CI

S320
Chapt
er1

Ques
tionsPG.
36

1.Compar eandc ontr

astphas es
, s
teps,t
ec hni
ques,anddel i
ver
ables.
Eac hphase(planningphase,analysi
sphase,designphase,andimplement ati
on
phase)isbrokendowni ntoas eri
esofsteps.Thes
es tepshelpwithunderst
andi ngthe
processofeachofthes ephases.Eachstepreli
esupont echni
quest ohel
ppr oducethe
deli
verables(spec
ifi
cdoc umentsandf i
lesthatprovi
deunder st
andingaboutt heprojec
t).

2.Descri
bet hemaj orphas esi ntheSDLC.
a)PlanningPhas e:thisphaseisafundamentalproces
sofunderst
andingwhyan
i
nformat ionsys t
ems houl dbebui l
tanddeterminedhowt heproj
ectt
eamwi llgoabout
buil
dingi t.
b)Anal ysi
sPhas e:t hisphaseanswersthequesti
onsofwhowillusethesystem,
whatt hes yst
emwi lldo, andwher eandwheni twil
lbeus ed.
Duringt
hisphase,the
proj
ectt eami nvesti
gat esanyc ur
rentsyst
ems ,i
denti
fi
esimprovementopportune

c
)DesignPhase:t
hisphasedecideshow thesyst
emwi l
loper
ate,
inter
msofthe
hardwar
e,sof
tware,andnetworkinf
rastruc
ture;t
heuserint
erf
ace,f
ormsandrepor
ts;
andthespeci
fi
cprograms,dat
abases,andfil
esthatwil
lbeneeded.

d)I
mplement at
ionPhase:thisphaseist hefi
nalphaseint heSDLCduringwhich
thesystemisactuall
ybuilt(
orpur c
has ed,
int hecaseofapac kageds of
twaredesi
gn).
Thisisthephasethatusuall
ygetsthemos tattenti
on,becauseformos tsys
temsitis
longestandmos texpensi
ves i
nglepartoft hedevelopmentpr ocess.

3.Des cr
ibethepr i
nciples tepsont hepl anningphas e.Whatar ethemaj ordel i
verables?
a)Proj
ectIntui t
ion: i
nt hiss t
ep, t
hes ys
tem’sbusinessval uet otheor ganizat
ionis
identif
ied.Asystemr eques tpres entsabr iefsummar yofabus ines sneed, anditexplains
howas yst
emt hats uppor tst heneedwi llcreatebusinessvalue. TheISdepar tment
wor kstogetherwitht heper sonordepar tmentt hatgeneratedt her eques t(
calledthe
projectsponsor)toc onduc taf eas i
bil
ityanal ysi
s.Thefeasi
bili
tyanal ys i
sexami neskey
aspectsofthepr opos edpr ojectlikethet ec hni
calfeasi
bili
ty,economi cfeasi
bili
tyand
organizati
onalfeasibili
ty

b)Proj
ectManagement:thi
sst
epoc c
ur soncetheproj
ectisappr oved.During
proj
ectmanagement,theproj
ectmanagercreatesaworkplan,staff
sthepr oj
ect,
and
putstec
hniquesinpl
acetohelpthepr
ojectteamc ont
rolanddirectthepr ojec
tthrough
theenti
reSDLC.Thedeli
ver
ableforpr
ojectmanagementi saprojectplant hatdescr
ibes
 howt
hepr
ojec
tteamwi
llgoaboutdevel
opi
ngt
hes
yst
em

4.Des c
ribetheprinci
palst
epsintheanalysi
sphase.
Whatar ethemajordel
iverabl
es?
a)Anal
ys i
sStr
ategy:i
sdevelopedtogui
detheprojectt
eam’seff
orts.
Sucha
st
r at
egyus ual
lyincl
udesananalysi
softhecurr
entsyst
em( as-i
ssyst
em)andi ts
problems ,
andthenwayst odesi
gnanews ys
tem(to-
bes yst
em).

b)Requir
ementsGatheri
ng:Theanalysi
soft hisi
nformation—i nconjunc
tionwi t
h
i
nputfrompr oj
ects
ponsorandmanyot herpeople—l eadstothedevel opmentofa
conc
eptforanews yst
em. Thesyst
emc oncepti
st henus edasabas istodevelopas etof
busi
nessanalysi
smodelsthatdesc
ribeshowthebus inesswilloperateifthenews ystem
weredeveloped

c)SystemPropos al:Theanalyses,
s ys
temc oncept,
andmodel sarecombi nedint
o
adocumentc all
edthes ystempr oposal,
whi chispres
entedtothepr ojectsponsorand
otherkeydecisi
onmaker s
. Thesyst
empr opos ali
stheini
ti
aldeli
verabl ethatdescri
bes
whatbus i
nessrequi
rement sthenews ystems houldmeet.Thi
sisreallythefirs
ts t
epin
thedesignofthenews ys t
em

5.Desc
ribetheprinc
ipalstepsint hedesi
gnphas e.Whatarethemaj ordeli
verabl
es?
a)Desi
gnStrategy:thisc l
ari
fi
eswhetherthes yst
emwi llbedevelopedbythe
company’sownprogrammer s
, whetherthesystemwillbeoutsourcedtoanotherf
irm,or
whetherthecompanywi llbuyanexi st
ingsoft
war epackage.

b)Archi
tec
tur
eDes i
gn:Thi
sdesc
ribest
hehardwar
e,s
oft
ware,
andnetwork
i
nfr
ast
ructur
ethatwil
lbeused.I
nmostcases,
thesyst
emwil
laddorchanget
he
i
nfr
ast
ructur
ethatal
readyexi
stsi
ntheorgani
zat
ion

c)Databas
eandFil
eSpec
ifi
cat
ion:Thes
edef
ineexac
tlywhatdat
awi
llbes
tor
ed
andwheretheywil
lbes
tored

d)Progr
amDes ign:Theanalys
tteamdevel
opstheprogramdes
ign,whi
chdef
ines
t
hepr
ogr amsthatneedtobewr i
ttenandexac
tlywhateac
hpr ogr
amwilldo

Thiscollect
ionofdeli
ver
ables(archi
tectur
edes i
gn,i
nterfac
edes i
gn,databaseandfil
e
specifi
cati
ons,andprogramdes i
gn)isthesyst
ems pecifi
cat
iont hati
shandedt othe
programmi ngteamf ori
mplement at
ion.Attheendoft hedesignphas e,
t hefeasi
bil
it
y
analysisandprojec
tplanarereexaminedandr evi
sed,andanot herdecis
ionismadeby
thepr oj
ectsponsorandapprovalcommi tt
eeaboutwhet hertot er
minatet heproj
ector
continue
6.Descri
bet hepr i
nci
pals tepsi
nthei
mplementat
ionphase.Whatarethemajor
del
iverables?
a)Construc
tion:Thesyst
emisbuil
tandtes
tedtoensureitperf
ormsasdesi
gned.
Si
ncet hec ostofbugsc anbeimmense,
testi
ngi
soneoft hemostcri
tic
alst
epsin
i
mpl ement ati
on.

b)Inst
allat
ion:Thisi
stheprocessbywhi
chtheolds ys
temistur
nedoffandthe
newoneisturnedon.Itmayinc l
udeadirec
tcut
overapproach,apar
all
elc
onversi
on
appr
oach,oraphasedc onver
sionstr
ategy

c)Suppor
tPlan:Thispl
anus ual
lyinc
ludesaf
ormalorinf
ormalpost
-
i
mplementati
onrevi
ew, aswellasasystemati
cwayfori
denti
fyi
ngmajorandmi
nor
c
hangesneededforthes ys
tem

7.Whataretherolesofapr oj
ectsponsorandtheapprovalc
ommi t
tee?
Proj
ectSponsor:theycouldberepresentedei
therbyanindi
vidualoradepar
tmentora
t
eam. Theproj
ects ponsori
sfromwher etherequesti
sgener
at ed.Theyar
ebasi
cal
ly
i
nvol
vedt houghoutt hevari
ousphasesoftheSDLC.

a. TheISdepar tmentwor kshandi nhandwi t hthepr ojec tspons ortoc onduc ta

feasi
bil
ityanal ysis, bei tat echni cal,organizationaloranec onomi calfeasi
bil i
ty
b. Dur i
ngt heAnal ys i
sphas et hepr oj
ec tteami nves tigat esanyc urrents ystem,
identi
fi
esi mpr ovementoppor tuni t
iesanddevel opsac onc eptf ort henews ystemi n
conjunctionwi tht hei nputf r
omt hepr oj
ec tspons or
c. Attheendoft hedes i
gnphas et hefeas i
bilityanal ysisandt heprojec tplanare
reexami nedandr evi s
edandt hedec i
sionwhet hert hepr ojectist oc onti
nueor
terminat edismadebyt hepr ojects pons oralongwi tht heappr ovalc ommitt ee
d. Thekeydel iver abl esf oreac hphas ear et ypical lyver yl ongandar epr esented
tothepr oj ectspons orf orappr ovalast hepr ojectmovesf romphas et ophas e
e. Thepr ojec ts pons orappr ovest hekeydel iverabl esf oreac hphaseonl yafter
whichthepr ojec tmovesf romphas etophas e
f.Thepr ojec tspons oral ongwi t
ht heus erspr ovi desval uabl ec omment swhi ch
areusedt ore- anal yze, re- des ignandr e-implementas ec ondpr ototypewhi c hprovides
fewmor ef eatures

ApprovalCommittee:Sometimesreferr
edtoasthes t
eer
ingcommitteei
sthefi
nal
decis
ionmakerregardingthefateofthepr
ojectaft
ercar
eful
lyrevi
ewingthes
ystem
request
,feas
ibi
li
tyanalysi
s,syst
empr opos
al,etc
.
 a.Inplanningphas eaf t
erf eas
ibil
it
yanalysi
stheappr ovalc ommi t
teedeci
des
whet herthepr oj
ec tshouldbeunder t
aken
b.AfterAnal ysi
sthes ystempr oposali
sforwardedtot heappr ovalcommitt
eeto
decidewhet herthepr ojectshoul dconti
nuet omoveforwar d
c.DuringtheDes ignphas ethefeasi
bil
it
yanalysisandpr ojectplanare
reexami nedandt heappr ovalcommi t
teewi l
ldeci
dewhet hert oterminateorconti
nue
witht heproject

8.Whatdoesgr adualrefinementmeani nthecontextofSDLC?

Gener al
ly,
thec lar
ityofunderst
andingandthedept hofdetailofthenews ys
t emare
graduall
yrefi
neddur i
ngthephasesoftheSDLC. Ini
ti
all
y,t
her equirement sareonly
vaguelyunderstood.Thisunderst
andingisi
mpr ovedduri
ngt heAnal ysi
sphas e.Furt
her
detai
lisdevelopeddur i
ngDes i
gn,andthenisfull
yexpresseddur i
ngI mplement ati
on

9.Compareandcont r
astpr ocess -
cent eredmet hodologieswithdata-centered
methodol
ogies
.
Proc
ess-c
enteredMet hodol ogies:Pr oc ess-
centeredmet hodologi
esemphas iz
epr oc
ess
modelsasthecoreofthes ystemc onc ept.Exampl e:Proces
s -
centeredmet hodologies
wouldfoc
usfir
s tondefiningt hepr oc es s
es(e.g.
,assembles andwichingredients
).

Data-c
ent er
edMet hodologi
es:Data-c
ent eredmethodologiesemphas i
zedat
amodel sas
thecoreofthesystemc onceptExampl
. e:Datacenter
edmet hodologi
eswouldfocusfi
rst
ondefiningthecontent
soft hestor
agear eas(e.
g.,
refr
igerator)andhowthec ont
ents
wereor gani
zed.

10.Compar eandc ont r

asts tructureddes i
gn- basedmet hodologiesingener altoRAD- based
met hodologiesi ngener al.
Structureddes ignmet hodol ogi esareus uall
yfairlyformal,st ep-
by- stepappr oachesto
systemsdevel opment .Thepr ojectmovest hrought hephas esi nas ystemat icway. The
emphas isinmos tofthes emet hodologiesisdevel opmentofpaper -bas eds pecif
icati
ons
forthenews ystempr iort oimpl ementation.RADmet hodologies,ont heot herhand,
tendt oemphas izequickc reat i
onofal i
mi ted-capabilityversionoft hes yst
emoramodel
ofthes ystem. Thesemet hodol ogiesfocusonr efiningt hi
spr eli
minar ysys t
emormodel
ratherthant ryingtoful lydes cribei
tonpaperpr iort oimplement ation

11.Compar
eandc
ont
ras
text
remepr
ogr
ammi
ngandt
hrowawaypr
otot
ypi
ng.
 ExtremePr ogr
amming(XP)
:Extr
emePr ogrammingisfoundedonfourc
orevalueswhic
h
provideafoundat
iononwhichXPdevelopersus
etocreateanysys
tem.Thefourcore
valuesareCommuni c
ati
on,
Simpli
ci
ty,FeedbackandCourage

ThrowawayPr ogramming:Thr
owawaypr ototypi
ng-bas edmethodologi
esbalancethe
benefi
tsofwel lt
houghtoutanal
ys i
sanddes i
gnphas eswitht
headvant agesofusi
ng
protot
ypestor ef
inekeyis
suesbeforeasys
t emisbuilt.Eac
hoft hes
ei s
suesisexamined
byanalyzi
ng,designi
ng,andbuil
dingadesi
gnpr ototype

12.Des cribethemaj orel ement sandi ssueswi t

hwat er fal
ldevel opment .
Wat erf al
lDevel opmentf oll
owst hephas esoft hel i
fec yc l
ei ns equenc e( Planning,
Anal ysis,Des i
gn,andI mplement ati
on).Eac hphas ei sthor oughl ydoc ument edand
appr ovalisr equiredbef orepr oceedingt ot hes ubs equentphas e. Itisdi ffi
cult,though
notimpos sible,togobac kwar dsint heSDLCunderWat erfallDevel opment .
Wat erf al
lDevel opmentr equirest hatthes ys temr equi rement sbepr eciselys pecifi
ed
priort oimpl ement ationandal sooften" f
r eezes "thos er equir ement sdur i
ng
devel opment .Thehi ghdegr eeofef fortdevot edt os pecifyingus err equi rement sisa
strengt hofWat erfallDevel opmentbuts pec i
fyingt hoser equi rement sonpaperi s
labor i
ousandmayl eadt oer r
orsandomi s sions. "
Freez ing"t her equi rement sdur ing
devel opmenthel psas suret hatthes ystemi sdevel opedac cor dingt os pec i
fi
c ati
ons ,
but
inadynami cbus i
nes senvironment ,thes ystemt hati sul t
imat el ydevel opedmaybear
lit
tler esembl ancet owhati sactuallyneededatt het i
met hepr ojecti sc ompl eted.
Ther efore,extens ivemai ntenanc emaybeneededaf terimpl ement ationt or evisethe
systemt omeetc ur rentc onditions .

Thetwokeyadvant agesoft hest r

uc t
ureddes i
gnwat er
fallapproachar ethat:
-Iti
denti
fiess ystemr equirement slongbeforeprogrammi ngbegins
-Itmini
mi zesc hangest other equirementsasthepr oj
ectproceeds
Thetwokeydis
advant agesaret hat:
-Thedesignmus tbecompl etelyspecif
iedbeforeprogrammi ngbegi ns
-Alongt i
meel apsesbet weent hec ompleti
onofthes ystempr oposali
nthe
anal
ysi
sphaseandt hedeliveryoft hesystem.

13.Descri
bet hemaj orelementsandi s
sueswithpar all
eldevelopment .
Theparalleldevelopmentmet hodologyattemptst oaddressthepr obl
emofl ongdelays
betweent heanalysisphaseandt hedeli
veryofthes yst
em. Insteadofdoingdesignand
implement ati
onins equence,i
tper formsagener aldesi
gnf orthewhol esystemandt hen
divi
desthepr ojecti
ntoas eri
esofdi sti
nctsubprojectst
hatc anbedes i
gnedand
implement edinparallel
.Onceal lsubproj
ec t
sarec omplete,thereisafinali
ntegrat
ionof
theseparatepieces,andthes ystemi sdeli
vered
 Themajoris
s uesi
nthisapproacharethatitst
illsuff
ersf r
omproblemsc ausedbypaper
documents.I
talsoaddsanewpr oblems uchass omet i
mest hesubproj
ectsarenot
complet
elyindependent;desi
gndecis
ionsmadei nones ubproj
ectmayaf f
ectanot
her,
andtheendoft heproj
ectmayr equi
resignif
icantintegrati
oneffor
ts

14.Descri
bethemaj orelement sandissueswi thphaseddevelopment .
PhasedDevelopmenti saRADmet hodol ogythatdoesnotat temptt odevelopthe
completesys
temi niti
ally.Instead,t
hes ystemi sgeneral
lyspec i
fi
ed.Userrequirements
areorgani
zedintoas eriesofver si
ons. Thef i
rstversi
onincludesthees sent
ialsyst
em
componentsandi sdeliveredt otheus ersqui c
kly.Subsequentver si
onsaddf eatur
esand
refi
nementstothes ystembas edont hei niti
alspecif
icat
ionpl ustheusers'
feedbackand
reacti
ontousingthes ystem

Thec ri
ticalis
suewithPhas edDevel opmentist oaccurat
elys pecifytheinit
ial
requirement ssothatthefi
r s
tversionpr ovi
dedt otheuser si
sus eful,al
though
incompl ete.I
fthi
sisdonewel l,PhasedDevel opmentwi llprovidevaluet othe
organizationbygetti
ngt heus er
sas ys
temt ous equic
kly.Newr equirementsmaybe
identi
fiedt hr
oughus erf
eedbac kaswel l,whichimprovest he"fit"ofthesystemt
othe
bus i
nessneeds

15.Desc ri
bet hemaj orelementsandi s
sueswi thpr ototypi
ng.
Apr ototyping-basedmet hodologyper f
ormst heanal ysi
s,desi
gn,andimplementati
on
phas esconc urr
ently,andallthreephas esar eper for
medr epeatedlyi
nacycleunti
lthe
systemi sc ompleted.Prototypeisus uallythefirstpartofthesystemthattheuserwil
l
useandt hekeyadvant ageofapr ototyping-basedmet hodologyist tver
hati yquic
kly
providesas ys
temf ortheuserst ointeractwi t
h, evenifi
tisnotreadyforwides
pread
organizationaluseatf i
rst
.

Themaj orpr
oblemwi thprot
otypingist hati
tsfast-
pac edsystemr el
easeschall
enge
attemptstoconductcaref
ul,methodicalanalysi
s.Oftent heprotot
ypeunder goessuch
si
gnific
antchangesthatmanyinitialdes i
gndecis
ionsbec omepoorones .
Thiscancause
problemsinthedevelopmentofc ompl exsyst
emsbec ausefundament ali
ssuesand
problemsarenotrecogniz
edunt i
lwel lintot
hedevel opmentpr ocess

Example:Imaginebui
ldi
ngac aranddis
coveri
nglateintheprot
otypi
ngprocessthatyou
havetotakethewholeengineouttochangetheoil(
becausenoonethoughtaboutthe
needtochanget heoi
lunt
ilaft
erithadbeendri
ven10,000miles)
.

16.Des
cri
bet
hemaj
orel
ement
sandi
ssueswi
tht
hrowawaypr
otot
ypi
ng.
 Inthrow- awaypr otot yping,thereisamor ec arefulandr i
gor ousanalysi
sperformedas
compar edt oProtot yping( mores i
milartothet raditionalSDLC) .However ,
int heDes i
gn
phase,model sofvar iouselement soft hesystemar edevel opedt ohelpexploredes i
gn
alt
ernativesandr ef ines ystemrequirement s.Thes epr ototypeshel puser
sc l
ar i
fythei
r
needs,opt i
ons,andpr i
oriti
es.Onceus errequirement sarees tabl
ishedthroughr eacti
on
tothedes i
gnprot otype, iti
sdiscarded;however , t
her equi
r ement sitembodiedare
inc
orpor atedintot henews yst
em

Throw-awayprot
otypingi sver
yusefuli
ns i
tuationswhereusersareuncert
ainaboutkey
elementsoft
hesystem. Throw-awayprototypesc anhel
pfocususersondesigni s
sues
andimproveunderst
andi ngofbusi
nessneeds .Theapproac
hhel pscreat
eas ystemthat
suit
stheuser
sneedsevent houghthoseneedsmayhavebeenpoor lyunderstood
ini
ti
all
y

17.Need

18.Need

19.Whatar
ethekeyf ac t
orsi nselect
ingamet hodol
ogy?
Ther
eareseveralfac torsthatinfl
uencethec hoi
ceofamet
hodol
ogy.
-Clari
tyoft heus errequi
rement s
-Fami l
iari
tywi t
ht hebaset ec
hnology
-Systemc ompl exity
-Needf ors ystemr el
iabi
li
ty
-Ti
mepr ess ure
-Needt os eepr ogr essonthetimeschedule

20.Need

21.Compar eandc ontrastther oleofas ystemsanal ys

t,bus i
nessanal yst,
andinfrastr
ucture
analyst.
Theset hreerol
esemphas izediffer
entper spectivesont hes yst
em. Thebusi
nes sanalyst
representsthespons or/usersinterests,whil
et hes yst
emsanal ys tknowshowt oappl yI
S
tosuppor tbusi
nes sneeds .Together,thesystemsanal ystandthebus i
nessanalystcan
designas ystemthatc onfor mstotheI Ss t
andar dswhi leaddingval uetothebus i
ness.
Thei nf
rastruct
ureanal ysthasmor et echnicalknowl edgeandpr ovidestheteamwi th
technicalconstr
aints,oridentifi
esinfrastr
uc t
urec hangest hatthenews yst
emwi l
l
 r
equi
re.

Sys
temAnalystRol es:
-I
dent i
fyinghowt ec
hnologycanimprovebusi
nesspr
ocess
es
-Designingt henewbusi
nessprocess
es
-Designingt hei
nfor
mationsystem
-Ens
ur ingthatthesyst
emc onformstoinf
ormati
onsyst
emsstandar
ds

Bus
ines
sAnal ystRoles
:
-Analyzingthekeybusi
nessaspectsofthesystem
-Identif
yinghowthesystemwillprovidebus
inessvalue
-Des i
gningthenewbusinessprocessesandpolic
ies

I
nfr
ast
ruct
ureAnalystRol
es:
-Ensur
ingthesyst
emc onfor
mst oinf
rast
ruc
tur
estandards
-I
denti
fyi
nginfras
truc
turechangesneededtos
upportthesys
tem

22.22.
Whati
sthedi
ff
erenc
ebet
weenc
las
sesandobj
ect
s?

Ac l
assisthegeneraltempl ateweusetodefi
neandcreates
pecif
icinst
ances,
orobj
ect
s.
Everyobjecti
sassociatedwi t
hac l
ass
.Ifwewerebuil
dinganappointmentsys
temfora
doctor
’soffi
ce,c
lassesmi ghtincl
udeDoctor
,Pat
ient
,andAppoint
ment .

Anobjectisaninst
anti
ati
onofaclas
s .
Inot herwor
ds,anobjecti
saperson,place,
or
thi
ngaboutwhi chwewanttocaptureinformati
on.Thespeci
fi
cpati
ents
, suchasJim
Maloney,MaryWi l
son,
andTheres
aMar ks,
areconsi
deredinst
ances
,orobjects,
ofthe
pati
entclass.

23.23.
Whatar
emet
hodsandmes
sages
?

Methodsimpl
ementanobj
ect
’sbehavi
or.
Amet
hodi
snot
hingmor
ethananac
tiont
hat
anobjec
tcanper
for
m.

Mes
sagesareinfor
mations
entt
oobjec
tstotri
ggermet hods.Ames
sagei
ses
sent
ial
lya
f
unct
ionorprocedurec
allf
romoneobj
ecttoanotherobject
.

24.24.Whyar
eencaps
ulat
ionandi
nfor
mat
ionhi
dingi
mpor
tantc
har
act
eri
sti
csofobj
ect
-
ori
ent
edsyst
ems?

Encapsulationisthemec hani smthatcombinest heproc essesanddat aintoasingle

object
.Informat i
onhi di
ngs uggestsonlyt
hei nformationr equi
redt ouseanobjec tbe
avail
ableout si
det heobjec
t .Howt heobjectstoresdat aorper f
ormsmet hodsi
snot
rel
evant, aslongast heobjec tf
uncti
onscorrectly.Allthatisrequiredtous eanobj ec
t
arethes etofmet hodsandt hemes s
agesneededt obes enttotriggerthem.Thef act
 t
hatwec anuseanobjectbysendi
ngames s
aget hatc
all
smethodsist
hekeyto
r
eusabi
li
tybecausei
ts hi
eldsthei
nter
nalworki
ngsofanobjec
tfromtheout
sides
yst
em.
I
tkeepsthesyst
emsfrombei ngaf
fect
edwhenc hangesaremadetoanobj
ect.

25. 25)Whati
smeantbypol
ymor
phi
smwhenappl
iedt
oobj
ect
-
ori
ent
edsys
tems?

Obj ect-orient eds ystemsf ocusonc apt uringthes truct ureandbehavi or

ofinf ormat ions ystemsi nl i
ttlemodul est hatenc ompas sbot hdat aand
proc ess.Thes el ittl
emodul esar eknownasobj ect s
. Thebas i
c
char acteristicsofaobj ect -
or i
ent eds ys temi ncludec l
as s
es ,objects ,
met hods ,mes sages ,enc aps ulation, i
nf ormat i
onhi ding, inheritanc e,
polymor phis m, anddynami cbi nding. Pol ymorphi smmeanst hatt he
samemes s agec anbei nt erpret eddi fferentlybydi fferentc lassesof
objec ts.Forexampl e,inser ti
ngapat ientmeanss omet hingdi fferent
thani nser ti
nganappoi ntment .Ass uc h, dif
ferentpiec esofi nfor mat i
on
needt obec ollec t
edands tored. Luc kily,wedonothavet obec onc er
ned
withhows omet hingi sdonewhenus ingobj ects.Wec ans implys enda
mes saget oanobj ec t,
andt hatobj ec twi llber espons iblefor
i
nt erpret i
ngt hemes sageappr opriatel y.

26. 26)Compar
eandc
ont
ras
tdynami
cands
tat
icbi
ndi
ng

Dynami cBinding:Dynami c,orlate,bindingi satechniquethatdelays

typingt heobj ec
tunt ilrun-ti
me. Assuch, thes peci
fi
cmet hodthatis
actual l
yc all
edisnotc hosenbyt heobjec t
-orientedsystemunt ilt
hes ys
tem
isrunni ng.Stati
cBi nding:Thisisacontr asttoDynami cbinding.Ina
static
al lybounds ystem, thetypeofobj ectwoul dbedet erminedatc ompil
e
time. Therefore,thedevel operwouldhavet oc hoosewhi chmet hodshould
bec alledinsteadofal lowingthes ystemt odoi t.

27.Whati saus ecase?

Usec asediagramsal lowtheanal ystt
omodelt heint
eractionofaninformationsyst
em
andi t
senvironment .Theenvi r
onmentofani nfor
mat i
ons ystemincludesboththeend
userandanyext ernalsyst
emt hatinteract
swiththeinformat i
onsystem.Thepr i
mary
useoft heusec asediagrami stoprovideameanst odocumentandunder st
andt he
requirementsoft heevolvinginformationsys
tem.Usec asesandus ecasediagramsare
someoft hemos timportanttoolsthatareusedinobject-
or i
entedsystemsanalysi
sand
design
28.Whati smeantbyus e-casedri
ven?
Use- casedri
venmeanst hatusecasesarethepr i
mar ymodeli
ngt ooltodefi
net he
behavi orofthesyst
em. Ausecasedescri
beshowt heuseri
nteractswiththesys t
emt o
per f
orms omeac ti
vity,suchaspl
acinganor der,makingareservati
on,orsearchingf
or
i
nf ormat i
on.Theusec asesareusedtoidentif
yandt ocommuni catetherequir
ement sfor
thes ystemtot heprogrammer swhomus twritet
hes yst
em.Us ecasesareinherentl
y
simpl ebecausetheyf ocusononlyoneact i
vit
yatat i
me

29.Whati stheUni f
iedModel ingLanguage?
Unt il1995, objectc onceptswer epopul arbuti mpl ementedinmanydi f
ferentwaysby
differentdevel oper s.Eachdevel operhadhi sorherownmet hodologyandnot ation(e.
g.
Booc h,Coad, Mos es,OMT, OOSE, andSOMA) . Theni n1995,Rati
onalSof twarebr ought
threei ndus tryleader stogethert oc r
eat easingl eapproachtoobject-orientedsys t
ems
devel opment .GradyBooc h,IvarJ acobs on,andJ amesRumbaughwor kedwi thothersto
creat eas tandar dsetofdi agr ammi ngtec hniquesknownast heUni f
iedModel i
ng
Language( UML) .Theobj ecti
veofUMLi stopr ovideacommonvoc abularyofobjec t
orient edter msanddi agrammi ngt echni quet hati sr
ichenoughtomodelanys ystems
devel opmentpr ojec tfr
omanal ys isthroughi mpl ement ati
on

Itwasaccept
edasthestandardf orobjectdevel oper
sinNovember1997byt
heObject
ManagementGroup(OMG)andi n2003, i
tsver s
ion2.0wasaccept
edasOMG.TheVersi
on
2.0oftheUMLdefi
nesas etoffour t
eendi agrammi ngtec
hniquesus
edtomodelasys
tem.
Thediagramsar
ebrokenintotwomaj orgr oupings:

a)Oneformodel
ingstr
uctureofas
ystem:Thest
ruct
uremodeli
ngdiagr
ams
i
ncludeclass
,obj
ect
,package,
deployment
,component
,andcomposi
testr
uctur
e
di
agrams .

b)Oneformodelingbehavior:Thebehavi
ormodeli
ngdiagr
amsincl
udeact
ivi
ty,
sequence,
c ommunic
ati
on, i
nteract
ionovervi
ew,ti
ming,behavi
orst
atemachi
ne,
protoc
olstatemachi
ne,andus ecasediagr
ams .

Overal
l,thec onsis
tentnotati
on,integr
ati
onamongt hediagrammingtec
hni
ques,
and
theappli
c at
ionoft hediagramsac r
osstheenti
redevelopmentpr
oc es
smakest
heUMLa
powerfulandf lexi
blelanguageforanalys
tsanddevelopers

30.Whoi stheObjec
tManagementGroup?
TheObjectManagementGroup(OMG)isanint
ernati
onalnon-prof
itor
gani
zat
ion
support
edbyinformat
ionsyst
emsvendors,
soft
waredevelopersandusers
.OMGwas
foundedin1989,nowhasover600memberorganiz
ations
,andmeet sbi
-mont
hly.OMG
 providesawidelys uppor
tedfr
ameworkforopen,di
str
ibut
ed,i
nteroper
able,sc
aleabl
e,
reusable,
portables of
twarec
omponentsbasedonOMG- st
andardobjec
t-ori
ented
i
nt er
faces.Objec
tivesoftheOMGarchi
tectur
eare:

a)Tobenefi
tapplicat
iondevel
opersbymakingi
tmucheasi
erfordeveloper
sto
bui
ldlarge-sc
ale,
industr
ialstr
engthappl
icat
ionsf
romawidel
yavai
labletool
kitof
st
andardc omponents.

b)Tobenefi
tend-
user
sbyprovi
dingac ommonsemanti
c sthatgoesf
arbeyond
t
henot
ionofacommonlook-
and-
feeli
nt oday'
sdes
ktopappl
icati
ons

31.Whatisthepr imarypur poseofstruc

turediagrams?Givesomeexampl esofstr
ucture
diagr
ams .
Struc
turediagramsi ncludetheclass,
objec
t ,
package,deployment
,component ,
and
composi
t estr
uc turediagrams.Struc
turedi
agr amsprovideawayforrepresent
ingthe
dataands t
aticrelati
ons hi
psthatareinaninformati
ons yst
em

St
ruc
tur
edDi
agr
ams
:

Di
agr
amName Us
edTo Pr
imar
yPhas
e

Cl
ass I
llust
rat
etherel
ati
ons
hips Anal
ysi
s,Des
ign
betweencl
ass
esmodeledint
he
syst
em.

Obj
ect I
llust
rat
etherelat
ions
hips Anal
ysi
s,Des
ign
betweenobj
ectsmodeledint
he
syst
em.

Usedwhenactuali
nst
anc
esof
thecl
ass
eswi l
lbet
ter
communicat
e

t
hemodel
.

Pac
kage GroupotherUMLel
ements Anal
ysi
s,Des
ign,
toget
hertofor
mhigherl
evel
I
mplementat
ion
const
ructs
.

Depl
oyment Showt hephys i
calarchi
tectur
eof Phys
icalDesi
gn,
thesystem. Canalsobeus edto
I
mplement at
ion
shows oftwarecomponent sbei
ng
deployedont othephysi
c al
archi
tecture.

Component I
ll
ust
rat
ethephys
ical Phys
icalDes
ign,
 r
elat
ions
hipsamongt
hes
oft
war
e I
mpl
ement
ati
on
c
omponents

Compos
iteSt
ruc
tur
e Il
lustr
atetheint
ernalst
ructur
eof Anal
ysi
s,Des
ign
ac l
ass,i
.e.
,ther
elat
ionshi
ps
among

t
hepar
tsofac
las
s

32.Forwhatar ebehaviordiagramsus ed?Gi vesomeexampl esofbehaviordiagrams.

Thebehavi ordiagramsi ncl
udedi nUML2. 0aretheac t
ivi
ty,sequence,communi cati
on,
int
eractionover vi
ew, ti
ming,behavi ors t
atemac hine,protocolst
atemac hine,andus e
casediagr ams .Behaviormodel ingdi agramspr ovi
det heanalystwithawayt odepictthe
dynami crel ati
onshipsamongt heins tancesorobjectsthatrepresentthebus i
ness
inf
ormat ions ystem. Theyalsoallowt hemodel i
ngoft hedynami cbehaviorofindivi
dual
objec
tst hr oughoutt hei
rlif
etime. Thebehavi ordiagramss upporttheanalystin
modelingt hefunctionalrequir
ement sofanevol vinginformationsystem.

Behavi
orDi
agr
amExampl
es:

Di
agr
amName Us
edTo Pr
imar
yPhas
e

Ac
tivi
ty Il
lust
ratebusi
nes
sworkf l
ows Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
i
ndependentofcl
ass
es,t heflow
ofacti
vit
iesi
nausecase, or
detai
leddesi
gnofamet hod

Sequenc
e Modet hebehaviorofobjec
ts Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
withi
naus ecase.Focusesonthe
ti
me-basedorder i
ngofanac t
ivi
ty

Communi
cat
ion Modelthebehavi
orofobjects Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
wit
hinausecase.Focusesonthe
communicat
ionamongas etof
col
labor
ati
ngobjectsofan
act
ivi
ty

I
nter
act
iveOver
view Il
lust
rat
eanovervi
ewoft
hef
low Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
ofcontr
olofapr
ocess
.

Ti
ming Il
lust
rat
et heint
eract
ionthat Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
takespl
aceamongas etofobj
ect
s
andthestatechangesinwhich
theygothroughalongat i
meaxis

Behavi
oralSt
ateMac
hine Exami
net
hebehavi
orofonec
las
s Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
 Pr
otoc
olSt
ateMac
hine Il
lustr
atest
hedependenc
ies Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
amongt hedif
fer
enti
nter
fac
esof
ac l
ass

Us
e-Cas
e Captur
ebus i
nessrequi
rements Anal
ysi
sDes
ign
fort
hes yst
emandt oil
lust
rat
e
theint
er-acti
onbetweenthe
syst
emandi tsenvi
ronment

33.Whyisitimpor tantforanOOSADappr oachtobear c hi

tect
urecentri
c?
Anymoder nappr oachtos ystemsanal ysi
sanddes ignshouldbearchitec
turecentr
ic.
Archi
tect
urec entricmeanst hatt heunderlyi
ngs oftwarearchi
tect
ureoftheevolvi
ng
sys
tems pecif
icationdrivesthes peci
fi
c at
ion,
c onstruct
ion,anddocumentati
onofthe
sys
tem.Moder nobj ect-ori
enteds yst
emsanal ysisanddes i
gnapproachesshouldsupport
atl
eastthrees eparatebutint er
relat
edar chi
tecturalviewsofasystem:funct
ional
,stat
ic,
anddynami c
.

a)Thef unctionalvi ewdes cri

best heex t
ernalbehaviorofthes ys
temfromt he
perspecti
veoft heus er.Us ecasesandus ecasediagramsar ethepr i
maryapproachused
todepictthefunctionalvi ew. Al
so,ins omec ases,ac
t i
vit
ydiagramsar eusedto
supplementus ecas es
b)Thes tati
cvi ewdes cri
besthes tructureofthes ys
temi ntermsofattr
ibut
es,
methods ,
c l
asses,andr elat i
onships.Thes tr
ucturediagramspor t
raythes t
ati
cviewofan
evolvi
ngobj ec
t-orientedi nformat i
ons ystem

c)Thedynami
cviewdes
cri
bestheinter
nalbehavi
oroft
hes ystemi
ntermsof
mes
sagespassedamongobj
ect
sands t
atechangeswithi
nanobjec
t .
Thedynamicvi
ewi
s
r
epr
esentedinUMLbybehavi
ordi
agrams

34.Whydoesi tmeanf oranOOSADappr oachtobei ncrement alandi ter ative?

Object-
orientedsys t
emsanal ys i
sanddes i
gnappr oachesemphas izei terat i
veand
inc
rement aldevelopmentt hatunder goescontinuoustes t
ingandr ef inementt hroughout
theli
feoft heproject.Eachi t
er ationoft hesyst
embr i
ngsi tcloserandc los ertorealuser
needs.OOSADal l
owst heanal ystt odecompos ec omplexpr oblemsi nt os mal ler,
mor e
manageabl ecomponent sus i
ngac ommonl yaccepteds etofnot at i
ons . Al s
o, many
peoplebelievethatus ersdonott hinkintermsofdat aorpr ocess esbuti nsteadthinkin
ter
msofac ol
lect
ionofc ollabor atingobject
s.Ass uch,object-orienteds ystemsanal ysis
anddes i
gnal l
owst heanal ystt oint erac
twiththeus erus i
ngobj ec tsf romt heus er’s
envir
onmenti ns
teadofas etofs eparateprocessesanddat a
35.Whatar ethephas esandwor kflowsoft heUni f
iedProcess?
TheUni f
iedProces si
sas pec
ificmet hodol ogythatmapsoutwhenandhowt ousethe
vari
ousUMLt ec hniquesforobjec t-
orientedanal ysi
sanddes i
gn.Whereast
heUML
providesst
ructuralsupportfordevel opingt hestructur
eandbehaviorofaninfor
mati
on
system,theUnifiedProcessprovi desthebehavi oralsupport.
TheUnifi
edProcess
,of
course,i
suse-cas edri
ven,architecturec entri
c,anditerat
iveandi
ncremental.

TheUnifi
edProces
sisatwo-di
mens
ionals
yst
emsdevel
opmentpr
oces
sdes
cri
bedbya
setofphasesandworkf
lows
.

a)Phases:ThephasesoftheUnifi
edProces
ssupportananalysti
ndevelopi
ng
i
nfor
mationsyst
emsi naniter
ati
veandi ncr
ementalmanner.Eachphasehasobjec
tives
,
afoc
usofacti
vit
yovert heworkf
lows,andincr
ementaldel
iverabl
es
-Incepti
on
-Elaborati
on
-Cons t
ructi
on
-Transit
ion

b)Workflows:Thewor kf
lowsdes cri
bet het asksorac t
ivitiesthatadevel oper
performstoevolveani nformati
ons ys t
emovert i
me. Thewor kflowsoft heUni fi
ed
Processaregroupedi ntotwobroadc ategori
es:engi neer i
ngands uppor ting
-Engi neeringworkflows :Theengi neer ingwor kflowsi ncl udebusiness
model i
ng,requir
ement s,anal
ysis,des i
gn,implement at ion,test, anddepl oyment
workf l
ows.Theengi neer i
ngworkf l
owsdealwi tht heac tivi
tiest hatpr oduc ethetechnic
al
produc t(
i.
e.,
thei nf
or mat i
onsystem)
-Suppor t
ingworkflows :Thes uppor ti
ngwor kflowsi ncludet heproj
ect
management ,c
onf i
gur ati
onandc hangemanagement , andt heenvi r
onmentwor kfl
ows.
Thes upporti
ngwor kf l
owsf oc
usont hemanager i
alas pec tsofi nformat ions yst
em
development .

36.Compar ethephas esoftheUni f

iedPr ocesswi t
ht hephas esoft hewaterfallmodel.
TheUni f
iedProcess:isaspeci
f i
cmet hodol ogythatmapsoutwhenandhowt ousethe
vari
ousUMLt echniquesforobject-ori
entedanal ysisanddes ign.TheUnifiedProcessisa
two-dimensionalsystemsdevel opmentpr oc es
sdes c
ribedbyas etofphasesand
workflows.Thephas esareinception,el
abor ati
on, c
ons truct
ion,andt r
ansition.
The
workflowsincludebus i
nessmodel ing,requirement s,analys
is,design,i
mpl ementati
on,
test
,deployment ,proj
ectmanagement , c
onf i
gurationandc hangemanagement ,and
envir
onment .

Thephas
esoftheUni
fiedPr
ocesss
upportananal
ystindevel
opi
nginformati
onsys
tems
inani
ter
ati
veandinc
rementalmanner
.Thephasesdescr
ibehowaninformati
onsyst
em
 evol
vesthroughtime.Dependingonwhi c
hdevelopmentphasestheevol
vingsys
temis
curr
entl
yin,thelevelofact
ivi
tywil
lvaryovertheworkfl
ows .
Eachphasehasobj
ect
ives
,
afocusofacti
vit
yovert heworkf
lows,andinc
rementaldeli
verabl
es.

-Inception:Dur i
ngtheinter
c ept i
onphas e,
ac ompletefeasi
bil
it
yanalysi
s
i
sdonewhi chdetermineswhet hertheproj
ec tneedst obeunder takenornot
-Elaborat i
on:Theprimarydel iverablesofthisphasewoul dbetoincl
ude
theUMLs t
ructureanddi agramsandt oprovi deanexec utabl
eofanbas eli
neversi
onof
theevolvi
nginformations ystem
-Cons t
ruc ton:Thec
i ons
tructionphas e,
asexpec t
edbyi tsname,isheavi
ly
f
oc usedonprogrammi ngt heevolvingi
nformat i
ons ystem.
-Transition:Theprimaryfocusoft hi
sphas eisontestinganddeployment
wor kf
lows

Wat er
fallDevelopment:istheor i
ginals t
ructureddesignmet hodology(thatiss t
il
lus ed
today)iswaterf
alldevelopment .Wi t
hwat er
falldevel
opment –basedmet hodologies,the
analystsandusersproceedins equenc efromonephas etot henext.Thekeydel i
verables
foreachphas earetypic
allyver yl
ong( oftenhundr edsofpagesinlengt h)andar e
presentedtothepr oj
ectspons orforappr ovalasthepr oj
ectmovesf romphas et ophas e.
Onc ethesponsorapprovest hewor kt hatwasc onductedforaphas e,thephas eendsand
thenextonebegi ns.Thi
smet hodologyisr ef
erredtoaswat erfal
ldevelopmentbec aus ei
t
movesf orwardfromphas etophas einthes amemannerasawat erfall
.

Asyoucansee,botht
hephasesoftheUnif
iedProces
sandtheWat
erfal
ldevelopment
,
fol
lowacer
tainflow.
Theypr
ogressstepbystepandevent
uall
ymeettherequir
ement

37.Whi chphaseint heSDLCi smostimpor tant?Why?

Allsystemsdevel opmentpr oject
sfollowes senti
allythesamef undamentalprocess
call
edt hesystemdevel opmentlif
ec ycle(SDLC).TheplanningphaseinSDLCi sthemos t
impor t
antphas ebec auseduringthisphas etheprojectteamidentif
iesthebusines
s
valueofthes ystem, conductsafeasibil
ityanalys
is,andplansthepr oj
ect.
Thisphaseis
thefundament alprocessofunderstandingwhyani nfor
mat i
ons yst
ems houl
dbebui lt
anddet ermininghowt heprojec
tteamwi llgoaboutbuildingit

38.Descr
ibet hemaj orel
ement sandi ssueswithanobj ect-orient
edappr oac
ht odevel
oping
i
nformations ys
tems .
Objec
t-orientedapproac hest odevelopinginformations ystemscanus eanyofthe
tr
adit
ionalmet hodologiess uchast hewat erfal
ldevelopment ,paral
leldevelopmentetc
.
However,t heobject
-orientedappr oachesar emos tassoc i
atedwithaphas ed
devel
opmentRADmet hodol ogy.Theprimarydi f
ferencebet weenat radi
ti
onalapproach
suchasst
ruct
ureddesignandanobjec
t-ori
ent
edappr
oachi
showaproblemis
decomposed.
Intr
adit
ionalapproac
hes,t
heprobl
emdecompos
iti
onpr
ocessi
seit
her
proces
s-c
entri
cordat
a- c
entri
c.

a)Use-
CaseDri
ven:Ausecasedes
cri
beshowtheus
erinterac
tswitht
hesyst
em
t
operforms omeact
ivi
ty,
suchasplaci
nganorder
,maki
ngareservat
ion,
orsear
chi
ngfor
i
nfor
mat ion

b)Arc
hit
ectur
e-centr
ic:Archi
tec
turec
entri
cmeanst
hattheunderl
yingsof
twar
e
arc
hit
ec t
ureoft
heevolvingsystemspeci
fi
cat
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vest
hespec
ifi
cat
ion,
constr
ucti
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anddocumentati
onofthesystem

c)I
terati
veandIncremental
:Moder nobject
-ori
entedsystemsanalys
isanddes
ign
appr
oachesemphas iei
z terati
veandincrementaldevelopmentthatunder
goes
cont
inuoustesti
ngandr efi
nementthroughoutthelif
eoftheproject
.Eachit
erati
onof
thesyst
embr ingsi
tcloserandcl
osertor ealus
erneeds