Govt, Graduate College Samanabad Faisalabad

Computer assignment
 Submitted By
 Group 4

1. Jawad Hussain 23247

2. Asad Abbas 23205
3. Ali Hassan 23204
4. Noraiz Tahir 23254

 Topics
i. Types of Computer:
ii. Classification Of Computer:
iii. Types of Storage:

 Submitted To

 Madam Saman.
Govt, Graduate College Samanabad Faisalabad

Computer:
An electronic device for storing and processing
data, typically in binary form, according to
instructions given to it in a storage.
Govt, Graduate College Samanabad Faisalabad

Types Of Computer:
You must be aware that a computer is a machine that is used to store, manipulate,
transmit, and receive information or data. There are different types of computers. Do you
know how many types of computers have been invented till now? If you don't know the
answer to this question, there is no need to worry. In this article, readers will be able to
learn about the different types of computers.
The first thing that you need to know is that computers can be categorized in two ways.
Computers can either be differentiated based on their data handling capabilities or based
on their sizes. If we take data handling capabilities into account, then there are three types
of computers. These three types of computers are
 Analog Computer
 Digital Computer
 Hybrid Computer

Computers can also be classified based on their computing power and speed, and the
categories of this type of classification are mentioned in the table below.

Type of
S.No. Description
Computer

Personal It is a type of single-user computer system that has a

1
Computer (PC) moderately powerful microprocessor.

It is also a single-user computer system, but it has a more powerful

2 Workstation
microprocessor.

It is a multi-user computer system. It is capable of supporting

3 Minicomputer
hundreds of users all at the same time.
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It is a computer system that can be used for multiple users. It can

4 Main Frame support hundreds of users at the same time. It is different from
minicomputers in terms of its software technology.

It is an incredibly fast computer system that is capable of executing

5 Supercomputer
hundreds of millions of instructions every second.

Now, you must have a brief idea about computer systems and their types. In this section,
we will discuss the different types of computers in more detail.

Analog Computer:
Let us begin with analogue computers. These computers were specifically designed to
process analogue data. For readers who are not familiar with the term, analogue data is a
type of continuous data that continually changes and does not have discrete values.
It can also be said that analogue computers are used when the users are not familiar with
the exact values like temperature, speed, current, and pressure. An intriguing feature of
analogue computers is accepting the measuring device's data without converting it into
relevant codes and numbers.
This feature allows analogue computers to measure continuous changes in physical
quantity. In most cases, the output of these computers is read on a dial or scale. Some
examples of analogue computers are the mercury thermometer and speedometer.
There are many advantages of using analog computers. Some of those advantages are as
follows.
 These computers allow real-time computation and operations at the same time.
Further, it continuously represents all data within the range of the analog computer
system.
 In some applications, analog computers help perform calculations without using
transducers to convert both the inputs and outputs to a digital electronic form and
vice versa.
Govt, Graduate College Samanabad Faisalabad
 Programmers can also scale the problem for the dynamic range of analog
computers. This provides excellent insight into the actual situation. It also helps in
learning about any errors and their effects.
There are different types of analog computers. The various types of analog computers are
discussed below.
 Slide Rule:

The slide rule is one of the simplest types of mechanical analog computer systems. It was
developed initially to perform necessary mathematical calculations. These computer
systems consist of two rods. When the computer performs any calculation, the hashed rod
slides to line up with the specific markings placed on another rod.
 Differential Analyzers:
Differential analyzers are used to perform differential calculations. These computer
systems perform integration by using a wheel-and-disc mechanism. This helps in solving
differential calculations.
 Castle Clock:
According to various sources, the first castle clock was invented by Al-Jara. This
computer system was made to save all programming instructions. The original machine's
height was around 11 feet, and it came with the display of zodiac, time, and the lunar and
solar orbits. These devices can also allow users to set the length of the day according to
the current season.
 Electronic Analog Computer:
An electronic analog computer is a type of analog computer in which electrical signals
flow through resistors and capacitors. This simulates different physical phenomena. In
these devices, mechanical interactions of computers do not take place. Also, the voltage
of the electrical signal is used to generate the correct displays in these devices.

Digital Computer:

Digital computers were invented to perform different calculations and logical operations
at a very high speed. These computers accept the raw data as input, done in binary
numbers (0 and 1) or digitals.
After that, the device processes the information with programs that are already stored in
the device's memory. This process is followed to generate the output. Some examples of
digital computers include laptops, desktops, and other electronic devices like
smartphones.
There are many advantages of digital computers. Some of those advantages are
mentioned below.
Govt, Graduate College Samanabad Faisalabad
 Digital computers allow users to store a large amount of information. The stored
information can be retrieved whenever it is required.
 New features can easily be added to the digital systems.
 Ability to change the program without making any changes in the hardware of the
system.
 The cost of the hardware of digital computers is often less because of the
advancement in the Integrated Circuit (IC) technology.
 These systems process data digitally at a very high speed.
 Digital computers use error correction codes because of which these systems are
very reliable.
 The output is not affected by humidity, noise, temperature, or other natural
properties, leading to the results' high reproducibility.

Hybrid Computers:

Hybrid computers are devices that have features of both digital and analog computers.
These devices are similar in speed to analog computers and are identical to digital
computers in their memory and accuracy.
Hybrid computers can process both discrete and continuous data. These devices work by
accepting analog signals and converting those signals into a digital form before
processing. This is why these devices are popularly used in specialized applications
where both analog and digital data has to be processed.

For example, the processors used in petrol pumps convert fuel flow into values for both
quantity and price. Similar devices are used in hospitals, airplanes, and many scientific
applications.
There are many benefits of using hybrid computers. A few of those benefits are
mentioned below.
 The computing speed of hybrid computers is very high. This is due to the all-
parallel configuration of the analog subsystem.
 These computers help in online data processing.
 Hybrid computers can manage and solve large equations in real-time.
 The results are produced quickly and in a more efficient manner. The final results
are both accurate and useful.

Personal Computers (PC)

A Personal computer or PC can be described as a small and somewhat inexpensive

computer that has been specifically designed for individual use. These devices are based
on microprocessor technology, enabling manufacturers to put an entire CPU on a single
chip.
Govt, Graduate College Samanabad Faisalabad
These days many organizations use personal computers for completing tasks related to
desktop publishing, accounting, word processing, database management, and running
spreadsheets. People also use personal computers at home for surfing the internet and
playing games.
It is important to note that even though personal computers were developed to work as a
single-user system, they are still linked together to form a network. If we talk about
power, then Macintosh and PC's high-end models offer about the same computing power
and graphic capabilities as low-end workstations by Hewlett-Packard, Dell, and Sun
Microsystems.

Workstation:

A workstation is a computer that is used explicitly for engineering applications like

CAD/CAM. Workstations can also be used for software development, desktop
publishing, and developing other types of applications. All of these tasks require a
moderate amount of computing power and relatively high-quality graphics capabilities.
In most cases, workstations come equipped with large amounts of RAM, inbuilt network
support, a graphic user interface, and a high-resolution graphics screen. Many
workstations also have mass storage devices like disk drives. However, it should be noted
here that diskless workstations are a type of workstation that comes without any disk
drive.
Operating systems that are usually used in workstations are Windows NT and UNIX. Just
like personal computers, workstations are also designed for individual use. These systems
are also linked together to form a local-area network. These systems can be used for
standalone purposes.
Workstations are equipped with faster microprocessors and more powerful CPUs than
personal computers. These devices can handle data analysis, CAD, animation, video
editing, and video creation.
Also, do you know that five integral features are standard for all workstations? Here’s a
list of those features.
 Multiple Processor Cores:
Workstations have more processor cores than simple computers and laptops.
 ECC RAM:
Workstations have an error-correcting code memory. This memory can fix any errors
before they even get a chance to affect the performance of the system.
 RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
RAID or Redundant Array of Independent Disks refers to various internal hard drives
used to store and process data. There can also be different types of RAIDs. For example,
Govt, Graduate College Samanabad Faisalabad
multiple drives could work together to process data, or mirrored drives could be present
where if one drive stops functioning, the other will start acting.
 SSD
SSDs are better than conventional hard-disk drives as they do not have any moving parts.
This means that there are fewer chances of physical failure.
 Optimized and Higher End GPU
Optimized and higher-end GPU reduces the load that is exerted on CPUs. For example, a
CPU would have to do less work while processing the output on the screen.

Minicomputer:
A minicomputer is a midsize, multi-processing system. Minicomputers are capable of
supporting up to 250 users at the same time. Usually, these devices have two or more
processors.
It is common for minicomputers to be employed in institutes and departments related to
accounting, inventory management, and billing. Some experts also believe that
minicomputers lie somewhere between a microcomputer and a mainframe because
minicomputers are smaller than a mainframe but more extensive than a microcomputer.
Minicomputers are lighter in weight. These devices can easily fit anywhere and are
portable. These devices are less expensive and very fast compared to their size.
Minicomputers tend to remain charged for long intervals and can function in an
environment without controlled operations.
You might also want to learn that minicomputers are primarily used to perform three
functions. These three functions are mentioned below.

 Processing Control:
Minicomputers are mainly used to possess control in manufacturing. These devices
performed the functions of collecting data and feedback. In case of any abnormalities
during the process, the minicomputer detects the abnormality and makes the necessary
adjustment to fix the situation.

 Managing Data:
Small organizations use minicomputers to collect, store, and share data. For example,
local hotels and hospitals use minicomputers to record their customers and patients,
respectively.

 Communications Portal:
Minicomputers also can play the role of a communication device in larger organizations.
A minicomputer achieves this aim by serving as a portal between the central processor or
computer and the human operator.
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Mainframe:

A mainframe can be described as a costly and extensive computer system. A mainframe

is usually capable of supporting hundreds and thousands of users at the same time. These
devices concurrently execute various programs and support multiple simultaneous
executions of programs.
Due to these above-mentioned features, mainframe computers are usually used in large
organizations that need to process and manage high volumes of data - For example,
telecom and banking sector industries.
Mainframe computers usually have a very long life. A mainframe device can run
smoothly for up to 50 years after its installation. It can also provide excellent
performance with large-scale memory management.
Mainframe computers also can distribute or share their workload among other processors
or input and output terminals. When it comes to errors, then there are fewer chances of
errors in these devices.
However, if any error occurs, then it is quickly fixed by the system. These devices
protect the stored data and any ongoing exchange of data or information. From this
extensive description, it must be quite evident that
Mainframe computers have a lot of applications. We have created a list of some of those
applications, and that list is given below.
 In the field of defense, mainframe computers allow defense departments to share a
large amount of sensitive information with other branches of defense.
 In the retail sector, large retail organizations often have a vast customer base. This
is why departments use mainframe computers to execute and handle information
related to their customer management, inventory management, and huge
transactions within a short period.
 In health care, mainframe computers help hospitals by maintaining an extensive
record of millions of patients. This feature goes a long way in assisting hospitals in
contacting their patients for treatment or any other appointment related to
medicine or disease updates.
 In the field of education, mainframe devices allow large educational institutes to
store, manage, and retrieve data related to admissions, courses, teachers, students,
affiliated schools, affiliated colleges, and employees.

Supercomputer:

Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers in the world. These computers are costly
and are only employed for specialized applications that require a large number of
mathematical calculations or number crunching.
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For example, supercomputers' tasks are animated graphics, scientific simulations, weather
forecasting, and geological data analysis in industries like petrochemical prospecting,
fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and electronic design.
It is exciting to note that supercomputers can process trillions of instructions in a single
second! This is mainly because these devices have thousands of interconnected
processors. Also, the first supercomputer was developed in 1976 by Roger Cray.
Did you know that supercomputers can decrypt your password? This task can be done to
improve protection for security reasons. It also produces excellent animations and is
valuable in the virtual testing of nuclear weapons and critical medical tests.
A Supercomputer is also employed in NOAA's system (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration). That supercomputer can execute any logical or
straightforward data.
Supercomputers are also used for extracting useful information from data storage centers
or cloud systems. An excellent example of this is the insurance companies.
Supercomputers also play an essential role in managing the online world of currencies
like the stock market and Bitcoin.

Microcomputer:

A microcomputer is also known as a personal computer. These devices can be described

as general-purpose computers that are ideal for individual use. Microcomputers have a
microprocessor as a central processing unit, an input unit, storage area, memory, and an
output unit.
Some examples of microcomputers are desktop computers and laptops. These devices are
usually used to make assignments, watch movies, or tackle business tasks for office work.
Microcomputers are the smallest in size of all the other types of computers. Only one user
can use a microcomputer at a time. These computers are less expensive and easier to use.
Users do not require any special training or skills to use these computers. These
devices are also often equipped with a single semiconductor chip.

These devices can scan, browse, print, watch videos, and perform many other tasks.

Essential Aspects of Computers:

 There are different types of computers but let us know the main thing in computers
is hardware and software.
 Hardware is the physical structure of the computer that includes the keyboard,
monitor and also the internal parts of the computer.
 Software is the set of instructions given to the hardware telling what to be done.
 So, these two are very important and one should know about these in a correct
way.
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Some of the Specialized Computers.

Smartphones are just like computers. They do almost everything that the computer
does. Smartphones do browse the internet, games, and so on. You can almost do
everything that you would have done with the computer.
The wearable is a term for the devices like the fitness tracker and smartwatches
which are used in common nowadays. Day by day there is the development of
technologies. These can be worn throughout the day; hence it is called wearables.
Game consoles are the type of computer that are used to play video games.
TVs- Many TVs have different applications which can be used for various online
content.

About the Personal Computers and MAC

Personal computers have different styles that are PC and MAC. Both are
functional but differ in looks. In today's generation, IBM PC is the most
compatible and includes the Microsoft Windows software system. MAC-
Macintosh computer has a Graphical user interface and all MAC computers are
made by Apple and they use the MAC OS X operating system.

Computer Classification
A computer is a device that transforms unusable data into information. According to the
set of instructions the user gives it, it processes the input and generates the desired
outcome. Modern digital computers are classified on the basis of their size and capacity.
The size and data handling capabilities of the various types of computers may be used to
categorize them into two groups.

1. Computers according to Size:

 Supercomputer. Workstation

 Mainframe computer. Minicomputer

 Personal computer.

2. Computers according to their Capacity to manage data:

 Digital computer.
 Hybrid computer.
 Analog computer.
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Classification of Computers

Classification of Computers
Different classifications of Computers are as follows.

Classification According to Size

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There are four different sorts of computers based on their size and how they are
configured to operate:

1. Supercomputers

Supercomputer

The most efficient computers in terms of processing data and performance are
supercomputers. These computers are used for research and
Exploratory purposes. Supercomputers are exceedingly large and highly expensive. It can
only fit in large, air-conditioned spaces.
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Supercomputers are used for a range of tasks, such as space exploration, seismic research,
and the testing of nuclear weapons.

Supercomputer Features:
 They make use of AI (Artificial intelligence)
 They are the fastest and strongest;
 They are very costly.
 They are enormous in size.
 They are employed by companies that manufacture goods.
 They process information at a rapid rate.

2. Mainframe Computers
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Mainframe Computers

Despite being less efficient than supercomputers, mainframe computers are nevertheless
extremely expensive. Large corporations and governmental organizations frequently
employ mainframe computers to run everyday operations. They have the ability to store
and analyze a lot of data. To maintain information on their customers, students, and
insurance policyholders, banks, colleges, and insurance companies utilize them. They
may also act as a server in a network environment. Hundreds of users may be managed
simultaneously by them.
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Mainframe Computer Features:

 They have enormous amounts of memory.
 They are capable of running several different operating systems.
 They have a significant number of CPUs with powerful processing speeds.
 Tightly Coupled Clustering Technology is employed.

3. Minicomputers

Mini Computer

Minicomputers are used by small businesses and industries. They go by the term
"Midrange Computers." These minicomputers frequently have several users, just as
mainframe computers. They are a bit slower than mainframe computers.
Govt, Graduate College Samanabad Faisalabad

For example, the manufacturing department may employ minicomputers to keep an eye
on specific production processes.

Features of Minicomputers:
 It is smaller than mainframes or supercomputers in terms of size.
 In comparison to a mainframe or supercomputer, it is less costly.
 It is able to perform many jobs at once.
 It may be utilized by several users simultaneously.
 It is utilized by small businesses.

4. Microcomputers.

Micro Computer

A microcomputer, sometimes referred to as a personal computer (PC), is a type of

computer that runs on a smaller scale than traditional computers (Personal Computer). A
component that is commonly referred to as a motherboard houses the central processing
unit (CPU), a microprocessor, memory in the form of ROM (Read Only Memory), RAM
(Random Access Memory), I/O ports, and a bus system of connecting wires. They are the
most affordable.
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Features of Microcomputers:
 They are extensively employed for personal usage.
 They are smaller and comparably less expensive.
 Multi-user functionality is not supported.
 It has a limited computational capacity.
 They are quite simple to use.

Based on Capacity
According to fundamental operating principles, there are three different kinds of
computers. They are as follows:

1. Analogous Computers

Analog computers process analog data. Temperature, pressure, weight, depth, and voltage
are a few examples of this type of data. These have an infinite range of values and are
continuous quantities.
The first computers were analog, and they laid the groundwork for today's digital
computers.
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Analogous Computers

2. Digital Computers

In digital computers, letters, numbers, and other special symbols are represented by
digits. On-off (ON-OFF) inputs are used by digital computers, and ON-OFF signals are
also generated by them.

An ON is often represented by a 1 and an OFF by a 0, respectively. A digital computer is

capable of processing both numerical and non-numerical data. In addition to doing
Govt, Graduate College Samanabad Faisalabad
fundamental arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division,
it can also perform logical operations.

Digital Computer
3. Hybrid Computers

Computers that combine digital and analog components are called hybrid
computers. It combines the best features of both types, having the speed
of an analog computer with the memory and precision of a digital computer. Hybrid
computers are typically used in specific applications where both forms of data need to be
processed. As an example, a gas pump contains a processor that converts measurements
of fuel flow into information about quality and cost.
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Summary

 Computers are divided into several categories based on their architecture, the
speed at which commands or instructions are carried out, the peripherals they use,
and the tasks for which they were designed.
 The different computer types may be divided into two groups based on their size
and capacity for handling data.
 There are five main kinds of computers based on size: PC (Personal Computer),
minicomputer, microcomputers, supercomputers, and mainframe.
 Additionally, there are three different kinds of computers based on their capacity
to manage data: A computer can be digital, hybrid, or analog.
 Is this page helpful?

The storage devices

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The storage devices are the components of a computer system that holds data and orders that will be
analyzed. Secondary storage is a component of computer hardware that stores data to process the results of
computing activity. A system will not allow functioning or even load up without a storage device. In other
terms, a data store is a piece of equipment that is used to transfer, store, or extract data files. It may also
temporarily and permanently store data and information.

A storage device is among the essential components of any computer system, and it comes in a variety of
shapes and sizes depending on the requirements and functionality. It holds almost all of the large datasets in a
computer, except the exception of hardware-software. A storage device comes in a variety of shapes and sizes;
for example, a computer has numerous file systems such as a hard drive, RAM, and cache. These have also
optical disc drives and USB drives that may be linked outside. There are two sorts of storage systems that store
data: main and secondary.

Types of computer storage

1. Primary storage devices: primary storage is also referred to as internal memory. This is a
component that is present inside the CPU which is used to store the temporary files and process them
to get immediate results. The best examples for primary storage devices are RAM (Random access
memory) and ROM (Read-only memory).

2. Secondary storage devices: From the name itself this can be known that this is a type of secondary
storage which is external to the computer system. It is not as primary storage as here the data is being
stored for the long term or we can say it’s permanent storage.

Storage devices in a computer

Let’s discuss the different types of storage devices that are available in the market:

Primary storage devices

RAM
RAM means random access memory which is used to access any temporary data and to get intermediate results
for the usage of that information. It is also known as temporary memory because the data will be stored only
till the computer system is on, if it’s turned off the data will be lost.

ROM
ROM means read-only memory. This is also known as non-volatile memory as the information here is stored
permanently until and unless it’s deleted by the user.
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Magnetic storage devices

Floppy disk
It is a type of storage device which is used in the personal computer on a personal basis. Floppy disk is
generally used with plastic and is made secure by using protective cases.

Hard disk

It’s a hard disc drive (HDD) that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve data. It’s a non-volatile device that
stores data that could be changed or deleted an infinite number of times.

The hard drive is the component used to permanently store data instead of RAM,
which is erased whenever the computer is restarted. This is why the term mass
storage device is sometimes used to refer to hard drives. The hard drive is
connected to the motherboard using a hard drive controller that acts as an
interface between the processor and the hard drive. The hard drive controller
manages the drives linked to it, interprets commands sent by the processor, and
routes them to the drive.

CONTENTS

 Types of hard drives

 Structure of a hard drive
 Function
 Block mode
 32-bit mode
 Technical specifications

Which are the types of hard drives?

Hard drives are generally grouped by interface as follows:

 IDE
 SCSI
 Serial ATA
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 When the USB standard appeared, external cases that could connect a hard drive using a
USB port were released, making hard drives easy to install and increasing storage
capacity for backups. These are called external hard drives instead of internal hard
drives plugged directly into the motherboard. They are the same disks, even though they
are connected to the computer using a case plugged into a USB port.
 What is the structure of a hard drive?
 A hard drive comprises several rigid metal/glass/ceramic disks stacked very close to one
another and called platters.


 The disks quickly turn around an axle (currently several thousand revolutions per
minute) in a counter-clockwise direction. A computer works in a binary mode. The data
is stored as 0s and 1s (called bits). Hard drives hold millions of these bits, stored very
close to one another on a fine magnetic layer a few microns thick and covered by a
protective film.
 They are read and written using read heads located on both sides of the platters. These
heads are electromagnets that raise and lower themselves to read or write data. The read
heads are only a few microns from the surface, separated by a layer of air created by the
rotation of the disks, which generates a wind of about 250km/h (150 mph)! Moreover,
these disks are laterally mobile, so the heads can sweep across their entire surface.


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 However, the heads are linked to one another, and only one of them can read or write
at a given moment. The term cylinder refers to all the data stored vertically on each of
the disks.
 This entire precision mechanism is contained within a fully airtight case, as the smallest
particle can degrade the disk's surface. This is why hard drives are closed shut with seals,
and the warning "Warranty void if removed", as only hard drive manufacturers can
open them (in particle-free cleanrooms).
 How does it work?
 The read/write heads are inductive, meaning they can generate a magnetic field. This is
especially important in writing: The heads, by creating positive or negative fields,
polarize the disk surface in a very tiny area so that when they are read afterwards, the
polarity reversal completes a circuit with the read head, which is then transformed by
an analog-digital converter (ADC) into a 0 or 1 which the computer can understand.
 When the USB standard appeared, external cases that could connect a hard drive using a
USB port were released, making hard drives easy to install and increasing storage
capacity for backups. These are called external hard drives instead of internal hard
drives plugged directly into the motherboard. They are the same disks, even though they
are connected to the computer using a case plugged into a USB port.
 What is the structure of a hard drive?
 A hard drive comprises several rigid metal/glass/ceramic disks stacked very close to one
another and called platters.


 The disks quickly turn around an axle (currently several thousand revolutions per
minute) in a counter-clockwise direction. A computer works in a binary mode. The data
is stored as 0s and 1s (called bits). Hard drives hold millions of these bits, stored very
Govt, Graduate College Samanabad Faisalabad
close to one another on a fine magnetic layer a few microns thick and covered by a
protective film.
 They are read and written using read heads located on both sides of the platters. These
heads are electromagnets that raise and lower themselves to read or write data. The read
heads are only a few microns from the surface, separated by a layer of air created by the
rotation of the disks, which generates a wind of about 250km/h (150 mph)! Moreover,
these disks are laterally mobile, so the heads can sweep across their entire surface.


 However, the heads are linked to one another, and only one of them can read or write
at a given moment. The term cylinder refers to all the data stored vertically on each of
the disks.
 This entire precision mechanism is contained within a fully airtight case, as the smallest
particle can degrade the disk's surface. This is why hard drives are closed shut with seals,
and the warning "Warranty void if removed", as only hard drive manufacturers can
open them (in particle-free cleanrooms).
 How does it work?
 The read/write heads are inductive, meaning they can generate a magnetic field. This is
especially important in writing: The heads, by creating positive or negative fields,
polarize the disk surface in a very tiny area so that when they are read afterwards, the
polarity reversal completes a circuit with the read head, which is then transformed by
an analog-digital converter (ADC) into a 0 or 1 which the computer can understand.

Sd card
A Contactless Smart Card is what it’s called. It is commonly used for storing greater information on electronic
devices such as phones, cameras, and so on.

Memory card
It’s commonly found in digital cameras, printers, gaming consoles, and other electronic devices. It may be
used to carry lots of data and comes in a variety of sizes. A memory card reader is required to use a storage
device on a computer.

Optical storage devices

CD
Compact Disc is the name for it. It has data-storage channels and sections on its surface. It has a round form
and is composed of polycarbonate plastic.
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DVD
Digital Versatile Disc is the name given to it. DVDs are data storage discs that are round and flat. It is
available in two distinct sizes: 4.7Gigabyte solitary discs and 8.5Gigabyte dual discs.

Cloud and virtual storage

Digital or cloud storage systems have replaced secondary memory in recent years. We can keep our documents
and other items on the cloud for just as much as we subscribe to cloud storage. Many corporations, namely
amazon, google, Microsoft, and others, offer cloud services.

Conclusion
The storage devices are getting smaller day by day with changing technology but can hold tons of data at a
time. Everyone has their data or some information to store and storage devices are the one that satisfies this
need of people and serve many purposes.