Part 1

Algebra
 a b
c d

We express the order of the matrix by “ number of rows × number of columns”

The no. of elements of matrix no. of rows × no. of columns

If we want to express an element that found in the nth row and

the mth column we said the element anm .
 Types of matrices
01 A matrix has only one row
02 A matrix has only one column

03 “no . of rows = no. of columns” 04 All it’s elements are zeroes

donated by (O𝒏×𝒎 )

05 All the elements are zeroes 06 A diagonal matrix in which the

except the main diagonal elements of main diagonal are ones
It’s the changing of all rows by the columns .

If the matrix A of order m × n then At order is n × m

t
At = A
A = At A = − At
a x y
x b z 0 x y
y z c −x 0 z
−y −z 0
 Equality of matrices

Same order

Equal elements

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 𝟖
if A = then 𝟐A = 𝟐 ×
𝟑 𝟒 𝟑 𝟒 𝟐 𝟖 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟒
𝟐×𝟏 𝟐×𝟐 𝟐 𝟒 if A = =𝟐× =𝟐×
= = 𝟔 𝟏𝟒 𝟔 𝟏𝟒 𝟑 𝟕
𝟐×𝟑 𝟐×𝟒 𝟔 𝟖 𝟐 𝟐
 To add or subtract matrices they must have the same order
and the resulted matrix also have the same order

ex If A + B = C , matrix A is of order 3×2 and Matrix BT is of order m × n

then m = …… , n = ………

Zero matrix is the additive identity

A+O=A (A ± B)t = At ± Bt
 ×
The no. of columns of first must be equal the no. of rows of second

If Am×n , Bn×z then they can be multiplied and the Product is of order is m×z order

You multiply the (nth Row) × (mth column) and put the result in the
element “anm ”
 A×B ≠ B×A Multiplication is not commutative “Not a rule”

A B±C =A×B±A×C ≠B×A±C×A Multiplication has directions

t
(A×B) = Bt ×At transpose
t t
(A×B × C) = Ct × B ×At
 I
It is the multiplicative identity of matrices .

A×I=I×A=A

I × I × I × … = I n= I
ABC = (AB)C = A(BC) Multiplying more than two matrices

An = A × A × … To multiply a matrix by itself it must be a square matrix

n 20
A 2n = A 2 If the power is even Ex: A 40 = A 2

n 20
A 2n+1 = A 2 ×A If the power is odd Ex: A 41 = A 2 × A
 To get the determinant of a matrix it must be a square matrix .

𝑎 𝑏
𝐴 = a b =𝑎×𝑑−𝑏×𝑐
A = 𝑐 𝑑 = a×d−b×c
c d

We can calculate the determinant by multiply the elements of any row or

column by its minor determinant .
A = a11 × a11 − a12 × a12 + a13 × a13
The elements which above or below the main diagonal are zeros

0 0
0 0
0 0

“The lower has the zeroes up and upper has the zeroes down !! ”

a e d
0 b f = abc
0 0 c
 kA = kA = kn |A|

Inside or outside ??
If A is a matrix of order 2×2 and If A is a matrix of order 2×2 and A
A = 5 , then 4 A = …… = 5 , then 4A = ……..

A = At

A×B = A × B
 Applications of Determinants

Crammer’s rule :
In ∆ ABC, in which that If A(a , b) B(c , d) C e ,f ax + cy = L
If
are three points bx + dy = k
A(a , b) B(c , d) C(e , f) a c
∆=
a b 1 b d
∆x
1 a b 1 If c d 1 =zero
∆x = l c x =
Area=| c d 1 | e f 1 k d ∆
2 e f ∆y
1 ∆y = a l y=
Then the three points b k ∆
are collinear. ∆z
If we solve 3 eq. z =
∆
 A
A
8 5
In numbers : if we divide any number by itself, it will give 1 , = 1 , = 1
8 5
In matrices : if we multiply any square matrix by it’s inverse it will give I A × A−𝟏 = I

a b 1 d −b
If A2×2 = , then A−1 = × ,
c d A −c a

× − = − × − − − =
 | |≠

It is the matrix that has no inverse It is the matrix that has an inverse
= | |≠
Application on Inverse matrix

ax + cy = L
If "We suppose that AX = B
bx + dy = k
then we multiply both sides by
a c
A= A
−𝟏
from the left So we get that :
b d
L
B=
k
− ×
x
X= y
 The properties of the
inequality in ℝ
Assuming that a , b and c are three real numbers, then:
 If a≤b, then a+c≤b+c whether c is positive or negative.
 If a≤b, then ac≤bc if c is positive.
 If a≤b, then ac≥bc if c is negative.
 3x + 10 > 1
ℝ
ℝ×ℝ →

If the substitution set is ℝ × ℝ, then the

If the substitution set is ℝ, then the S.S is S.S is represented on a lattice.
represented on the number line

∴ −
The S.S is all the real numbers ∴ −
The S.S is all ordered pairs whose
greater than -3
x-projection is > -3
The S.S is the part of the number The S.S is the region on the right of the
line on the right of -3 straight line 𝑥 = −3 (is called half plane).
The unclosed circle at -3 means -3 The straight line 𝑥 = −3 is drawn dashed
does not belong to the S.S as its points don’t belong to the S.S
We can represent the linear equation: x 0 3
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6 graphically by a straight line y 2 0
From the graph, we notice that this straight line
divides the Cartesian plane into three sets of point:
The set of points of the straight-line L (is called a boundary line)
and each of these points satisfies that 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 6
The set of points of the plane that lies on one side of straight-line L (it is called a half plane)
and is denoted by S1 and each of them satisfies that 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 > 6
The set of points of the plane that lies on the other side of the straight-line L
(and it is called a half plane also) and is denoted by S2 and each of them
satisfies that 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 < 6.
 From the previous we
deduce that :
The half plane S1 is the region representing the S.S.
of the inequality: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 > 6

The union of the point of the half plane S1 and the St.line L
represents the S.S. of the inequality: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≥ 6
The half plane S2 is the region representing the S.S. of the
inequality: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 < 6
The union of the point of the half plane S2 and the straight-
line L represents the S.S. of the inequality: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 6
 Steps to solve the first-degree
inequality in two variables
graphically
Represent the straight-line equation related to the inequality by a solid
line in case of ≥ or ≤ , and by a dashed line in case of > or <
Determine the half plane in which the feasible “or solution” region lies by
choosing any point (x1 ,y1 ) belonging to one half plane as a test point and
substitute it in the inequality

To make it easier, choose the origin point (0 , 0)

If it satisfies the inequality ∴ the inequality in the region contains the origin point.
If it doesn’t satisfy the inequality ∴ the inequality in the region doesn’t contain the origin point
Ex: 𝑥 − 3𝑦 ≤ 3 at 0,0 → 0 − 3 0 ≤ 3 ?
“ Yes it satisfies the inequality ∴ the inequality in the region contains the origin”
 The equation: 𝒚 = 𝟎 is represented by the x-axis
 The equation: 𝒙 = 𝟎 is represented by the y-axis
 The equation: 𝒚 = 𝒂 is represented by a straight line parallel to the x-axis
and passing through the point (𝟎, 𝒂)
 The equation: 𝒙 = 𝒂 is represented by a straight line parallel to the y-axis
and passing through the point (𝒂, 𝟎)
𝒙 𝒚
 The straight line whose equation is in the form: 𝒂 + 𝒃 = 𝟏 passes through
the two points (𝒂, 𝟎) and (𝟎, 𝒃)
 Steps to find the graphical solution of
two inequalities, we do as the following:

We shade the region S1 that represents the S.S. of the 1st inequality.

We shade the region S2 that represents the S.S. of the 2nd inequality.

The common region S of the two shaded regions S1 and S2

represents the S.S. of the two inequalities where S = S1 ∩ S2

The two coordinates’ axes divide the plane into four quadrants:
1st quadrant: where 𝑥 > 0 , 𝑦 > 0
2nd quadrant: where 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 > 0
3rd quadrant: where 𝑥 < 0, 𝑦 < 0
4th quadrant: where 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 < 0
 Which of the following could be a matrix with 7elements ?
1 a) A matrix with 3 rows and 4 columns b) A matrix with a single row and 7 columns
c) A matrix with 4 rows and 3 columns d) A matrix with 7 rows and 7 columns

Ans : d
2 If A is a diagonal matrix in the order 3 × 3 and 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 5 for each 𝑖 = 𝑗, then …………..
a) A = I b) A = 5 I c) A = 5 O d) A = O

Ans : b
 1 2𝑥 − 4
3 If the matrix : A =
−2 3
is symmetric , then 𝑥 = ………
a) 1 b) 3 c) 2 d) −2

Ans : a
 a b c
4 If d e f is skew symmetric, then:
a+b+c+f
d+x+y+z = ⋯
x y z
a) 1 b) zero c) – 1 d) 𝑒
Ans : c
 −2 10 7
Consider the matrices A = , B = A𝑇 . Determine 𝑎12 and 𝑏11 .
5 1 9 0
a) 𝑎12 = 10 , 𝑏11 = −2 b) 𝑎12 = −2 , 𝑏11 = 10
c) 𝑎12 = −2 , 𝑏11 = −2 d) 𝑎12 = 10 , 𝑏11 = 10
Ans : a
 Given that A is a 3 × 2matrix , such that 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 3𝑖 + 5𝑗 + 9 , find the matrix 𝐴𝑇 .
6 17 22
22 25 28 17 20 23 23 20 17
a) b) c) d) 20 25
17 20 23 22 25 28 28 25 23
23 28
Ans : b
 If A and B are two matrices with the same size, then A𝑇 + B 𝑇 𝑇
= ………
7 a) A − B b) A + B c) A𝑇 + B 𝑇 d) A𝑇 − B 𝑇

Ans : b
 𝑥 − 5 −9 5𝑥 −6 −3𝑥 + 2 4𝑦 𝑥 3𝑦
8 Given that +5 = +4 ,find the
−3𝑧 1 −𝑧 7 −2 2𝑘 −2 4𝑘
values of 𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 and 𝑘.

𝟕 𝟑𝟗 𝟓
Ans : 𝒙 = ,𝒚 = − ,𝒛 = ,𝒌 = 𝟐
𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟔 𝟒
9 If A is a matrix if order 1 × 3 , B t is a matrix if order 1 × 3 , then its possible to find ……
a) A + B b) B t + At c) AB t d) AB

Ans : d
10 If matrix A is of order 2 × 3 and matrix AB is of order 2 × 1 , then matrix B t is of order
a) 3 × 1 b) 1 × 3 c) 2 × 1 d) 1 × 2

Ans : b
 3 1 2 6 11 1
11 2 0 𝑥
Find the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦 that solve : −1 −1 −4 = −10 −4 𝑦 .
−3 1 0
0 𝑥 1

Ans : x = − 3 , y = − 10
 −6 −5 −4 −4
12 Given that A = , A+B 𝑇 = , determine A𝑇 B 𝑇 .
1 2 −11 6
−17 −20 −17 40 −18 −22 18 10
a) b) c) d)
40 38 −20 38 34 33 −10 3
18 10
Ans :
−10 3
 Find a matrix J such that XJ = X for all 2 × 3 matrices X.
13 1 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 1
a) J = 1 1 1 b) J = 0 1 0 c) J = d) J =
0 1 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1
Ans : b
 1 2 4 −5 3 6
14 If A = , B = , C = . Find ABC if possible.
0 −3 −5 6 3 0
3 −36 3 −9 27 −36 27 −33
a) b) c) d)
−9 90 −36 90 −33 42 −36 42

Ans : a
 Which of the following matrices cannot be raised to a power ?
15 1 3 4
0 0 3 2 1 3 4
a) A = b) A = c) A = 6 8 9 d) A =
0 0 2 4 6 8 9
7 3 2
Ans : d
 2 0 2 1
16 If A = and B = , find A2 + B 2 .
1 1 1 2
9 4 9 0 9 4 2 4
a) b) c) d)
7 0 7 6 7 6 7 6

Ans : c
 If A2 − 2A − I = O , then A3 = ………
17
a) 5A + I b) 5A + 2 I c) A + 2 I d) 4A + 2 I

Ans : b
 4 0
18 If A = , find A60
3 −4

Ans : 2 120 I
 sin 5𝜃 − cos 5𝜃
19 If A = = …….
cos 5𝜃 sin 5𝜃
a) 1 b) −1 c) 5 d) −5

Ans : a
 𝑥 12 2 1
20 If = , then 𝑥 = ……
3 𝑥 10 5
a) 2 b) 5 c) 6 d) ± 6

Ans : d
 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑦 4𝑦
21 If = 4, then = …………
𝑧 𝑙 𝑧 − 𝑙 4𝑙
[a] 1 [b] 10 [c] 12 [d] 16
Ans : d
 1 2 −1
22 The value of "𝑎" which makes 3 𝑎 1 = 0 is …….
−1 4 −2
a) 5 b) −2 c) 1 d) 3
Ans : b
 2𝑥 0 0
23 Find the value of 𝑥 , if 1 3𝑥 0 = 48
2 4 −𝑥

Ans : -2
 𝑙 2 −1
24 Find the value of 𝑥 , if 𝑥 − 2 𝑚 3 = 𝑙 𝑚 𝑛 , then 𝑥 = ……….
0 0 𝑛

Ans : 2
 −6 5 −3
25 Consider A = 2 6 −8 write the determinant whose value is equal to the minor of
9 9 −7
the element 𝑎23 .
6 −8 −6 5 5 −3 −6 −3
a) b) c) d)
9 −7 9 9 9 −7 2 −8
Ans : b
 If A is a square matrix in order 2 × 2 , 2 A = 8 , 3 𝐴𝑡 = ⋯
26 a) 9 b) 12 c) 18 d) 24

Ans : c
 If the area of the triangle whose vertices 𝑘 , 0 , 4 , 0 , 0 , 2 are 4 square units,
27 then 𝑘 = ……..
a) zero or −8 b) −4 or 4 c) zero or 8 d) 8 or −8

Ans : c
 The points A −1,5 , B 2,2 , C 3,1 are ………….
28 a) vertices of right – angled triangle of area 5 square unit
b) vertices of isosceles triangle of area 10 square unit
c) vertices of equilateral triangle of area 9 square unit
d) collinear
Ans : d
 To make system of equations: 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1 , 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2 has unique solution,
29 it must be…..
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
a) 1 1 = 0 b) 1 1 = 0 c) 1 1 ≠ 0 d) 1 1 ≠ 0
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝑏2

Ans : c
 Solve the following system of linear equations by Cramer’s rule:
30 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 10 , 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 , 5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4

Ans : 1 , 2 , -3
 𝑥 − 11 5
Find all the values of 𝑥 for which the matrix is singular.
31 15 𝑥 + 11
a) 196 b) 5 , −5 c) 4 d) 14 , −14

Ans : d
 7 1
Given that the matrix is invertible, what must be true of 𝑎.
32 −7 𝑎
a) 𝑎 ≠ 1 b) 𝑎 ≠ −1 c) 𝑎 ≠ −7 d) 𝑎 ≠ 7

Ans : b
 3 −1
If A × = I , then A = ……
33 2 −1
−1 3 2 −1 −1 1 1 −1
a) b) c) d)
−1 2 3 −1 −2 3 2 −3

Ans : d
 10 −6 24 72
Consider the matrices A = , AB = . Find the matrix B.
34 −4 −7 28 −57
1
0 8 0 8 0 9 24 63
a) 1 1 b) c) d)
− 7 − 19 −7 −19 −4 3 32 −60

Ans : c
 𝑥 2
35 If A = 𝑦 −2
, A × A−1 = A2 , 𝑥 × 𝑦 = ⋯
a) 3 b) 2 c) – 2 d) – 3

Ans : d
36 Solve the system of the following linear equations using the matrices:
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 , 𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 7

Ans : x = - 1 , y = 2
 The solution set of the inequality : 𝑥 + 5 ≤ 3𝑥 + 1 < 2𝑥 + 2 in ℝ is …..
37 a) ℝ − [1 , 2[ b) ]1 , 2] c) ∅ d) 1 , 2

Ans : c
 The point which belongs to the solution set of the inequalities :
38 𝑥 > 2 , 𝑦 > 1 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 3 is ……
a) 2 , 1 b) 1 , 2 c) 3 , 2 d) 1 , 3

Ans : c
 The shaded region in the graph represents
39 the S.S. of the inequalities …….
a) 𝑥 > 1 , 𝑦 > 2 b) 1 < 𝑥 < 3 , 2 < 𝑦 < 4

c) 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3 , 2 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 4 d) 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 3 , 𝑥 − 𝑦 ≤ 7

Ans : c
 Represent graphically the solution set of the following
40 inequalities together:
𝑥 ≤ 4 , 𝑦 < 𝑥 + 2 , 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ −2 in 𝑅 × 𝑅
 The point which belongs to the solution set of the inequalities :
41 𝑥 > 2 , 𝑦 > 1 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 3 is ……
a) 2 , 1 b) 1 , 2 c) 3 , 2 d) 1 , 3

Ans : c
 The solution set of the inequality: −𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 is …………
42

Ans : d
 If 𝑥 and 𝑦 are two integers where 𝑥 > 0 , 𝑦 > 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 < 5 , then the
43 number of ordered pairs ( 𝑥 , 𝑦 ) that satisfy the previous condition are………….
a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7

Ans : c
 The solution set of the inequalities: 𝑥 + 𝑦 > 4 , 𝑥 − 𝑦 < 4 does not lie in the
44 quadrant(s).
a) first b) first or second c) second or third d) third or fourth

Ans : d
 If (1 , y) lies in the region of S.S of the inequality: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 < 𝑦 ,then …………
45
a) y < 3 b) y > 3 c) y = 3 d) y > 7

Ans : a
 The point at which P has minimum value where P = 35𝑥 + 10𝑦 from the following
46 points is ………..
[a] 0,10 [b] (0,20) [c] (0,40) [d] (20,10)

Ans : a
 Find the minimum value of the objective function P = 2 𝑥 + 3 under conditions
47
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 5 ,𝑦 ≥ 1 ,𝑥 ≥ 2

Ans : value = 7
48 By using the given figure, the point which
makes the objective function: P = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦
as small as possible………..
a) (0 , 4) b) (3 , 2)
b)(5 , 6) d) (0 , 6)

Ans : a
 The productive rate of a factory is 120 units at most of two different kinds of articles the
number of produced units from each kind equals 𝑥 and y respectively.
49 If what is sold from the second kind doesn’t less than half what sold from the first kind. Which
of the following system of inequalities represent the previous data and conditions?
a) 𝑥 ≥ 0 , 𝑦 ≥ 0 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 120 , 2𝑦 ≤ 𝑥
b) 𝑥 ≥ 0 , 𝑦 ≥ 0 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 120 , 𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥
c) 𝑥 ≥ 0 , 𝑦 ≥ 0 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 120 , 2𝑦 ≥ 𝑥
b) 𝑥 ≥ 0 , 𝑦 ≥ 0 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 120 , 𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥
Ans : c
 A small factory produces metal furniture 20 cupboard weekly at most of two
50 different kinds A and B. if the profit from kind “A” is 80 pounds, and the profit from
kind 𝐵 is 100 pounds. The factory sells from kind 𝐴 at least 3 times what it sells
from the second kind. Find number of cupboards from each kind to satisfy
the greatest possible profit to the factory.