-131) © Mahiplication Formula[T)(H 142-143). @ Mattiplication FormulaZZ|(H 146)~ © Multiplication Formu! @ Factorisation[2](H 161 ® Factorisatior @ Formula for Square Roots[I](I 26) ~ ® Rationalisatio 142) ® Formula for Square Roots| ® Quadratic Equations [T]}(Factorisation) (1.5 | = 13 © Quadratic Equations [2}( Quadratic Formula I) (1 73) ere Le @ Inequalities (1 83-85) seennmncnnnnee |B @ Linear Functions (1 107: 115)~~ 16 ® Vertex of Quadratic Functions (I 151 - 152-154-155) 7 @ The Pythagorean Theorem (I 171)" “8 @ Similar Figures (1175): ® Particular Right-Angled Triangles (1176 ° 177) 20 ® Distance between Two Points (1 186)~ i ® Multiplication Formula] 4) ® Multiplication Formula[6]I 7-8) ~ @ Factorisatio ® Rationalisation 2] 75) ® Irrational Expressions (J 87-88)" ® Quadratic Equations [3)(Quadratic Formula al 102); @ Muniptication of Complex Numbers 111-112-113) @ Discrimination of Quadratic Equations (J 122: 123) ® Root-Coefficient Relationships (J 131) @ Remainder Theorem (I 162: 163)- @® Factor Theorem (J 172) _ @® Arithmetic Mean & Geometric Mean (J. 197) ® Quadratic Functions & Common Points with the x-axis (K 72-73) ® Asymptotes of Fractional Functions (K 124-125) @® Irrational Equations (K 161 -164)-~ @ Laws of Exponents [IK 171-172-G 1) @ Laws of Exponents [2](K 174-175: 176) @ Exponential Equations (K 192); ~ @ Exponential Inequalities (K 196)~ @ Logarithm (L 1-2) - @ Logarithmic Formuta[I(L §-7-8)~ @ Logarithmic Forma G Modulus Functions (L 33)--~ @ Derivatives(I)(L 46) SSBARRLB @ Tangents (L 51) o @ Indefinite Integrals(I](L 11 1)~ @ Indefinite Integral @® Definite Integrals[1)(L 117-118) @ Definite Integrals| ® Definite Integrals @ Definite Integrals| @ Areas[T(L 141-142) SSESRHERGSE = ASERBR @ Volumes (L. 165)~ ‘Column “The Development of Coordinates” ‘Column “Differentiation/Integration’ Appendix List of Formulas Index sn Table of Worksheets & Formul SESS =G 63-71-72 H 125-13! e Multiplication & Division of Positive & Negative Numbers | e Multiplication of Monomials & Polynomials (—2)x(—2) x(-2)=—-8 3a(a+2b)=3a" + 6ab [ (—2) x (—2) x (—2) x (—2)=16 (a—2b)(—3a)= —3a7+6ab (2) x (—2) x (2) x (—2) x (—2) = —32 | (2a+3b)(4x + 5y) =8axr+l0ay+12bx+15by (42) x (—2) x (+2) x (+2) x (—2)=32 (-8)+(-2)=4 (4) x (—3)+(—6) On | Sala +2b)=3a-a +3a-2b=3a"+6ab @ @ When multiplication or division excludes the number zero, or both Oa multiplication and division appear in the same expression, / 2 —26)(—3a)=a-(=3a) =2b:(—3a)=—3a*+6ab if there is an odd number of ‘—’ signs (1, 3, 5, ~-), the answer is negative; = ee @ . @ if there is an even number of ‘—’ signs (2, 4, 6, ~-), the answer is positive. =O. as (2a+3b) 4x +5y)=2a:4x £2a-5y £3b-4x L3b-5u SS o © o 6 =8ar+l0ay+12br+15by G 121-126 8 Addition & Subtraction of Algebraic Expressions 3a+2b+5a+4b=8a+6b 8. 4a+b+5a~3b=a~26 Terms? monomial Expressions such as 3a”and 626 that involve only the ‘multiplication of numbers and letters are called monomials. polynomial Expressions such as 3a°-+6ab and Sax + l0ay+12b2-+ 15by that involve more than one monomial are called polynomials. —datb+5a-3b=(—4+5)a+(1-3)b =a-2bH 142-143 @ Multiplication Formula [1 H 148 6 Multiplication Formula 3] ) Multiplication Formuta | } = P+ 2ab+b* are (a+b) =a" +20 6+b* H 146 8 Multiplication Formula [2] ) Multiplication Formula Il ) Multiplication Formula Ill (xta@la+b)=2'+(at+b)x+ab (xt+2)et5)=27 +724 10 (x43)x—-7) =x*- 4-21 add (e+Oe+5)= = +(QL6 e+ xG=2t+ 72 +10 oy ecaassaiees + neeeee HIAg @ Multiplication Formula [4] ) Multiplication Formula IV SSS [ @rpia-v=a=0' J { (ax+ dex +a)=aex" + (ad + be)x + bd ( @x+sy)@e-3u)=42"-9y7 (Qx+1)(8r+4)=6x?+112 +4 Point Z zs —5y)=122?—7ry—10y? Po Q (8x+2y)(42—5y)=122*—7ry—10y’ (22 + 3u) Qe 3p) = (2) (Bu)*= 42-94? s\ | f ee Qr+VGr+d)=62"+(8+3)r+4=62"+ Ile +4 (a+ (a6) =a"? eesH 156 6 Factorisation [1] ) Factorisation Formula! a’ +2ab+b’=(a+b)* a@—2ab+b*=(a-b)" z+ Bry toy =(x+3u) 16x*—8ry+ y= (4r—y)* Et Gryt9y aa? +2 x 2% 3y+(3u)?= (et 3u)" Of oe Factorisation [2] Factorisation Formula It a®—b*=(a+ bla~b) x*—25=(x+5)(z—5) 9x*—16y"= (3x +4y)(3x—4y) H 164-165, ® Factorisation [3] ) Factorisation Formuta it x +(atb)xtab=(x+a)lx+b) x+5r+6=(2+3)(2+2) #'+2r—-15=(x+5)(2—3) For x°+51+6. x'+(a+b)x+axb v+or+6 the two numbers that multiply to become 6 and add to become 5 are 3 and 2 Therefore, at+5r+6=2°+B42)0+3x2 =(x+3)(r+2) For.x?+2r—15, the two numbers that maltiply to become ~ 15 and add to become 2are and —3. ‘Therefore, x'+22-15=2'+ [5+ (=3)]2+ 5x (=3) =(r4+ 5+ (3)] =(r+5)(x—3)126 @ Formula for Square Roots [1] Formula for Square Roots | Whena>Oandb>0, vab=Vavb Rewrite the following square roots in the form of CWO by using the formula. V12=V4v3=2V3 b Va5=V9V5=3V5, Rewrite Vq or \/h to the roots such as v4, V9, or V6 so that the” can be removed. 14! To eliminate "in the denominator, multiply both the denominator and. numerator by the same number: 3._ 3xVva 2 v2 vax/2 2 142 ® Formula for Square Roots 2] a Rewrite the following square root in the form of then rationalise the denominator. by using the formula, 30. 151 a Quadratic Equations [7] (Factorisation) Solve the following quadratic equation. x'+3r-1 [Sol] (x +5)(x—2) ce (x+5)*(x—2)=0 is true G@+5)G-2)-0 when x+5=0 or x-2=0. 5.2 ¢ s 8 x=2173 183-85 ® Quadratic Equations 2] (Quadratic Formula |) | © Inequalities Solve the following inequalities. Quadratic Formula I Qxt+1l>7 —3rt+4>10 wae tbene= Ue as | [Sol] 2x>—4 [Sol] —32>6 a 2>-2 xs-2 Solve the Following quadratic equation | | 2xt+1l>7 | A Letthe inequality be Ox>A. a 2e>—4 | Divide both sides by 2. | z>-2 | | | —3r+4>10 @ Let the inequality be Ox>A. | —3r26 ‘i is ‘When dividing both sides by a negative | zeae @ umber, reverse the inequality sign. _ = (=5) tV(=5)?-4x8x(=1) ia 2x3 _ SVT 12T107-115 ®@ Linear Functions ns Graphs of Linear Functi 1151 -152-154-155) ® Vertex of Quadratic Functions ) vertex of Quadratic Functions — | ‘A line with gradient m and y-intercept b is expressed as linear function y=mxtb. Find the equation of linear function from the given graph. {Sol} From the graph, the gradient is 2, and the y-intercept is 1. ‘Therefore, y=2r+1 ) Point 2 In the graph above, because the line goes up by 2 when it goes tothe right by 1, the gradient is 2. A} p> a Hn? a Terms) y-intercept uy The y-coordinate of the point where the graph of a linear function intersects the y-axis is called the y-intercept ofthe graph ‘The coordinates of the vertex of quadratic function y=alr— p)'+q are (pa). Find the vertex ofthe following quadratic function. yaar t4etd [ol] (x+20)+4 =2[le +2r+1)-1144 xt 1-244 =2et 1 +2 ‘Therefore, (—1, 2) Rearrange y=2x?+42+4 into the form of y=a(x—p)*+a. y=2xt+4r+4 A Move the 2 out of). =x +22)+4 zit oe=(x+ 2x4 D-1 =I? +20+1)—1)+4 =2l(e+1)-1+4 Sart 1P—2t4 =Axt1)P+2® The Pythagorean Theorem 17 The Pythagorean Theorem A triangle whose one of the angles is right angle (90°) is called a right-angled triangle, and a side opposite to the right angle is called a hypotenuse. ‘When the lengths of three sides of a right- angled triangle are a, band ¢ (¢ is the hypotenuse), the following Pythagorean ‘Theorem is tru. | (Hypotenuse) a+ | ‘The symbol represents aright angle, Find in the following right-angled triangles. ) Point 2 be |e crvaense . pure Since x>0, r=V F435, 2=16+9 Since x>0, x'=25-4=21 Since x>0, ar Similar Figures ‘When two or more figures have the same shape but are of different sizes, itis said that they are similar. ‘There are two properties of similar figures: ‘The ratios of the lengths of the corresponding sides are all equal. ‘The degrees of the corresponding angles are equal. Find 2, when triangles ABC and DEF are similar. D x:12=6:9 Qr=72 r=8 ) Point Z =x O(oute £:12=6:9 © ‘The multiplication ofthe outer values is equal 12 ane) to the multiplication of the inner values. 9r=72 81176-177 Particular Right-Angled Triangles Particular Right-Angled Triangles vt 7 In a rightangled triangle with angles of 45°, 45° and 90°, the ratio of the length of each side to each other is 1:1:v2. In a right-angled triangle with angles of 30°, 60° and 90° the ratio of the length of each side to each other is 1: V3 :2 Find xin the following right-angled triangle x:4=V3:2 2x=4v3 r=23 ‘The two triangles on the left are similar, (From "@ Similar Figures") Therefore, e:4= 73:2 1186 Q Distance between Two Points Find the distance between the two given points A and B, A(L, 2), BG, 4) I 0 5-1)? +(4—2)" 6+4 =20 Since AB>0, AB=2V5 @ e=a+b (From “@ The Pythagorean Theorem”) AB*=(5—1)*+(4—2)* =16+4 =20 Since AB>0, AB=2V5 2iJ4 ® Multiplication Formula 5) Multiplication Formula V Factorisation Formula IV (a+b+0)'=a"+b? +e" + 2ab+ 2be+ 2ea (2r-+3u+42)*=(2x)?+ (Bu)? + (42)? +2-2r-3y+2-3y-dzt2-dz-2r tx? +9y? +162" + 12ry+24y2+162x — x (+3944 i (asp (de) +2-Dx-3y+2-3y-dz +2-d2 dr dx? + 9y? + 1627+ 12xy + 2dyzt Lbzr Q Multiplication Formula Multiplication Formula VI Jz8 (a+b)'=a" + 3a°b + 3ab*+b* (a—b)"=a" ~ 3a°b+ 3ab*—b" (r+ y)=(2xP+3-(2x)-yt3-2r-y tu" =82°+12x7y+6ru ty" (3x—2y)*= (8x) —3- (Bx)? 2y+3-3x-(2u)*—(2u)? =27x*—5427y + 36.ry*~8y" 943474346? +6? a “ ‘ NN 2x) +3-(2n)-y+3-2r-y + y* =8r°4 1207 y+6ry?+y? a+ b°=(a+b\\a*—ab+b*) a?—b°=(a~b)(a*+ab+b*) r+ 2y)x?— 2x +4") 2x —3y)(4x?-+6xu+9u") = (G+ NG —aeH 6°) re ‘ Pareles 2+8y=2' 4 (y= aul —x-2y+(2y)"] = (ct Buz —ary +4") a@—b°=(a— ne tabs + e) ) Yt \A\\S gx°— 274° = (2)"—(8y)"=(2e yn)" 3e Bu + Gu?) = (2x—3y)(4x? +6xu+9u") 23J7S ® Rationalisation Rationalise the denominators. 1 Ve+i2 (e+i2)xW5=v2) | ~ Multiply both the 1x(V5=¥2) denominator and numerator by ¥5—V2 to eliminate the radical sign v from the denominator. (rom c:) | Formula(2) (a+ b\la-b)= ab" a-b (when a>b) (a-b) (when a3) —(x—3) (when 2<3) ew-| Since {(~—3) is positive or zero, it remains positive or zero after eliminating the Therefore, 2-320 B) When x>3, V@—3)F=2-3 2-3<0 When x<3, ¥(@—3)?=—(z—-3)J 102 ® Quadratic Equations 3](Quadratic Formula I!) Quadratic Formula Il JU H2-113 @® Multiplication of Complex Numbers. ) Imaginary Number i i -b'+Vb"—ac When ax?+2b'r+e=0, x= at r+ 1=0 ax?+2b'x+e=0 x (From "® Quadratic Equations 2”) When b is an even number (b=2b'), 2 ‘To express numbers that give negative answers when squared, we define the “non-real” number i. (This is called an imaginary number.) 447i (24+)G+2i)=6+4i+3i +27 Nas =6+7i+27" =6+7i+2*(—-1) =447528 J 122-123 @ Discrimination of Quadratic Equations J 131 @ Root-Coefficient Relationships ) Discrimination of Quadratic Equations |—$_— For the quadratic equation ax? + ba +e= the discriminant is D=b*~ 4ac. When D>0 ¢> There are 2 different real solutions. WhenD=0 © There isa repeated real solution. When D<0 © There are 2different complex solutions. Discriminate the solution of 227+51+1=0. [Sol] D=5*—4-2-1=17>0 Therefore there are 2 different real solutions. ax'+brt+e=0 Dagan 2x7+52+1=0 D=5*-4-2- Therefore, there are 2 different real solutions, ¥ Fora quadratic equation ax? +2b'x-+c=0, we can discriminate solutions using “?-=b""—ac. Root-Coefficient Relationships |= Given ax* + bx +e=0 (a*0), if the roots are and 6, até If the roots of the quadratic equation are a and 8, obtain their sum and product using the root-coefficient relationships. axit+bute=0J 162-163 J172 @ Remainder Theorem ® Factor Theorem The Remainder Theorem The Factor Theorem P(x) has afactor(x-a) @ Pla) (c> means “if and only Find the remainder when P(x)=x°+2*—5x +6 is divided by 2-2. [Sol] P(2)=2°+2°-5x2+6=8 Factorise P(x)=2*—3r-+2 [Sol] PQ)=1°—3x1+2=0 ) Point Z> So P(zx) is divisible by x1 ‘Therefore, When P(x) is divided by x—a, the remainder is P(a). J Hee d PQ)=(2-1lz*+2-2) When P(x) is divided by 22, ja the remainder is P(2). Seine @ For PQ) subtite ¥=2 ino PQ) =PPH 5246. ) Point 2 Substituting x=1 into P(x) = art, PW)=1?-3*1+2=0 ‘Therefore, So P(x) is divisible by x—L. P(2)=2'+2?-5x2+6=8 | When P(x) is divided by x—1, iil Piles B+e 2 P(x)=(x-a*+4~-2) fener g) | =(r- 1 +2) peer e ei Ev ease vo =2r 42 cers 31TAG @Q Arithmetic Mean & Geometric Mean Relationship between Arithmetic Mean & Geometric Mean ® Quadratic Functions & Common Points with the x-axis ) uadratic Functions & Common Points withthe 2-axis = Given a quadratic function y=ax*+bx+e, when the number of common points with the x-axis is 2, then D=b*—4ac>0 1, then D=6*—4ae=0 0, then D=b*—4ac<0 When a>0 and 5>0, then arb >Vab LHS=RHS when a=! (e is called the arithmetic mean, vab is called the geometric mean.) Given that 2r>0, prove the following inequality. For each quadratic function, find the number of common points that the ‘graph has with the 2r-axis. ‘Then, state the conditions for which the LHS equals the RHS. y=2x’—3r-1 / r+tse z =17>0 [Sol] D=(—3)*—4x2x(— [Sol] ‘There are 2.common points. see ae uax—x+4 (Sol) D=(—*-ax1x4=0 There is 1 common point. 1 Thus, x+—->2 LHS = RHS when 2 y=x?-52r+7 ) Point 2 When a>0, 6>0,and from 24> Jab, [Sol] D=(—5)*—4x1x7=—3<0 There are 0 common points. ol >o, Hi. me, /,u 20, £5080, ea yeyK 124-125 @ Asymptotes of Fractional Functions K 161-164) @ Irrational Equations Solve the irrational equation vr +2 Asymptotes of Fractional Functions |= using the following methods. | [Sol] Squaring both sides, usr rta=a? xtax-2=0 ae (c-2)(@+1)=0 Find the asymptotes ofthe following fractional function y=“2—~ -1 x1 [Sol] arte {Sol 1] From the graph, 2=—1 is an ak extraneous solution. Therefore, x=2 {Sol 2] Substituting into the original equation, () When x=2, the left hand side, LH the right hand side, RH! 1 the left hand side, LHS=1, the right hand side, RHS =—1 ‘Therefore, = —1 is an extraneous solution. From (i) and (ii), 7=2 )Point 2 ‘When solving irrational equations we must always check our solutions. Asymptotes: Gi) When x= [Sol 1] Using the graph, 4 the graphs of y= and y= vx+2 do not have a common point 2-5 atz=-1 Therefore, we cannot prove ¥x-+2=z. Asymptotes: [Sol 2] Substituting into the original equation, when x= —1, LHS and RHS are not equal to each other. r=1y=2 | ‘Therefore, we cannot prove Vx+2=r,K 171 -172-G1) | K 174-175-176 ® Laws of Exponents ® Laws of Exponents ) Laws of Exponents I Laws of Exponents | When a>0, b>0 and m, n and pare positive integers: Waa When a#0, b+0, @=1 a"xa"=a"™ | Point x V2xVa-¥B — vatb=Vab = a"xa"=a"" =? ea : | -a7 o tar=(vay > (eines - = od Wala ¢ ¢K 192 ® Exponential Equations Solve the following equations. =8 [Sol] 2=2 Rewrite 4°=8 with base 2. (LHS) 4°=(2")"=2* (RHS) 8=2° Since (LHS) = (RHS), 2*=2° Therefore, 22=3 From “® Laws of Exponents 3 2 aR at Rewrite () =9 with base 3 com (4) [01-8 (RHS) 9=3* ‘Since (LHS) = (RHS), 3°*=3* Therefore, =32=2 2 3 a Speen “Terms? base: In the term a", is called the base. | Inequali Solve the following inequalities. He Po ayeb <8 { (3) 16 [Sol] 1)" /1\' (2) 4 [Sol] 2*<2* 2r<3 pAb eae o Rewrite with base 2. aca @ ‘Since the bases are 2 and greater than 1, 2x<3 eS 5 the inequality sign remains the same. Reverie wth base 4. ‘Since the bases are } and less than 1, 2 > ¢@ ae reverse the inequality sign. K 196® Logarithm ® Logarithmic Formula Properties of Logarithms Logarithm can be written as log, | (where a>0,a#1 and N>0) Tn each equation, find the value of x. When a>0,a#1,M>0,N>0, log,16=2 [Sol] 2°=16=2" log.8+ logs +2) =log,16=log.4* ‘The relationship between exponents and logarithms can be expressed as i = tog, 2 a shown in the figure below. logs12—logs4=logs--=log,3= Jogo * O-D | logs16= 2. 2°=16 log.8+ log,2—log,(8-2) = log. MN=log.M + log.N ogy x= 2 | =logs16 = logs? 2 @ log.a logs 12—logs4=logs42 tm tog. = tog.M—loz.N =log,3 | QE togarthn, bose, antoganthm er =1 ¢ leh For loge: log. + ain cule ths Bose, aa | + N is called the antilogarithm. Paase fandlioaes tiny + logoN is called the logarithm of N to the base a. | 4alee eM toga (where a>0, b>0,M>0 and a#1, b#1) | Jogs4+log,9=logs4- 2222 133 ® Modulus Functions Graph the following function. u=lr-1| [Sol] When. x>1, y=x-1 When <1, logs4 ) Point 2 _ log.4 log,M 18h og.8 18 og,a — logs 2 Jog22* log.a"=m 2 (From “@® Logarithmic Formula “3 loz9 log4 logs4-log.9=logs4 =loe9 =log,3" =2 42. = log.M_ 08M tog,a log.a” z-120™ r>1 ‘graph the function y=2—1. 2-150 m r<1 graph the function y= —(r—1)= +1. ws Terms? absolute value lal is called the absolute value of a. When ais positive or zero, |a| =a. When ais negative, lal =—a.L46 ® Derivatives [1] ) the derivative of 71x) L48 ® Rules of Differentiation ) utes of Differentiation Ha) fig EEF) Obtain the derivative of f(x) =". {Sol} f(x) = fim =? When f(x)=2°, Pxrth= (eth) =2°+3x7ht Bah? +he From “@ Multiplication Formula 6)” L47 @ Derivatives [2] The derivative of 2’ ‘When n is a natural number (n= 1, 2, 3, ..) (x")'=na"", yar" [Sol] y'=72" y [Sol] y'=22 Put the 7 in front. == 724 Subiract I from the 7. Ify=h, then y’=0 (kis aconstant.) Ify=kf(z), then y’=kf'(x) (kis aconstant.) Ify=f(x) + g(x), then, “(x)+9'(x) Ity=f(z)~ g(z), then y’=f'(x)—g'(x) Differentiate the following functions. yaar? b y=x*—or+2 [sol] y'=62" [Sol] y’=32"—5 ) Point 2, y=x*—5rt2 (x''=324, (—527)'=-5 é (From “@ Derivatives (2]”) w'=32*-5 ee & Terms differentiation ‘The process of finding a derivative is called differentiation.L4q ® Rules of Differentiation 22) Rules of Differentiation II If y= fla)g(x), then y’=f'(x)g(x) + flx)g"(x) Differemtiate the following function. y=(z?+1)(2*+1) (=(2 +1 G+ D+ (2+ DG4+1) =2r(2+1)+ (22+ 1-32" =2r'+ 2243x432" +8? + Or v= f@ 02) (x)g(z) + Fx)g'(x) Fae + Fa 2) ah ee cee y=(7+1)(2°+D * (x? +1)'(2° +1) + (2? +1) + D =2x(x*+ 1) + (2? +1)-327 =2r'+2r+3r'+ 32" =Sr'+3r"+2r LSI @® Tangents Equation of the Tangent } ‘The gradient of the tangent to the curve y= f(z) atthe point (a, f(a)) is f'(a). ‘The equation of the tangent at point (a, f(a)) is as follows: y-f(a)=f'(a@x-a) Find the tangent to the following curve at the given point. y=x'—4x+4 (3,1) [Sol] Let f(x)=x*—4r+4 f'(x)= 22-4 ‘Therefore, the tangent is: y-1=2(2-3) ) Point 2 From f(x) =2~4 and the point of tangeney (3, 1), the gradient of the tangent is f"(3)=2x3—4=! a “Terms tangent, point of tangency ‘The line that touches the curve at point A is called the tangent at point, and pointA is called the point of tangency. ayLill L112 @ Indefinite Integrals [1] | 52) Indefinite Integrals [2] ) Properties of Indefinite Integrals i The Indefinite Integral of 2” ‘When n is a positive integer or zero, fear= Lec C isthe constant of integration) | Jsteax=hfpxdx (kia constant. Jis@+o@lar= [7nart foleiar Jis@)-owlar= fp(wax— foledax Evaluate the following indefinite integrals. | frdr=pr+e | Evaluate the following indefinite integrals. ) Point @ ‘Ad 110 the 5 ar fear-he +c feswax=k{s(eax eC f ; . Let the sum of 5 added 1 be the denominator, From “@ Indefinite Integrals (1) ‘The constant of integration can be written simply as C instead of 2C. [Grande = fartdz—farde me fUste)-oalar= fytaiaz- fates =3frdz-sfedr frsrac=kf p2rdx 1 3 2+ a "Terms? indefinite integral ‘A function that, when differentiated, becomes f(z) is called an indefinite integral of f(z). Porheic rr)LIIT-18 ® Definite Integrals L12l ite Integral: Definition of Definite Integral ) Properties of Definite Integrals | ‘When the indefinite integral of f(x)is F(x), Evaluate the following definite integrals. [ertndx=[2"+2] =12-6=6 [sx +2a2= [x+2x]=12-3=9 [i@a-[Fo] [ (b) F(a) Lt pe foxtnaz=[2"+2] [esarar=rf'fdde (kis aconstant) [ise+o@lar= [pmax f'ocar [is@-aalar= [pxdx- f'ooar Evaluate the following definite integral, using two different methods. re [aide tsolt) r= fx'de- [rar TT. aa 1 y-y=3 =3 @+)-y4-D=5 a Terms definite integral When the indefinite integral of f(x) is F(x), then F()—F(a) is called the definite integral of f(x) from ato b,andis written asf f(xiae. {Sot 1} From f"[ye)—a(adlde= fswiar [iat-vde= fPar- fxar Lede [Sol2] f(z)=2*—2, F(x)= (From “® Definite Integral 5182 ® Definite Integrals [3] L 123 L126 @ Definite integral Properties of Definite Integrals II - o (when n is 1, 3,5, .) [ivar= | 2 [eax (when m is0,2,4,.~.) [ici +40—ae+ Dar = fixarea f'xtde—af rar+ f dx =8['rdr+2 far -fte[ 4] ) Point 2 fh bant—ae+ 1dr ‘rar+4fxtdz-3f xdr+ f dx 1 ee +efitaz- 0 +2f de “Gell =g-ty94=4 =8-3+21=9 Properties of Definite Integrals (¥]_-——————$ + [tear=- [sar [terds=['iodx+ [rear [t-nde~ [ender = ['@t-var+ fe—ndx = [naz [tty i3 2 I =9-2 =9-3 a 2 ) Point 2 “t-nar- f'n = [G@-ndr+ [?-ade : [iaus='roet [ponte =| (?-x)dr@ Areas [1] | ® Areas | ) Areas Il When f(x) > g(2), the area, S, When f(x) >0, the area, $, enclosed by the curve =f (2) and the 2-axi inthe interval | enclosed by the curve y= f(2) Ia, 6) is: and y= g(z) in the interval [a, b] is: s= [[p)-ate)ldx When f (zr) <0, the area, S, enclosed by the curve y= f(a) and the 2-axis inthe interval [a, 6) is: | y=x*-1yaxtl | [Sol] From x*—1=r+1, | (z-2zt+D=0 3=-1,2 Find the area, S, enclosed by the given curve and the.x-axis as follows: | Therefore, y=x'—4r | $= fUe+1)- ("lar [Sol] From y=2*—4r=x(2—4)=0, | rt Find the area, S, enclosed by the given curve and the given line mxtrtDde v+he+2| ‘The 2-coordinates of the points of intersection of y= From x?—1=r+1 = r=—1.2, the interval over which the integral should be calculated is [—1, 2]. x?—Land y=x+1 are From x+1>2z°~1 in the imterval [~1, 2], s= fe+)-@*-Dldr From y=x"—4x=x(2—4)=0 = =0,4. the interval over which the integral should be calculated is (0, 4). From y=2?—4x<0 in the interval [0,4], $= — f'f(x)de can be used 5hL 148 -(L 124) L165 ® Areas (3) @® Volumes } Volume of the Solid of Revolution ) Areas Ill (Properties of Definite Integrals III) ‘The following formula can be used to find the areas of regions involving ‘The volume, V, of the solid formed by rotating the region enclosed by the F(x), the x-axis, linex= a, and line = around the 2-axis is: function The solid formed by rotating the region enclosed by the line v="5-", ind the line 2°=6 around the r-ax | radius 3 and height 6. Find the volume, V; of this cireular cone | [Sol] From the graph, | O Vv 4 | a alone mh E e © 7 e 3 sexdeciiion | 10% F a s s vil 7 G 5 T t rail septendection | 10° H h u w x ‘ctodecillon | 10° I i a in x | novemdeition | 10° J ij aw ae | ‘igintion | 10" 5 a a = unvigintillion | 10% a : x x -duovigintillic 10" M m Z z | oviinilion Formula number) MLevel Mutipeation Form [O] | The Pythagorean Theorem cy : When te ego tee es ft pngiedwiagle we ay 0 and he c--feal [impmense) the following Pythagorean orem toe fetectinsverdete IO] | «oem fart bexsdvmace* lad baie bd ISG 16116448 Sina Figures a Factorisation Formula hen wo or more Higues ave the sane ienrinasr thay bt reo ere sas, sd fetter its ity we sina eee ee Thee retro popes of sini ges oaibi@-b ‘Terates ef te ents off comespoing syne fara oa Ltiierowrab—eeaier® Te desc he comespncng angles ca Liat Particular Right Angled Wiangies ime Formulator Square Roots _—‘[@ af", ee >and b>0, [When a>0andb>0, oo Ce 173 ‘Quadratic Form When ax!+br=c=0, biNbitae . 2 Ea piri 107,115 ‘Graphs of Linear Functions | Aline with gradient and y-inercept 2 is expressed as linear function y= 7+ 3. Vertex of Quadratic Functions [®) ‘The coordinates ofthe vertex of quadratic function y= arp)" +a ae (9) T In a rightangled triangle with angles of 45, 45° and 90% th ratio oft Fength of| ‘each side wo each others L182. In a tight-angled triangle with angles of| 0", 60° and 90° tho ratio ofthe Length of| each side to each ater is 1:4 3:2. Level J Sry ae cae Multiplication Formula Gy 1a? +b°=(a+b\a!~ab+b") a?—b°=(a-1Na* +ab+b") Irrational Expression o| a-b (when a>0) (a=0) (when ab) ‘Quadratic Formula Il a When az*+26'r4 RTE ase? [Imaginary Number i e To express numbers that give negative answers when squared, we define the non-real” umber i (This scaled an imaginary number.) PAL 113 P=-1 W-1=i [Discrimination of Quadratic | For the quadratic equation ax*-+br+e=0, the discriminant is D=)'— dae, ‘When D>0 © Ther are 2difereat real soltions. When D=0 © There is a repeated real solution. When D<0 < There ae diferent complex solutions cs yi Root-Coefficient Relationships || Given az? br be=0(a0), if be roots are a and 8, The Remainder Theorem (2) ‘The Factor Theorem 8) Cx) has a factor (2a) © PY (2 means “i and only if") Relationship between Arithmetic |@| Mean & Geometric Mean ‘When @>Oand 0>0 then 95-2 Jab 397 LHS=RHS when @=8, b then 1thea O.thea Level K Prey Equations K 72.73 ‘Quadratic Functions & ‘Common Points with the naxis D="—4ac>0 D=v'4ac=0 Debt tac<0 Given aquadratic function y=ax" +B, ‘when the numberof common points with the Ease oo eee ‘Aaymptoes of Fractional Functions [5 he asymptote of he ph of k re K 126,125 ta (h#0) are ==,Laws of Exponents [@| |The derivative of f=) io Properties of Dente integrals [@) When a0, b#0, F(2)= meee [lefizrdr=b "fends (eis constant) ‘The derivative of =" [scrote frends oles When isa natural nmber(1=2, 2.3, i i Grane" £ (ste) aiaildz= f "sted f ‘elds | Rules of Differentiation GC) prerierey When a0, b>0 and m,n and pare |@] |!u-ksthen =O (is a constant) ‘ "(when mis 0,2. 4...) Postveimegers: yk to then y =R7 Co is constant) : (a) oe) then uf =f'(e) + 9's) (a) glx).then y'=/'tx)—9') [soe [sedes frede | ree 1141142, 146,148 L128) ‘Areas 1) Lsi When /(2)>0, the are, , enclosed by the curve w= (2 and he -2xs i he ‘Equation of the Tangent a) interval (a ly ‘The gradient ofthe tangent tothe curve y= fix) atthe point (a, f(a) is f(a). ‘The equation of the Lieu] _] ‘tangent at point ‘When /(2) <0, the area, S enclosed by (a, fla)) isas follows: i) the curve y=) and the ais inthe a interval [a5 ie “elds (wha a a> Tae ana mi: x Properties of Logarithms e) When fr)> (3) the area, enloed by eametieen | | ali 827 cma rene When wis postive iegeror zee, [irewards forar~hyamise 2 (Cs the constant of iotegration.) Properties of indefinite integrals |@| fasodr-Afridr (risus) Lins ; firer+oende= frend fonds Logarithmic Base Conversion ‘i ‘Volume of the Solid of Revolution |@| Formula fife\-oenae= fra fotnae The volume, V, of the solid formed na by rotaring the Fegionenlosed by the loge = ‘Ome Definition of Definite integral }@| function y= f(x), the x-axis, tine ome an line = around the exis st iene te ron Sere nen oF, Fe], -FO-Fo [overs [ucrtasabsolute value addition of algebraic expressions: symptotes asymptote of fractional futon base ‘comifion points definite integrals “definition of definite ince derivatives differentiation’ diseriminant discrimination crimination of quadratic equations: stance between two points division of positive & negative numbers, equation of the tangent~ ‘exponential equations ‘exponential inequalities factorisation the factor theorem formula for square roots ‘geometric mean: gradient hypotenuse imaginary number i: indefinite integrals equalities tegrals irrational equations irrational expressions: laws of exponents: linear functions: log logarithm logarithmic base conversion formula: - i ‘modulus functions monomials ‘multiplication formala™ multiplication of complex numbers ‘multiplication of monomials multiplication of polynomials. ‘multiplication of positive & negative numbers particular right-angled triangles ~~~ point of tangency: polynomials nT ae properties of indefinite integrals properties of logarithms a the Pythagorean theorem" ‘quadratic equations (factorisation) quadratic equations (quadratic formula) ‘quadratic formula: quadratic functions: quadratic fetions & common points ani a rationalisation" the remainder theorem root-coefficient relationships. rules of differentiation: similar figures - ‘square root (y subtraction of algebraic expressions tangents: vertex Se volume of the solid of revolution ‘volumes: yrinterceptMath Formula Guide G-L © 2021 Kumon Institute of Education KIE GB Kumon Asia & Oceania Pte. Ltd. Published June 2021Brel mel Cue mela) (GH1] Fit] Review pF tn | 2138, ids 31-40 | ase sis 6170 Naso sete 70 hist ees 5190 jam vanes i | iorite| Vane ogee room tt | | {21-40 | simpliying Algae Eres 140 141-150 | 151-160 161-170 Linear Equstions 171-180 181-190 191-200 Review of G | ‘Simulanous Equations with Two Vales Sinus Egan wih Te & Fa Veils | Application of Equations | ‘Simplifying Moaomials& Polynomials | e Multiplication ofPotynonias —— @ ‘Multiplication Using Formulas Q@QQ@ Factoristion ° oo 110 1120 2130 sro 4130 si-60 «1-70 80 5190 1-100 wor110 111-120 | 224130 en) 141-180 1si160 161-170 vniaso 181-190 191-200 Review up to | Square Roots ‘Quadratic Equations Inequalities | “Linear Functions & Graphs ‘Quadratic Funetions & Graphs ‘The Pythagorean Theorem 1Table of Worksheets & Formulas nse 1-10 Expansion of Polynomial Products, QED) 4-10 Review of Linear Functions 1-10, Logarithmic Functions 1-20 Factorisation 11-20 Review of Quadratic Functions 11-20 Graphs of Logarithmic Functions 21-30, 21-30 Quadratic Functions & Graphs: 21-30 Logarithmic Equations & Inequali 3-40, 31-40 Determining Equations of Quaatic Functions 31-40 “Modulus Funetions 4-9 Nasi inn uc Fats 419) _Liniv &Desnatnes 1-60 51-60 ‘Tangents Fron Exesins an 61-79 lave Nasina & Mina tration Noes 180 Qua Fncins& Fans na | 190 | 1140 | QudeicFansions eie 190 +40 Ouac Eons 91-190 alist Shin Oa Eni sri00 | ina | torte tiger Depew tn110 pleas wn ges 111-120 Quattc Equations & Complex Nunes 111-120 Higher Degree Eaton & Inequalities crc Indefinite & Definite Inegrsls DOE 121130, Diseriminant 121-130 Graph of Fractional Functions e130 Definite Integrals Ooo@) 13L140 Root Coctisint Relationships aro | Bre | ts0, ‘Simultaneous Equations 141-150 Fractional Equations & Inequalities 141-150 ‘Areas: 1810 DvdngFoomi Ist160 Ghpsor mon! Fan seve | 161-170 Remainder Theorem 161-170. Irational Equations & Inequalities 161-170, Volumes 7180 Factor Theorem 171-180 Exponential Funetions 17190 Velocity & Distance 181-190 Proof of Ldenties 181-190 Graphs of Exponential Functions 181-190 Summary of Dllereataon & Inegraton conan pacerioeas 19130 Bsmt Enno & gs is0 |