Chapter 1
Chapter 1
S320
Chapt
er1
Ques
tionsPG.
36
2.Descri
bet hemaj orphas esi ntheSDLC.
a)PlanningPhas e:thisphaseisafundamentalproces
sofunderst
andingwhyan
i
nformat ionsys t
ems houl dbebui l
tanddeterminedhowt heproj
ectt
eamwi llgoabout
buil
dingi t.
b)Anal ysi
sPhas e:t hisphaseanswersthequesti
onsofwhowillusethesystem,
whatt hes yst
emwi lldo, andwher eandwheni twil
lbeus ed.
Duringt
hisphase,the
proj
ectt eami nvesti
gat esanyc ur
rentsyst
ems ,i
denti
fi
esimprovementopportune
c
)DesignPhase:t
hisphasedecideshow thesyst
emwi l
loper
ate,
inter
msofthe
hardwar
e,sof
tware,andnetworkinf
rastruc
ture;t
heuserint
erf
ace,f
ormsandrepor
ts;
andthespeci
fi
cprograms,dat
abases,andfil
esthatwil
lbeneeded.
d)I
mplement at
ionPhase:thisphaseist hefi
nalphaseint heSDLCduringwhich
thesystemisactuall
ybuilt(
orpur c
has ed,
int hecaseofapac kageds of
twaredesi
gn).
Thisisthephasethatusuall
ygetsthemos tattenti
on,becauseformos tsys
temsitis
longestandmos texpensi
ves i
nglepartoft hedevelopmentpr ocess.
3.Des cr
ibethepr i
nciples tepsont hepl anningphas e.Whatar ethemaj ordel i
verables?
a)Proj
ectIntui t
ion: i
nt hiss t
ep, t
hes ys
tem’sbusinessval uet otheor ganizat
ionis
identif
ied.Asystemr eques tpres entsabr iefsummar yofabus ines sneed, anditexplains
howas yst
emt hats uppor tst heneedwi llcreatebusinessvalue. TheISdepar tment
wor kstogetherwitht heper sonordepar tmentt hatgeneratedt her eques t(
calledthe
projectsponsor)toc onduc taf eas i
bil
ityanal ysi
s.Thefeasi
bili
tyanal ys i
sexami neskey
aspectsofthepr opos edpr ojectlikethet ec hni
calfeasi
bili
ty,economi cfeasi
bili
tyand
organizati
onalfeasibili
ty
b)Proj
ectManagement:thi
sst
epoc c
ur soncetheproj
ectisappr oved.During
proj
ectmanagement,theproj
ectmanagercreatesaworkplan,staff
sthepr oj
ect,
and
putstec
hniquesinpl
acetohelpthepr
ojectteamc ont
rolanddirectthepr ojec
tthrough
theenti
reSDLC.Thedeli
ver
ableforpr
ojectmanagementi saprojectplant hatdescr
ibes
howt
hepr
ojec
tteamwi
llgoaboutdevel
opi
ngt
hes
yst
em
4.Des c
ribetheprinci
palst
epsintheanalysi
sphase.
Whatar ethemajordel
iverabl
es?
a)Anal
ys i
sStr
ategy:i
sdevelopedtogui
detheprojectt
eam’seff
orts.
Sucha
st
r at
egyus ual
lyincl
udesananalysi
softhecurr
entsyst
em( as-i
ssyst
em)andi ts
problems ,
andthenwayst odesi
gnanews ys
tem(to-
bes yst
em).
b)Requir
ementsGatheri
ng:Theanalysi
soft hisi
nformation—i nconjunc
tionwi t
h
i
nputfrompr oj
ects
ponsorandmanyot herpeople—l eadstothedevel opmentofa
conc
eptforanews yst
em. Thesyst
emc oncepti
st henus edasabas istodevelopas etof
busi
nessanalysi
smodelsthatdesc
ribeshowthebus inesswilloperateifthenews ystem
weredeveloped
c)SystemPropos al:Theanalyses,
s ys
temc oncept,
andmodel sarecombi nedint
o
adocumentc all
edthes ystempr oposal,
whi chispres
entedtothepr ojectsponsorand
otherkeydecisi
onmaker s
. Thesyst
empr opos ali
stheini
ti
aldeli
verabl ethatdescri
bes
whatbus i
nessrequi
rement sthenews ystems houldmeet.Thi
sisreallythefirs
ts t
epin
thedesignofthenews ys t
em
5.Desc
ribetheprinc
ipalstepsint hedesi
gnphas e.Whatarethemaj ordeli
verabl
es?
a)Desi
gnStrategy:thisc l
ari
fi
eswhetherthes yst
emwi llbedevelopedbythe
company’sownprogrammer s
, whetherthesystemwillbeoutsourcedtoanotherf
irm,or
whetherthecompanywi llbuyanexi st
ingsoft
war epackage.
b)Archi
tec
tur
eDes i
gn:Thi
sdesc
ribest
hehardwar
e,s
oft
ware,
andnetwork
i
nfr
ast
ructur
ethatwil
lbeused.I
nmostcases,
thesyst
emwil
laddorchanget
he
i
nfr
ast
ructur
ethatal
readyexi
stsi
ntheorgani
zat
ion
c)Databas
eandFil
eSpec
ifi
cat
ion:Thes
edef
ineexac
tlywhatdat
awi
llbes
tor
ed
andwheretheywil
lbes
tored
d)Progr
amDes ign:Theanalys
tteamdevel
opstheprogramdes
ign,whi
chdef
ines
t
hepr
ogr amsthatneedtobewr i
ttenandexac
tlywhateac
hpr ogr
amwilldo
Thiscollect
ionofdeli
ver
ables(archi
tectur
edes i
gn,i
nterfac
edes i
gn,databaseandfil
e
specifi
cati
ons,andprogramdes i
gn)isthesyst
ems pecifi
cat
iont hati
shandedt othe
programmi ngteamf ori
mplement at
ion.Attheendoft hedesignphas e,
t hefeasi
bil
it
y
analysisandprojec
tplanarereexaminedandr evi
sed,andanot herdecis
ionismadeby
thepr oj
ectsponsorandapprovalcommi tt
eeaboutwhet hertot er
minatet heproj
ector
continue
6.Descri
bet hepr i
nci
pals tepsi
nthei
mplementat
ionphase.Whatarethemajor
del
iverables?
a)Construc
tion:Thesyst
emisbuil
tandtes
tedtoensureitperf
ormsasdesi
gned.
Si
ncet hec ostofbugsc anbeimmense,
testi
ngi
soneoft hemostcri
tic
alst
epsin
i
mpl ement ati
on.
b)Inst
allat
ion:Thisi
stheprocessbywhi
chtheolds ys
temistur
nedoffandthe
newoneisturnedon.Itmayinc l
udeadirec
tcut
overapproach,apar
all
elc
onversi
on
appr
oach,oraphasedc onver
sionstr
ategy
c)Suppor
tPlan:Thispl
anus ual
lyinc
ludesaf
ormalorinf
ormalpost
-
i
mplementati
onrevi
ew, aswellasasystemati
cwayfori
denti
fyi
ngmajorandmi
nor
c
hangesneededforthes ys
tem
7.Whataretherolesofapr oj
ectsponsorandtheapprovalc
ommi t
tee?
Proj
ectSponsor:theycouldberepresentedei
therbyanindi
vidualoradepar
tmentora
t
eam. Theproj
ects ponsori
sfromwher etherequesti
sgener
at ed.Theyar
ebasi
cal
ly
i
nvol
vedt houghoutt hevari
ousphasesoftheSDLC.
ApprovalCommittee:Sometimesreferr
edtoasthes t
eer
ingcommitteei
sthefi
nal
decis
ionmakerregardingthefateofthepr
ojectaft
ercar
eful
lyrevi
ewingthes
ystem
request
,feas
ibi
li
tyanalysi
s,syst
empr opos
al,etc
.
a.Inplanningphas eaf t
erf eas
ibil
it
yanalysi
stheappr ovalc ommi t
teedeci
des
whet herthepr oj
ec tshouldbeunder t
aken
b.AfterAnal ysi
sthes ystempr oposali
sforwardedtot heappr ovalcommitt
eeto
decidewhet herthepr ojectshoul dconti
nuet omoveforwar d
c.DuringtheDes ignphas ethefeasi
bil
it
yanalysisandpr ojectplanare
reexami nedandt heappr ovalcommi t
teewi l
ldeci
dewhet hert oterminateorconti
nue
witht heproject
9.Compareandcont r
astpr ocess -
cent eredmet hodologieswithdata-centered
methodol
ogies
.
Proc
ess-c
enteredMet hodol ogies:Pr oc ess-
centeredmet hodologi
esemphas iz
epr oc
ess
modelsasthecoreofthes ystemc onc ept.Exampl e:Proces
s -
centeredmet hodologies
wouldfoc
usfir
s tondefiningt hepr oc es s
es(e.g.
,assembles andwichingredients
).
Data-c
ent er
edMet hodologi
es:Data-c
ent eredmethodologiesemphas i
zedat
amodel sas
thecoreofthesystemc onceptExampl
. e:Datacenter
edmet hodologi
eswouldfocusfi
rst
ondefiningthecontent
soft hestor
agear eas(e.
g.,
refr
igerator)andhowthec ont
ents
wereor gani
zed.
11.Compar
eandc
ont
ras
text
remepr
ogr
ammi
ngandt
hrowawaypr
otot
ypi
ng.
ExtremePr ogr
amming(XP)
:Extr
emePr ogrammingisfoundedonfourc
orevalueswhic
h
provideafoundat
iononwhichXPdevelopersus
etocreateanysys
tem.Thefourcore
valuesareCommuni c
ati
on,
Simpli
ci
ty,FeedbackandCourage
ThrowawayPr ogramming:Thr
owawaypr ototypi
ng-bas edmethodologi
esbalancethe
benefi
tsofwel lt
houghtoutanal
ys i
sanddes i
gnphas eswitht
headvant agesofusi
ng
protot
ypestor ef
inekeyis
suesbeforeasys
t emisbuilt.Eac
hoft hes
ei s
suesisexamined
byanalyzi
ng,designi
ng,andbuil
dingadesi
gnpr ototype
13.Descri
bet hemaj orelementsandi s
sueswithpar all
eldevelopment .
Theparalleldevelopmentmet hodologyattemptst oaddressthepr obl
emofl ongdelays
betweent heanalysisphaseandt hedeli
veryofthes yst
em. Insteadofdoingdesignand
implement ati
onins equence,i
tper formsagener aldesi
gnf orthewhol esystemandt hen
divi
desthepr ojecti
ntoas eri
esofdi sti
nctsubprojectst
hatc anbedes i
gnedand
implement edinparallel
.Onceal lsubproj
ec t
sarec omplete,thereisafinali
ntegrat
ionof
theseparatepieces,andthes ystemi sdeli
vered
Themajoris
s uesi
nthisapproacharethatitst
illsuff
ersf r
omproblemsc ausedbypaper
documents.I
talsoaddsanewpr oblems uchass omet i
mest hesubproj
ectsarenot
complet
elyindependent;desi
gndecis
ionsmadei nones ubproj
ectmayaf f
ectanot
her,
andtheendoft heproj
ectmayr equi
resignif
icantintegrati
oneffor
ts
14.Descri
bethemaj orelement sandissueswi thphaseddevelopment .
PhasedDevelopmenti saRADmet hodol ogythatdoesnotat temptt odevelopthe
completesys
temi niti
ally.Instead,t
hes ystemi sgeneral
lyspec i
fi
ed.Userrequirements
areorgani
zedintoas eriesofver si
ons. Thef i
rstversi
onincludesthees sent
ialsyst
em
componentsandi sdeliveredt otheus ersqui c
kly.Subsequentver si
onsaddf eatur
esand
refi
nementstothes ystembas edont hei niti
alspecif
icat
ionpl ustheusers'
feedbackand
reacti
ontousingthes ystem
Thec ri
ticalis
suewithPhas edDevel opmentist oaccurat
elys pecifytheinit
ial
requirement ssothatthefi
r s
tversionpr ovi
dedt otheuser si
sus eful,al
though
incompl ete.I
fthi
sisdonewel l,PhasedDevel opmentwi llprovidevaluet othe
organizationbygetti
ngt heus er
sas ys
temt ous equic
kly.Newr equirementsmaybe
identi
fiedt hr
oughus erf
eedbac kaswel l,whichimprovest he"fit"ofthesystemt
othe
bus i
nessneeds
15.Desc ri
bet hemaj orelementsandi s
sueswi thpr ototypi
ng.
Apr ototyping-basedmet hodologyper f
ormst heanal ysi
s,desi
gn,andimplementati
on
phas esconc urr
ently,andallthreephas esar eper for
medr epeatedlyi
nacycleunti
lthe
systemi sc ompleted.Prototypeisus uallythefirstpartofthesystemthattheuserwil
l
useandt hekeyadvant ageofapr ototyping-basedmet hodologyist tver
hati yquic
kly
providesas ys
temf ortheuserst ointeractwi t
h, evenifi
tisnotreadyforwides
pread
organizationaluseatf i
rst
.
Themaj orpr
oblemwi thprot
otypingist hati
tsfast-
pac edsystemr el
easeschall
enge
attemptstoconductcaref
ul,methodicalanalysi
s.Oftent heprotot
ypeunder goessuch
si
gnific
antchangesthatmanyinitialdes i
gndecis
ionsbec omepoorones .
Thiscancause
problemsinthedevelopmentofc ompl exsyst
emsbec ausefundament ali
ssuesand
problemsarenotrecogniz
edunt i
lwel lintot
hedevel opmentpr ocess
Example:Imaginebui
ldi
ngac aranddis
coveri
nglateintheprot
otypi
ngprocessthatyou
havetotakethewholeengineouttochangetheoil(
becausenoonethoughtaboutthe
needtochanget heoi
lunt
ilaft
erithadbeendri
ven10,000miles)
.
16.Des
cri
bet
hemaj
orel
ement
sandi
ssueswi
tht
hrowawaypr
otot
ypi
ng.
Inthrow- awaypr otot yping,thereisamor ec arefulandr i
gor ousanalysi
sperformedas
compar edt oProtot yping( mores i
milartothet raditionalSDLC) .However ,
int heDes i
gn
phase,model sofvar iouselement soft hesystemar edevel opedt ohelpexploredes i
gn
alt
ernativesandr ef ines ystemrequirement s.Thes epr ototypeshel puser
sc l
ar i
fythei
r
needs,opt i
ons,andpr i
oriti
es.Onceus errequirement sarees tabl
ishedthroughr eacti
on
tothedes i
gnprot otype, iti
sdiscarded;however , t
her equi
r ement sitembodiedare
inc
orpor atedintot henews yst
em
Throw-awayprot
otypingi sver
yusefuli
ns i
tuationswhereusersareuncert
ainaboutkey
elementsoft
hesystem. Throw-awayprototypesc anhel
pfocususersondesigni s
sues
andimproveunderst
andi ngofbusi
nessneeds .Theapproac
hhel pscreat
eas ystemthat
suit
stheuser
sneedsevent houghthoseneedsmayhavebeenpoor lyunderstood
ini
ti
all
y
17.Need
18.Need
19.Whatar
ethekeyf ac t
orsi nselect
ingamet hodol
ogy?
Ther
eareseveralfac torsthatinfl
uencethec hoi
ceofamet
hodol
ogy.
-Clari
tyoft heus errequi
rement s
-Fami l
iari
tywi t
ht hebaset ec
hnology
-Systemc ompl exity
-Needf ors ystemr el
iabi
li
ty
-Ti
mepr ess ure
-Needt os eepr ogr essonthetimeschedule
20.Need
Sys
temAnalystRol es:
-I
dent i
fyinghowt ec
hnologycanimprovebusi
nesspr
ocess
es
-Designingt henewbusi
nessprocess
es
-Designingt hei
nfor
mationsystem
-Ens
ur ingthatthesyst
emc onformstoinf
ormati
onsyst
emsstandar
ds
Bus
ines
sAnal ystRoles
:
-Analyzingthekeybusi
nessaspectsofthesystem
-Identif
yinghowthesystemwillprovidebus
inessvalue
-Des i
gningthenewbusinessprocessesandpolic
ies
I
nfr
ast
ruct
ureAnalystRol
es:
-Ensur
ingthesyst
emc onfor
mst oinf
rast
ruc
tur
estandards
-I
denti
fyi
nginfras
truc
turechangesneededtos
upportthesys
tem
22.22.
Whati
sthedi
ff
erenc
ebet
weenc
las
sesandobj
ect
s?
Ac l
assisthegeneraltempl ateweusetodefi
neandcreates
pecif
icinst
ances,
orobj
ect
s.
Everyobjecti
sassociatedwi t
hac l
ass
.Ifwewerebuil
dinganappointmentsys
temfora
doctor
’soffi
ce,c
lassesmi ghtincl
udeDoctor
,Pat
ient
,andAppoint
ment .
Anobjectisaninst
anti
ati
onofaclas
s .
Inot herwor
ds,anobjecti
saperson,place,
or
thi
ngaboutwhi chwewanttocaptureinformati
on.Thespeci
fi
cpati
ents
, suchasJim
Maloney,MaryWi l
son,
andTheres
aMar ks,
areconsi
deredinst
ances
,orobjects,
ofthe
pati
entclass.
23.23.
Whatar
emet
hodsandmes
sages
?
Methodsimpl
ementanobj
ect
’sbehavi
or.
Amet
hodi
snot
hingmor
ethananac
tiont
hat
anobjec
tcanper
for
m.
Mes
sagesareinfor
mations
entt
oobjec
tstotri
ggermet hods.Ames
sagei
ses
sent
ial
lya
f
unct
ionorprocedurec
allf
romoneobj
ecttoanotherobject
.
24.24.Whyar
eencaps
ulat
ionandi
nfor
mat
ionhi
dingi
mpor
tantc
har
act
eri
sti
csofobj
ect
-
ori
ent
edsyst
ems?
25. 25)Whati
smeantbypol
ymor
phi
smwhenappl
iedt
oobj
ect
-
ori
ent
edsys
tems?
26. 26)Compar
eandc
ont
ras
tdynami
cands
tat
icbi
ndi
ng
29.Whati stheUni f
iedModel ingLanguage?
Unt il1995, objectc onceptswer epopul arbuti mpl ementedinmanydi f
ferentwaysby
differentdevel oper s.Eachdevel operhadhi sorherownmet hodologyandnot ation(e.
g.
Booc h,Coad, Mos es,OMT, OOSE, andSOMA) . Theni n1995,Rati
onalSof twarebr ought
threei ndus tryleader stogethert oc r
eat easingl eapproachtoobject-orientedsys t
ems
devel opment .GradyBooc h,IvarJ acobs on,andJ amesRumbaughwor kedwi thothersto
creat eas tandar dsetofdi agr ammi ngtec hniquesknownast heUni f
iedModel i
ng
Language( UML) .Theobj ecti
veofUMLi stopr ovideacommonvoc abularyofobjec t
orient edter msanddi agrammi ngt echni quet hati sr
ichenoughtomodelanys ystems
devel opmentpr ojec tfr
omanal ys isthroughi mpl ement ati
on
Itwasaccept
edasthestandardf orobjectdevel oper
sinNovember1997byt
heObject
ManagementGroup(OMG)andi n2003, i
tsver s
ion2.0wasaccept
edasOMG.TheVersi
on
2.0oftheUMLdefi
nesas etoffour t
eendi agrammi ngtec
hniquesus
edtomodelasys
tem.
Thediagramsar
ebrokenintotwomaj orgr oupings:
a)Oneformodel
ingstr
uctureofas
ystem:Thest
ruct
uremodeli
ngdiagr
ams
i
ncludeclass
,obj
ect
,package,
deployment
,component
,andcomposi
testr
uctur
e
di
agrams .
b)Oneformodelingbehavior:Thebehavi
ormodeli
ngdiagr
amsincl
udeact
ivi
ty,
sequence,
c ommunic
ati
on, i
nteract
ionovervi
ew,ti
ming,behavi
orst
atemachi
ne,
protoc
olstatemachi
ne,andus ecasediagr
ams .
Overal
l,thec onsis
tentnotati
on,integr
ati
onamongt hediagrammingtec
hni
ques,
and
theappli
c at
ionoft hediagramsac r
osstheenti
redevelopmentpr
oc es
smakest
heUMLa
powerfulandf lexi
blelanguageforanalys
tsanddevelopers
30.Whoi stheObjec
tManagementGroup?
TheObjectManagementGroup(OMG)isanint
ernati
onalnon-prof
itor
gani
zat
ion
support
edbyinformat
ionsyst
emsvendors,
soft
waredevelopersandusers
.OMGwas
foundedin1989,nowhasover600memberorganiz
ations
,andmeet sbi
-mont
hly.OMG
providesawidelys uppor
tedfr
ameworkforopen,di
str
ibut
ed,i
nteroper
able,sc
aleabl
e,
reusable,
portables of
twarec
omponentsbasedonOMG- st
andardobjec
t-ori
ented
i
nt er
faces.Objec
tivesoftheOMGarchi
tectur
eare:
a)Tobenefi
tapplicat
iondevel
opersbymakingi
tmucheasi
erfordeveloper
sto
bui
ldlarge-sc
ale,
industr
ialstr
engthappl
icat
ionsf
romawidel
yavai
labletool
kitof
st
andardc omponents.
b)Tobenefi
tend-
user
sbyprovi
dingac ommonsemanti
c sthatgoesf
arbeyond
t
henot
ionofacommonlook-
and-
feeli
nt oday'
sdes
ktopappl
icati
ons
St
ruc
tur
edDi
agr
ams
:
Di
agr
amName Us
edTo Pr
imar
yPhas
e
Cl
ass I
llust
rat
etherel
ati
ons
hips Anal
ysi
s,Des
ign
betweencl
ass
esmodeledint
he
syst
em.
Obj
ect I
llust
rat
etherelat
ions
hips Anal
ysi
s,Des
ign
betweenobj
ectsmodeledint
he
syst
em.
Usedwhenactuali
nst
anc
esof
thecl
ass
eswi l
lbet
ter
communicat
e
t
hemodel
.
Pac
kage GroupotherUMLel
ements Anal
ysi
s,Des
ign,
toget
hertofor
mhigherl
evel
I
mplementat
ion
const
ructs
.
Depl
oyment Showt hephys i
calarchi
tectur
eof Phys
icalDesi
gn,
thesystem. Canalsobeus edto
I
mplement at
ion
shows oftwarecomponent sbei
ng
deployedont othephysi
c al
archi
tecture.
Component I
ll
ust
rat
ethephys
ical Phys
icalDes
ign,
r
elat
ions
hipsamongt
hes
oft
war
e I
mpl
ement
ati
on
c
omponents
Compos
iteSt
ruc
tur
e Il
lustr
atetheint
ernalst
ructur
eof Anal
ysi
s,Des
ign
ac l
ass,i
.e.
,ther
elat
ionshi
ps
among
t
hepar
tsofac
las
s
Behavi
orDi
agr
amExampl
es:
Di
agr
amName Us
edTo Pr
imar
yPhas
e
Ac
tivi
ty Il
lust
ratebusi
nes
sworkf l
ows Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
i
ndependentofcl
ass
es,t heflow
ofacti
vit
iesi
nausecase, or
detai
leddesi
gnofamet hod
Sequenc
e Modet hebehaviorofobjec
ts Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
withi
naus ecase.Focusesonthe
ti
me-basedorder i
ngofanac t
ivi
ty
Communi
cat
ion Modelthebehavi
orofobjects Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
wit
hinausecase.Focusesonthe
communicat
ionamongas etof
col
labor
ati
ngobjectsofan
act
ivi
ty
I
nter
act
iveOver
view Il
lust
rat
eanovervi
ewoft
hef
low Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
ofcontr
olofapr
ocess
.
Ti
ming Il
lust
rat
et heint
eract
ionthat Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
takespl
aceamongas etofobj
ect
s
andthestatechangesinwhich
theygothroughalongat i
meaxis
Behavi
oralSt
ateMac
hine Exami
net
hebehavi
orofonec
las
s Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
Pr
otoc
olSt
ateMac
hine Il
lustr
atest
hedependenc
ies Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
amongt hedif
fer
enti
nter
fac
esof
ac l
ass
Us
e-Cas
e Captur
ebus i
nessrequi
rements Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
fort
hes yst
emandt oil
lust
rat
e
theint
er-acti
onbetweenthe
syst
emandi tsenvi
ronment
c)Thedynami
cviewdes
cri
bestheinter
nalbehavi
oroft
hes ystemi
ntermsof
mes
sagespassedamongobj
ect
sands t
atechangeswithi
nanobjec
t .
Thedynamicvi
ewi
s
r
epr
esentedinUMLbybehavi
ordi
agrams
TheUnifi
edProces
sisatwo-di
mens
ionals
yst
emsdevel
opmentpr
oces
sdes
cri
bedbya
setofphasesandworkf
lows
.
a)Phases:ThephasesoftheUnifi
edProces
ssupportananalysti
ndevelopi
ng
i
nfor
mationsyst
emsi naniter
ati
veandi ncr
ementalmanner.Eachphasehasobjec
tives
,
afoc
usofacti
vit
yovert heworkf
lows,andincr
ementaldel
iverabl
es
-Incepti
on
-Elaborati
on
-Cons t
ructi
on
-Transit
ion
b)Workflows:Thewor kf
lowsdes cri
bet het asksorac t
ivitiesthatadevel oper
performstoevolveani nformati
ons ys t
emovert i
me. Thewor kflowsoft heUni fi
ed
Processaregroupedi ntotwobroadc ategori
es:engi neer i
ngands uppor ting
-Engi neeringworkflows :Theengi neer ingwor kflowsi ncl udebusiness
model i
ng,requir
ement s,anal
ysis,des i
gn,implement at ion,test, anddepl oyment
workf l
ows.Theengi neer i
ngworkf l
owsdealwi tht heac tivi
tiest hatpr oduc ethetechnic
al
produc t(
i.
e.,
thei nf
or mat i
onsystem)
-Suppor t
ingworkflows :Thes uppor ti
ngwor kflowsi ncludet heproj
ect
management ,c
onf i
gur ati
onandc hangemanagement , andt heenvi r
onmentwor kfl
ows.
Thes upporti
ngwor kf l
owsf oc
usont hemanager i
alas pec tsofi nformat ions yst
em
development .
Thephas
esoftheUni
fiedPr
ocesss
upportananal
ystindevel
opi
nginformati
onsys
tems
inani
ter
ati
veandinc
rementalmanner
.Thephasesdescr
ibehowaninformati
onsyst
em
evol
vesthroughtime.Dependingonwhi c
hdevelopmentphasestheevol
vingsys
temis
curr
entl
yin,thelevelofact
ivi
tywil
lvaryovertheworkfl
ows .
Eachphasehasobj
ect
ives
,
afocusofacti
vit
yovert heworkf
lows,andinc
rementaldeli
verabl
es.
-Inception:Dur i
ngtheinter
c ept i
onphas e,
ac ompletefeasi
bil
it
yanalysi
s
i
sdonewhi chdetermineswhet hertheproj
ec tneedst obeunder takenornot
-Elaborat i
on:Theprimarydel iverablesofthisphasewoul dbetoincl
ude
theUMLs t
ructureanddi agramsandt oprovi deanexec utabl
eofanbas eli
neversi
onof
theevolvi
nginformations ystem
-Cons t
ruc ton:Thec
i ons
tructionphas e,
asexpec t
edbyi tsname,isheavi
ly
f
oc usedonprogrammi ngt heevolvingi
nformat i
ons ystem.
-Transition:Theprimaryfocusoft hi
sphas eisontestinganddeployment
wor kf
lows
Wat er
fallDevelopment:istheor i
ginals t
ructureddesignmet hodology(thatiss t
il
lus ed
today)iswaterf
alldevelopment .Wi t
hwat er
falldevel
opment –basedmet hodologies,the
analystsandusersproceedins equenc efromonephas etot henext.Thekeydel i
verables
foreachphas earetypic
allyver yl
ong( oftenhundr edsofpagesinlengt h)andar e
presentedtothepr oj
ectspons orforappr ovalasthepr oj
ectmovesf romphas et ophas e.
Onc ethesponsorapprovest hewor kt hatwasc onductedforaphas e,thephas eendsand
thenextonebegi ns.Thi
smet hodologyisr ef
erredtoaswat erfal
ldevelopmentbec aus ei
t
movesf orwardfromphas etophas einthes amemannerasawat erfall
.
Asyoucansee,botht
hephasesoftheUnif
iedProces
sandtheWat
erfal
ldevelopment
,
fol
lowacer
tainflow.
Theypr
ogressstepbystepandevent
uall
ymeettherequir
ement
38.Descr
ibet hemaj orel
ement sandi ssueswithanobj ect-orient
edappr oac
ht odevel
oping
i
nformations ys
tems .
Objec
t-orientedapproac hest odevelopinginformations ystemscanus eanyofthe
tr
adit
ionalmet hodologiess uchast hewat erfal
ldevelopment ,paral
leldevelopmentetc
.
However,t heobject
-orientedappr oachesar emos tassoc i
atedwithaphas ed
devel
opmentRADmet hodol ogy.Theprimarydi f
ferencebet weenat radi
ti
onalapproach
suchasst
ruct
ureddesignandanobjec
t-ori
ent
edappr
oachi
showaproblemis
decomposed.
Intr
adit
ionalapproac
hes,t
heprobl
emdecompos
iti
onpr
ocessi
seit
her
proces
s-c
entri
cordat
a- c
entri
c.
a)Use-
CaseDri
ven:Ausecasedes
cri
beshowtheus
erinterac
tswitht
hesyst
em
t
operforms omeact
ivi
ty,
suchasplaci
nganorder
,maki
ngareservat
ion,
orsear
chi
ngfor
i
nfor
mat ion
b)Arc
hit
ectur
e-centr
ic:Archi
tec
turec
entri
cmeanst
hattheunderl
yingsof
twar
e
arc
hit
ec t
ureoft
heevolvingsystemspeci
fi
cat
iondri
vest
hespec
ifi
cat
ion,
constr
ucti
on,
anddocumentati
onofthesystem
c)I
terati
veandIncremental
:Moder nobject
-ori
entedsystemsanalys
isanddes
ign
appr
oachesemphas iei
z terati
veandincrementaldevelopmentthatunder
goes
cont
inuoustesti
ngandr efi
nementthroughoutthelif
eoftheproject
.Eachit
erati
onof
thesyst
embr ingsi
tcloserandcl
osertor ealus
erneeds