Wind Turbine Generators

for Wind Power Plants

• Wind turbine types
• Conventional induction generators
• Induction machines with wound rotor and static power converter technologies
• Important factors for wind integration
• Steady state performance – P, Q, PF
• Dynamic response to perturbation
• Intermittency and time variation of P and Q
• Output quality
 WIND GENERATOR
• Most often employed are three phase generators of the following type:
• Asynchronous Generator (Induction Engine)
• Synchronous Generator
 GENERATOR SYSTEM
• Direct Grid Connection
• AC-DC plus DC-AC Converter
• AC-AC Converter
• Asynchronous Generator (Slip Ring Rotor) with Gear System
• Rotor Voltage Injection by 2nd Generator on the Shaft
• RVI by the Grid with AC-DC plus DC-AC Converter
• RVI by the Grid with AC-AC Converter
• Synchronous Generator (Separated Excited) with Gear System
• Direct Grid Connection
• AC-DC plus DC-AC Converter
• AC-DC plus DC-AC Converter as Gearless Unit
• Synchronous Generator (Permanently Excited) as Gearless Units
• AC-DC plus DC-AC Converter
• AC-AC Converter
 SPEED REGULATION
• Stall-regulated rotors are designed with section shapes and mean angles of attack to cause the
rotor to stall at higher wind speeds, beginning at rated power wind speeds.
• Pitch-regulated rotors reduce the aerodynamic torque by reducing the pitch and thereby the local
angle of attack of the rotor sections.

• The lower angles of attack reduce the section lift coefficients and thereby the aerodynamic torque
on the rotor.
• The pitch control initiates when the wind velocity is sufficient to generate the turbine rated power
level.
• It continues to reduce the pitch to seek to maintain an optimum λ while also maintaining a constant
rated power up to the cut-out wind speed.
 ELECTRICAL TORQUE CONTROL
Objectives to wind turbine operation:
• to maximize energy production while keeping operation within
speed and load constraints,
• to prevent extreme loads and to minimize fatigue damage
that can occur as a result of repeated bending caused by
weight on the rotors and unsteady aerodynamics loads,
• to provide acceptable power quality at the point of connection to
the power grid, and
• to provide safe operation.
 GENERATION
• The principle of wind turbine operation is based on two well known processes:
– Conversion of kinetic energy of moving air into mechanical energy using
aerodynamic rotor blades and a variety of methodologies for mechanical power
control.
– Electromechanical energy conversion through a generator that is transmitted to the
grid.
• Usually wind turbines are classified by their mechanical power control, and further
by their speed control.
• All turbine blades convert the motion of air across the air foils to torque and then
regulate that torque in an attempt to capture as much energy as possible.
• Further wind turbines may be classified as either stall regulated or pitch regulated.
• Stall
regulation is achieved by shaping the wind turbine blades such that the airfoil generates less aerodynamic
force at high wind speed, eventually stalling, thus reducing the turbine’s torque; this technique is simple,
inexpensive, and robust.

Aerodynamic design of the rotor blades:

• Low wind speed: Laminar flow obtains the rotor blades

• High wind speed Further torque development at the

near operating point: rotor will be inhibited
• Wind speed beyond Rotor torque and performance
rated range: coefficient decrease (!)
 Pitch regulation,
• Variation of the yaw angle between rotor blade and the direction of wind pressure changes the
effective flow rotor cross section.
• Pitch regulation, on the other hand, is achieved through the use of pitching devices in the turbine
hub, which twist the blades around their own axes. As the speed of wind increases, the blades
quickly pitches to the optimum angle to control torque in order to capture the maximum energy or
self protect, as needed.
 INDUCTION GENERATOR
• INDUCTION GENERATOR Induction generator is also called as
Asynchronous generator or induction motor used as induction
generator (IMAG). An induction motor is called an induction
generator when it is sued with negative slip i.e. speed of the rotating
magnetic field is less than the rotor speed.
INDUCTION MACHINE CHARACTERISTIC
SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MACHINE
CONSTRUCTION
 GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION
• Stator: The stator of induction generator is same as that of
synchronous generator. The stator carries a 3- phase winding.
Windings are wound for a definite numbers of magnetic poles.
• Rotor: The rotor of induction generator is different from that a
Synchronous generator. The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated
core with parallel slots for carrying the rotor conductors (heavy bars of
Copper or Aluminum). The rotor conductors are electrically welded or
bolted and short circuited at each end by Copper or Aluminum rings
called end rings.
 SLIP OF MACHINE
• If the same supply connected induction motor is now driven (with the
help of hydro turbine or pump as turbine i.e. PAT) at above
synchronous speed, so that slip becomes negative i.e.
FIELD ROTATION
STARTING TORQUE
 LIMITATIONS OF INDUCTION GENERATIONS

• • Require existing power grid for synchronous operation. – Can not

control frequency or voltage independently
• • Can not operate above pushover speed
• • Require a source of reactive power to operate – When connect to
grid, system supplies reactive power to operate generator
• • When operating without grid connection frequency varies with
power output. – Parallel capacitors supply reactive power
 INDUCTION MACHINE
• Three phase induction machines are constructed into two major types:
1. Squirrel cage Induction machines
2. Slip ring Induction machines
FLUX DENSITY CURVE
 SYNCHRONOUS SPEED
In a 4-pole stator winding, it can be shown that the rotating field makes one revolution in two cycles of current.
In general, fur P poles, the rotating field makes one revolution in P/2 cycles of current.
 SLIP
• The difference between the synchronous speed Ns of the rotating stator field and the actual rotor speed N is
called slip. It is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed i.e.
ROTOR CURRENT FREQUENCY
CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION OF IM
POWER DEVELOPED IN INDUCTION MACHINE
 SPEED CONTROL OF MACHINE
• The method to be employed in starting a given induction motor
depends upon the size of the motor
• and the type of the motor. The common methods used to start
induction motors are:
• (i) Direct-on-line starting
• (ii) Stator resistance starting
• (iii) Autotransformer starting
• (iv) Star-delta starting
• (v) Rotor resistance starting
 Double Cage Induction Motor
• One of the advantages of the slip-ring motor is that resistance may be inserted in the
rotor circuit to obtain high starting torque (at low starting current) and then cut out
to obtain optimum running conditions. However, such a procedure cannot be
adopted for a squirrel cage motor because its cage is permanently short-circuited. In
order to provide high starting torque at low starting current, double-cage
construction is used.
• As the name suggests, the rotor of this motor has two squirrel-cage windings located
one above
the other.
• The outer winding consists of bars of smaller cross-section short-circuited by end
rings. Therefore, the resistance of this winding is high. Since the outer winding has
relatively open slots and a poorer flux path around its bars, it has a low inductance.
Thus the resistance of the outer squirrel-cage winding is high and its inductance is
low.
• The inner winding consists of bars of greater cross-section short-circuited by end
rings. Therefore, the resistance of this winding is low. Since the bars of the inner
winding are thoroughly buried in iron, it has a high inductance .Thus the resistance
of the inner squirrel cage winding is low and its inductance is high.
 LIMITED VARIABLE SPEED OR FIXED SPEED
• Squirrel-cage Induction Generator (SCIG) connected directly to the step up transformer.
•The turbine speed is fixed (or nearly fixed) to the electrical grid frequency.
• It generates real power (P) when the turbine shaft rotates faster than the electrical grid
frequency creating a negative slip (positive slip and power is motoring convention).
• For a given wind speed, the operating speed of the turbine under steady conditions is a
nearly linear function of torque.
For sudden changes in wind speed, the mechanical inertia of the drive train will limit the
rate of change in electrical output.
Cont..
• Wound rotor induction generators are connected directly to the WTG step-up transformer in a
fashion similar to squirrel cage with regards to the machines stator circuit, but also include a
variable resistor in the rotor circuit.
• This can be accomplished with a set of resistors and power electronics external to the rotor with
currents flowing between the resistors and rotor via slip rings.
• Alternately, the resistors and electronics can be mounted on the rotor, eliminating the slip rings—
this is the Weier design.
• The variable resistors are connected into the rotor circuit softly and can control the rotor currents
quite rapidly so as to keep constant power even during gusting conditions, and can influence the
machine’s dynamic response during grid disturbances
 SPECIAL CASE
• The Type turbine, known commonly as the Doubly Fed Induction Generator
(DFIG) or Doubly Fed Asynchronous Generator (DFAG), takes the previous
design to the next level, by adding variable frequency ac excitation (instead of
simply resistance) to the rotor circuit.
• The additional rotor excitation is supplied via slip rings by a current regulated,
voltage-source converter, which can adjust the rotor currents’ magnitude and phase
nearly instantaneously.
• This rotor-side converter is connected back-to-back with a grid side converter,
which exchanges power directly with the grid.
 VARIABLE SPEED
• This Type turbine offers a great deal of flexibility in design and operation as the output of the rotating
machine is sent to the grid through a full-scale back-to-back frequency converter.
• The turbine is allowed to rotate at its optimal aerodynamic speed, resulting in a “wild” AC output from the
machine.
• In addition, the gearbox may be eliminated, such that the machine spins at the slow turbine speed and
generates an electrical frequency well below that of the grid.
• The rotating machines of this type have been constructed as wound rotor synchronous machines, similar to
conventional generators found in hydroelectric plants with control of the field current and high pole numbers,
as permanent magnet synchronous machines, or as squirrel cage induction machines.
 DFIG Power Exchange
Ploss,stator

Pstator s.Pgap Protor-conv

DFIG power exchange at
Vgrid Vrotor
Pgap
Rotor Rr subsynchronous speeds
Stator

wm
Ploss,rotor
Tem

Pmech
Ploss,rotational

Pload

Ploss,stator

Pstator s.Pgap Protor-conv

Vgrid Vrotor
DFIG power exchange at Stator
Pgap Rotor Rr

supersynchronous speeds
wm
Ploss,rotor
Tem

Pmech
Ploss,rotational

Pload

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Principle of Operation
• The DFIG has a wound rotor and the speed at which the
machine operates can be varied by adjusting the frequency fRotor
of the ac currents fed into the rotor winding
• The primary reason for using a DFIG is to produce a three-
phase voltage whose frequency fStator is constant. This is to
make sure that the frequency fStator remains equal to the
frequency fNetwork of the ac power network to which the
generator is connected, in spite of the variability in the
generator rotor speed nRotor caused by the variability in the wind
speed
• The frequency fRotor of the ac currents that need to be fed into
the DFIG rotor windings to maintain the generator output
frequency fStator at the same frequency as fNetwork depends on the
speed of rotation of the rotor nRotor

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