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416 ❍ CHAPTER 10 INFERENCE FROM SMALL SAMPLES

2. You will see slight differences in the degrees of freedom, there is no “Pooled
StDev” listed, but the conclusions did not change.
3. NOTE: When calculating the degrees of freedom for Satterthwaite’s Approximation,
MINITAB uses the integer part of the calculated value, which is different from the
procedures used in MS Excel. Because of these different approaches to determining the
degrees of freedom, the results of the outputs from MS Excel and MINITAB will differ
slightly.
EXAMPLE 10.23 (Paired-Difference Test) Refer to the tire wear data from Table 10.3.
1. To perform a paired-difference test for these dependent samples, enter the data into
the first two columns of a MINITAB worksheet and select Stat ! Basic Statistics !
Paired t.
2. Follow the directions for the independent samples t-test, and you will generate
similar output. For the data in Table 10.3, you obtain the output in Figure 10.28.
3. Using the observed value of the test statistic (t ! 12.83) with two-tailed p-value !
.000, there is strong evidence to indicate a difference in the two population means.
FI GURE 10.2 8
●

Supplementary Exercises
10.67 What assumptions are made when Student’s b. A two-tailed rejection region with a ! .05 and
t-test is used to test a hypothesis concerning a popula- 7 df.
tion mean? c. A lower one-tailed rejection region with a ! .01
and 15 df.
10.68 What assumptions are made about the popula-
tions from which random samples are obtained when 10.71 Use Table 4 in Appendix I to bound the fol-
the t distribution is used in making small-sample lowing p-values:
inferences concerning the difference in population a. P(t " 1.2) b. P(t " 2) # P(t $ %2)
means? with 5 df with 10 df
c. P(t $%3.3) d. P(t " 0.6)
10.69 Why use paired observations to estimate the with 8 df with 12 df
difference between two population means rather than
estimation based on independent random samples 10.72 A random sample of n ! 12 observations from
selected from the two populations? Is a paired experi- a normal population produced x! ! 47.1 and s2 ! 4.7.
ment always preferable? Explain. Test the hypothesis H0: m ! 48 against H0: m & 48 at
the 5% level of significance.
10.70 Use Table 4 in Appendix I to find the follow- 10.73 Impurities II A manufacturer can tolerate a
ing critical values: small amount (.05 milligrams per liter (mg/l)) of impu-
a. An upper one-tailed rejection region with a ! .05 rities in a raw material needed for manufacturing its
and 11 df. product. Because the laboratory test for the impurities
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SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES ❍ 417

is subject to experimental error, the manufacturer tests n ! 10 sea urchin eggs. These measurements were
each batch 10 times. Assume that the mean value of obtained:
the experimental error is 0 and hence that the mean
value of the 10 test readings is an unbiased estimate of 4.5 6.1 3.2 3.9 4.7
the true amount of the impurities in the batch. For a 5.2 2.6 3.7 4.6 4.1
particular batch of the raw material, the mean of the Estimate the mean thickness of the cortex using a 95%
10 test readings is .058 mg/l, with a standard deviation confidence interval.
of .012 mg/l. Do the data provide sufficient evidence
to indicate that the amount of impurities in the batch 10.78 Fabricating Systems A production plant has
exceeds .05 mg/l? Find the p-value for the test and two complex fabricating systems, both of which are
interpret its value. maintained at 2-week intervals. However, one system
is twice as old as the other. The number of finished
10.74 Red Pine The main stem growth measured for products fabricated daily by each of the systems is
a sample of seventeen 4-year-old red pine trees pro- recorded for 30 working days, with the results given in
duced a mean and standard deviation equal to 11.3 and the table. Do these data present sufficient evidence to
3.4 inches, respectively. Find a 90% confidence inter- conclude that the variability in daily production war-
val for the mean growth of a population of 4-year-old rants increased maintenance of the older fabricating
red pine trees subjected to similar environmental system? Use the p-value approach.
conditions.
New System Old System
10.75 Sodium Hydroxide The object of a general
x!1 ! 246 x!2 ! 240
chemistry experiment is to determine the amount (in s1 ! 15.6 s2 ! 28.2
milliliters) of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution
needed to neutralize 1 gram of a specified acid. This 10.79 Fossils The data in the table are the
will be an exact amount, but when the experiment is EX1079 diameters and heights of 10 fossil specimens of
run in the laboratory, variation will occur as the a species of small shellfish, Rotularia (Annelida) fal-
result of experimental error. Three titrations are lax, that were unearthed in a mapping expedition near
made using phenolphthalein as an indicator of the the Antarctic Peninsula.14 The table gives an identifi-
neutrality of the solution (pH equals 7 for a neutral cation symbol for the fossil specimen, the fossil’s
solution). The three volumes of NaOH required to diameter and height in millimeters, and the ratio of
attain a pH of 7 in each of the three titrations are as diameter to height.
follows: 82.10, 75.75, and 75.44 milliliters. Use a
Specimen Diameter Height D/H
99% confidence interval to estimate the mean num-
ber of milliliters required to neutralize 1 gram of the OSU 36651 185 78 2.37
acid. OSU 36652 194 65 2.98
OSU 36653 173 77 2.25
OSU 36654 200 76 2.63
10.76 Sodium Chloride Measurements of water OSU 36655 179 72 2.49
intake, obtained from a sample of 17 rats that had been OSU 36656 213 76 2.80
injected with a sodium chloride solution, produced a OSU 36657 134 75 1.79
mean and standard deviation of 31.0 and 6.2 cubic OSU 36658 191 77 2.48
OSU 36659 177 69 2.57
centimeters (cm3), respectively. Given that the average
OSU 36660 199 65 3.06
water intake for noninjected rats observed over a com-
x!: 184.5 73 2.54
parable period of time is 22.0 cm3, do the data indicate
s: 21.5 5 .37
that injected rats drink more water than noninjected
rats? Test at the 5% level of significance. Find a a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean diam-
90% confidence interval for the mean water intake eter of the species.
for injected rats.
b. Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean height
10.77 Sea Urchins An experimenter was interested of the species.
in determining the mean thickness of the cortex of c. Find a 95% confidence interval for the mean ratio
the sea urchin egg. The thickness was measured for of diameter to height.
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418 ❍ CHAPTER 10 INFERENCE FROM SMALL SAMPLES

d. Compare the three intervals constructed in parts a, 10.84 Drug Absorption, continued Refer to Exer-
b, and c. Is the average of the ratios the same as cise 10.83. Suppose you wish to estimate the differ-
the ratio of the average diameter to average height? ence in mean times to absorption correct to within
1 minute with probability approximately equal to .95.
10.80 Fossils, continued Refer to Exercise 10.79 a. Approximately how large a sample is required for
and data set EX1079. Suppose you want to estimate each drug (assume that the sample sizes are equal)?
the mean diameter of the fossil specimens correct to
b. If conducting the experiment using the sample
within 5 millimeters with probability equal to .95. How
sizes of part a will require a large amount of time
many fossils do you have to include in your sample?
and money, can anything be done to reduce the
10.81 Alcohol and Reaction Times To test sample sizes and still achieve the 1-minute margin
EX1081 the effect of alcohol in increasing the reaction
of error for estimation?
time to respond to a given stimulus, the reaction times
of seven people were measured. After consuming 3 10.85 Ring-Necked Pheasants The weights
ounces of 40% alcohol, the reaction time for each of EX1085 in grams of 10 males and 10 female juvenile
the seven people was measured again. Do the follow- ring-necked pheasants are given below.
ing data indicate that the mean reaction time after con-
Males Females
suming alcohol was greater than the mean reaction
time before consuming alcohol? Use a ! .05. 1384 1672 1073 1058
1286 1370 1053 1123
Person 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1503 1659 1038 1089
1627 1725 1018 1034
Before 4 5 5 4 3 6 2
1450 1394 1146 1281
After 7 8 3 5 4 5 5

10.82 Cheese, Please Here are the prices per

a. Use a statistical test to determine if the population
EX1082 ounce of n ! 13 different brands of individu- variance of the weights of the male birds differs
ally wrapped cheese slices: from that of the females.
29.0 24.1 23.7 19.6 27.5
b. Test whether the average weight of juvenile male
28.7 28.0 23.8 18.9 23.9 ring-necked pheasants exceeds that of the females
21.6 25.9 27.4 by more than 300 grams. (HINT: The procedure that
you use should take into account the results of the
Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the
analysis in part a.)
underlying average price per ounce of individually
wrapped cheese slices. 10.86 Bees Insects hovering in flight expend
10.83 Drug Absorption An experiment was con- EX1086 enormous amounts of energy for their size and
ducted to compare the mean lengths of time required weight. The data shown here were taken from a much
for the bodily absorption of two drugs A and B. Ten larger body of data collected by T.M. Casey and col-
people were randomly selected and assigned to receive leagues.15 They show the wing stroke frequencies (in
one of the drugs. The length of time (in minutes) for hertz) for two different species of bees, n1 ! 4
the drug to reach a specified level in the blood was Euglossa mandibularis Friese and n2 ! 6 Euglossa
recorded, and the data summary is given in the table: imperialis Cockerell.
Drug A Drug B E. mandibularis Friese E. imperialis Cockerell
x!1 ! 27.2 x!2 ! 33.5 235 180
s 12 ! 16.36 s 22 ! 18.92 225 169
190 180
a. Do the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate 188 185
a difference in mean times to absorption for the 178
two drugs? Test using a ! .05. 182

b. Find the approximate p-value for the test. Does this a. Based on the observed ranges, do you think that
value confirm your conclusions? a difference exists between the two population
c. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference variances?
in mean times to absorption. Does the interval con- b. Use an appropriate test to determine whether a dif-
firm your conclusions in part a? ference exists.
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SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES ❍ 419

c. Explain why a Student’s t-test with a pooled esti- 10.89 Orange Juice A comparison of the precisions
mator s 2 is unsuitable for comparing the mean of two machines developed for extracting juice from
wing stroke frequencies for the two species of oranges is to be made using the following data:
bees. Machine A Machine B

10.87 Calcium The calcium (Ca) content of s 2 ! 3.1 ounces2 s 2 ! 1.4 ounces2
EX1087 a powdered mineral substance was analyzed n ! 25 n ! 25
10 times with the following percent compositions a. Is there sufficient evidence to indicate that there is
recorded: a difference in the precision of the two machines at
the 5% level of significance?
.0271 .0282 .0279 .0281 .0268
.0271 .0281 .0269 .0275 .0276 b. Find a 95% confidence interval for the ratio of the
two population variances. Does this interval con-
a. Find a 99% confidence interval for the true cal- firm your conclusion from part a? Explain.
cium content of this substance.
10.90 At Home or at Preschool? Four sets
b. What does the phrase “99% confident” mean? EX1090 of identical twins (pairs A, B, C, and D) were
c. What assumptions must you make about the sam- selected at random from a computer database of identi-
pling procedure so that this confidence interval will cal twins. One child was selected at random from each
be valid? What does this mean to the chemist who pair to form an “experimental group.” These four chil-
is performing the analysis? dren were sent to preschool. The other four children
were kept at home as a control group. At the end of
10.88 Sun or Shade? Karl Niklas and T.G. the year, the following IQ scores were obtained:
Owens examined the differences in a particular Pair Experimental Group Control Group
plant, Plantago Major L., when grown in full sun-
A 110 111
light versus shade conditions.16 In this study, shaded B 125 120
plants received direct sunlight for less than 2 hours C 139 128
each day, whereas full-sun plants were never shaded. D 142 135
A partial summary of the data based on n1 ! 16
Does this evidence justify the conclusion that lack of
full-sun plants and n2 ! 15 shade plants is shown
preschool experience has a depressing effect on IQ
here:
scores? Use the p-value approach.
Full Sun Shade 10.91 Dieting Eight obese persons were
x! s x! s EX1091 placed on a diet for 1 month, and their weights,
Leaf Area (cm2) 128.00 43.00 78.70 41.70 at the beginning and at the end of the month, were
Overlap Area (cm2) 46.80 2.21 8.10 1.26 recorded:
Leaf Number 9.75 2.27 6.93 1.49
Thickness (mm) .90 .03 .50 .02 Weights
Length (cm) 8.70 1.64 8.91 1.23
Width (cm) 5.24 .98 3.41 .61 Subjects Initial Final
1 310 263
a. What assumptions are required in order to use the 2 295 251
3 287 249
small-sample procedures given in this chapter to
4 305 259
compare full-sun versus shade plants? From the 5 270 233
summary presented, do you think that any of these 6 323 267
assumptions have been violated? 7 277 242
8 299 265
b. Do the data present sufficient evidence to indicate
a difference in mean leaf area for full-sun versus Estimate the mean weight loss for obese persons when
shade plants? placed on the diet for a 1-month period. Use a 95%
c. Do the data present sufficient evidence to indicate confidence interval and interpret your results. What
a difference in mean overlap area for full-sun ver- assumptions must you make so that your inference is
sus shade plants? valid?
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420 ❍ CHAPTER 10 INFERENCE FROM SMALL SAMPLES

10.92 Price Wars Many seniors are ordering Descriptive Statistics: Ltrs/min
EX1092 their drugs online to take advantage of lower Variable N N* Mean SE Mean StDev
Ltrs/min 30 0 5.3953 0.0997 0.5462
costs for these pharmacies. A random sample of nine
online pharmacies was selected and the cost of a 10- Minimum Q1 Median Q3 Maximum
4.3500 4.9825 5.3750 5.7850 6.5800
mg Buspar (Buspirone) tablet recorded, as given in the
following table.17 a. What information does the stem and leaf plot give
Pharmacy Brand ($) Generic ($) you about the data? Why is this important?
CanadaDrugStop.com 1.33 .79 b. Use the output to construct a 99% confidence
CanadaDrugCenter 1.33 .79 interval for the average total ventilation for
Big Mountain Drugs 1.16 .74 patients.
Blue Sky Drugs 1.17 .75
CanadaDrugsPharmacy 1.33 .79 10.94 Reaction Times A comparison of
Canada Drugs Online 1.11 .75 EX1094 reaction times (in seconds) for two different
PharmStore.com 1.13 .59
Buy Low Drugs 1.45 .45
stimuli in a psychological word-association experiment
Planetdrugsdirect.com 1.14 .59 produced the following results when applied to a ran-
dom sample of 16 people:
a. Test the hypothesis of no difference in costs be-
tween brand and generic Buspar 10-mg tablets at Stimulus 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 3 2
the a ! .05 level of significance. (HINT: the obser- Stimulus 2 4 2 3 3 1 2 3 3
vations are paired by the online pharmacies.)
Do the data present sufficient evidence to indicate a
b. Find the estimated savings per tablet by purchasing
difference in mean reaction times for the two stimuli?
the generic as opposed to the brand-name tablets
Test using a ! .05.
with a 95% confidence interval.
10.95 Reaction Times II Refer to Exercise
10.93 Breathing Patterns Research psychol-
EX1095 10.94. Suppose that the word-association exper-
EX1093 ogists measured the baseline breathing
iment is conducted using eight people as blocks and
patterns—the total ventilation (in liters of air per
making a comparison of reaction times within each
minute) adjusted for body size—for each of n ! 30
person; that is, each person is subjected to both stimuli
patients, so that they could estimate the average total
in a random order. The reaction times (in seconds) for
ventilation for patients before any experimentation was
the experiment are as follows:
done. The data, along with some MINITAB output, are
presented here:
Person Stimulus 1 Stimulus 2
5.23 5.72 5.77 4.99 5.12 4.82 1 3 4
5.54 4.79 5.16 5.84 4.51 5.14 2 1 2
5.92 6.04 5.83 5.32 6.19 5.70 3 1 3
4.72 5.38 5.48 5.37 4.96 5.58 4 2 1
4.67 5.17 6.34 6.58 4.35 5.63 5 1 2
6 2 3
MINITAB output for Exercise 10.93 7 3 3
Stem-and-Leaf Display: Ltrs/min 8 2 3
Stem-and-leaf of Ltrs/min N = 30
Leaf Unit = 0.10 Do the data present sufficient evidence to indicate a
1 4 3 difference in mean reaction times for the two stimuli?
2 4 5 Test using a ! .05.
5 4 677
8 4 899 10.96 Refer to Exercises 10.94 and 10.95. Calcu-
12 5 1111 late a 95% confidence interval for the difference in
(4) 5 2333 the two population means for each of these experi-
14 5 455 mental designs. Does it appear that blocking
11 5 6777
7 5 889
increased the amount of information available in the
4 6 01 experiment?
2 6 3
1 6 5
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SUPPLEMENTARY EXERCISES ❍ 421

10.97 Impact Strength The following data 10.99 Under what assumptions can the F distribution
EX1097 are readings (in foot-pounds) of the impact be used in making inferences about the ratio of popula-
strengths of two kinds of packaging material: tion variances?
A B
10.100 Got Milk? A dairy is in the market for a
1.25 .89 new container-filling machine and is considering two
1.16 1.01 models, manufactured by company A and company B.
1.33 .97
1.15 .95 Ruggedness, cost, and convenience are comparable in
1.23 .94 the two models, so the deciding factor is the variability
1.20 1.02 of fills. The model that produces fills with the smaller
1.32 .98 variance is preferred. If you obtain samples of fills for
1.28 1.06 each of the two models, an F-test can be used to test
1.21 .98
for the equality of population variances. Which type of
MS Excel output for Exercise 10.97 rejection region would be most favored by each of
these individuals?
a. The manager of the dairy—Why?
b. A sales representative for company A—Why?
c. A sales representative for company B—Why?

10.101 Got Milk II Refer to Exercise 10.100.

Wishing to demonstrate that the variability of fills is
less for her model than for her competitor’s, a sales
representative for company A acquired a sample of
30 fills from her company’s model and a sample of
10 fills from her competitor’s model. The sample
variances were sA2 ! .027 and s B2 ! .065, respec-
a. Use the MS Excel printout to determine whether tively. Does this result provide statistical support at
there is evidence of a difference in the mean the .05 level of significance for the sales representa-
strengths for the two kinds of material. tive’s claim?
b. Are there practical implications to your results? 10.102 Chemical Purity A chemical manufacturer
10.98 Cake Mixes An experiment was con- claims that the purity of his product never varies
EX1098 ducted to compare the densities (in ounces per by more than 2%. Five batches were tested and
cubic inch) of cakes prepared from two different cake given purity readings of 98.2, 97.1, 98.9, 97.7, and
mixes. Six cake pans were filled with batter A, and six 97.9%.
were filled with batter B. Expecting a variation in oven a. Do the data provide sufficient evidence to contra-
temperature, the experimenter placed a pan filled with dict the manufacturer’s claim? (HINT: To be gener-
batter A and another with batter B side by side at six ous, let a range of 2% equal 4s.)
different locations in the oven. The six paired observa- b. Find a 90% confidence interval for s 2.
tions of densities are as follows:
10.103 16-Ounce Cans? A cannery prints “weight
Location 1 2 3 4 5 6
16 ounces” on its label. The quality control supervisor
Batter A .135 .102 .098 .141 .131 .144
selects nine cans at random and weighs them. She
Batter B .129 .120 .112 .152 .135 .163 finds !x ! 15.7 and s ! .5. Do the data present suffi-
a. Do the data present sufficient evidence to indicate cient evidence to indicate that the mean weight is less
a difference between the average densities of cakes than that claimed on the label?
prepared using the two types of batter?
b. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the differ- 10.104 Reaction Time III A psychologist wishes to
ence between the average densities for the two verify that a certain drug increases the reaction time to
mixes. a given stimulus. The following reaction times (in
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422 ❍ CHAPTER 10 INFERENCE FROM SMALL SAMPLES

tenths of a second) were recorded before and after Sea Level 12,000 Feet
injection of the drug for each of four subjects: .07 .13
Reaction Time .10 .17
.09 .15
Subject Before After .12 .14
1 7 13 .09 .10
2 2 3 .13 .14
3 12 18 10.107 Stock Risks The closing prices of two com-
4 12 13
mon stocks were recorded for a period of 15 days. The
Test at the 5% level of significance to determine means and variances are
whether the drug significantly increases reaction time. x!1 ! 40.33 x!2 ! 42.54
s 12 ! 1.54 s 22 ! 2.96
10.105 Food Production At a time when
a. Do these data present sufficient evidence to indi-
EX10105 energy conservation is so important, some sci-
cate a difference between the variabilities of the
entists think closer scrutiny should be given to the cost
closing prices of the two stocks for the populations
(in energy) of producing various forms of food. Sup-
associated with the two samples? Give the p-value
pose you wish to compare the mean amount of oil
for the test and interpret its value.
required to produce 1 acre of corn versus 1 acre of
cauliflower. The readings (in barrels of oil per acre), b. Construct a 99% confidence interval for the ratio
based on 20-acre plots, seven for each crop, are shown of the two population variances.
in the table. 10.108 Auto Design An experiment is conducted to
Corn Cauliflower compare two new automobile designs. Twenty people
5.6 15.9 are randomly selected, and each person is asked to rate
7.1 13.4 each design on a scale of 1 (poor) to 10 (excellent).
4.5 17.6 The resulting ratings will be used to test the null
6.0 16.8 hypothesis that the mean level of approval is the same
7.9 15.8
4.8 16.3
for both designs against the alternative hypothesis that
5.7 17.1 one of the automobile designs is preferred. Do these
data satisfy the assumptions required for the Student’s
a. Use these data to find a 90% confidence interval t-test of Section 10.4? Explain.
for the difference between the mean amounts of oil
required to produce these two crops. 10.109 Safety Programs The data shown
EX10109 here were collected on lost-time accidents (the
b. Based on the interval in part a, is there evidence of
figures given are mean work-hours lost per month over
a difference in the average amount of oil required
a period of 1 year) before and after an industrial safety
to produce these two crops? Explain.
program was put into effect. Data were recorded for six
10.106 Alcohol and Altitude The effect of alcohol industrial plants. Do the data provide sufficient evidence
consumption on the body appears to be much greater to indicate whether the safety program was effective
at high altitudes than at sea level. To test this theory, in reducing lost-time accidents? Test using a ! .01.
a scientist randomly selects 12 subjects and randomly Plant Number
divides them into two groups of six each. One group 1 2 3 4 5 6
is put into a chamber that simulates conditions at an
Before Program 38 64 42 70 58 30
altitude of 12,000 feet, and each subject ingests a
After Program 31 58 43 65 52 29
drink containing 100 cubic centimeters (cc) of alco-
hol. The second group receives the same drink in a 10.110 Two Different Entrees To com-
chamber that simulates conditions at sea level. After 2 EX10110 pare the demand for two different entrees, the
hours, the amount of alcohol in the blood (grams per manager of a cafeteria recorded the number of pur-
100 cc) for each subject is measured. The data are chases of each entree on seven consecutive days.
shown in the table. Do the data provide sufficient evi- The data are shown in the table. Do the data provide
dence to support the theory that average amount of sufficient evidence to indicate a greater mean
alcohol in the blood after 2 hours is greater at high demand for one of the entrees? Use the Excel
altitudes? printout.
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CASE STUDY ❍ 423

Day A B b. Find a 95% confidence interval for the variance of

Monday 420 391 the rod diameters.
Tuesday 374 343 10.114 Sleep and the College Student How
Wednesday 434 469
Thursday 395 412 much sleep do you get on a typical school night? A
Friday 637 538 group of 10 college students were asked to report the
Saturday 594 521 number of hours that they slept on the previous night
Sunday 679 625 with the following results:
MS Excel output for Exercise 10.110 7, 6, 7.25, 7, 8.5, 5, 8, 7, 6.75, 6
a. Find a 99% confidence interval for the average
number of hours that college students sleep.
b. What assumptions are required in order for this
confidence interval to be valid?
10.115 Arranging Objects The following
EX10115 data are the response times in seconds for
n ! 25 first graders to arrange three objects by size.
5.2 3.8 5.7 3.9 3.7
4.2 4.1 4.3 4.7 4.3
3.1 2.5 3.0 4.4 4.8
3.6 3.9 4.8 5.3 4.2
4.7 3.3 4.2 3.8 5.4
Find a 95% confidence interval for the average
10.111 Pollution Control The EPA limit on the
response time for first graders to arrange three objects
allowable discharge of suspended solids into rivers and
by size. Interpret this interval.
streams is 60 milligrams per liter (mg/l) per day. A
study of water samples selected from the discharge at a 10.116 The NBA Finals Want to attend a
phosphate mine shows that over a long period, the EX10116 pro-basketball finals game? The average
mean daily discharge of suspended solids is 48 mg/l, prices for the NBA rematch of the Boston Celtics and
but day-to-day discharge readings are variable. State the LA Lakers in 2010 compared to the average ticket
inspectors measured the discharge rates of suspended prices in 2008 are given in the table that follows.18
solids for n ! 20 days and found s 2 ! 39 (mg/l)2. Find Game 2008 ($) 2010 ($)
a 90% confidence interval for s 2. Interpret your results. 1 593 532
10.112 Enzymes Two methods were used to 2 684 855
3 727 541
EX10112 measure the specific activity (in units of 4 907 458
enzyme activity per milligram of protein) of an 5 769 621
enzyme. One unit of enzyme activity is the amount 6 753 681
that catalyzes the formation of 1 micromole of product 7 533 890
per minute under specified conditions. Use an appro- a. If we were to assume that the prices given in the
priate test or estimation procedure to compare the two table have been randomly selected, test for a sig-
methods of measurement. Comment on the validity of nificant difference between the 2008 and 2010
any assumptions you need to make. prices. Use a ! .01.
Method 1 125 137 130 151 142 b. Find a 98% confidence interval for the mean dif-
Method 2 137 143 151 156 149 ference, md ! m08 % m10. Does this estimate con-
firm the results of part a?
10.113 Connector Rods A producer of machine
parts claimed that the diameters of the connector rods 10.117 Mall Rats An article in American
produced by his plant had a variance of at most Demographics investigated consumer habits at the
.03 inch2. A random sample of 15 connector rods from mall. We tend to spend the most money shopping on
his plant produced a sample mean and variance of the weekends, and, in particular, on Sundays from 4
.55 inch and .053 inch2, respectively. to 6 P.M. Wednesday morning shoppers spend the
least!19 Suppose that a random sample of 20 weekend
a. Is there sufficient evidence to reject his claim at
shoppers and a random sample of 20 weekday
the a ! .05 level of significance?
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424 ❍ CHAPTER 10 INFERENCE FROM SMALL SAMPLES

shoppers were selected, and the amount spent per trip will teach both classes, and the iPad and textbook mate-
to the mall was recorded. rial are both provided by the same author and publisher.
Weekends Weekdays Suppose that after 1 month, 10 students were selected
from each class and their scores on an algebra advance-
Sample Size 20 20
ment test recorded. The summarized data follow.
Sample Mean ($) 78 67
Sample Standard Deviation ($) 22 20 iPad Textbook
a. Is it reasonable to assume that the two population Mean 86.4 79.7
variances are equal? Use the F-test to test this Standard Deviation 8.95 10.7
hypothesis with a ! .05. Sample Size 10 10
b. Based on the results of part a, use the appropriate a. Use the summary data to test for a significant dif-
test to determine whether there is a difference in ference in advancement scores for the two groups
the average amount spent per trip on weekends using a ! .05.
versus weekdays. Use a ! .05.
b. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference in
10.118 Books or iPads? As part of a larger pilot
mean scores for the two groups.
study, students at a Riverside, California middle school,
will compare the learning of algebra by students using c. In light of parts a and b, what can we say about the
iPads versus students using the traditional algebra efficacy of using an iPad versus a traditional text-
textbook with the same author and publisher.20 To book in learning algebra at the middle school level?
remove teacher-to-teacher variation, the same teacher

CASE STUDY School Accountability Study—How Is Your

School Doing?
API If you are a California resident, the API (Academic Performance Index) may be pub-
Riverside lished by your local paper. The 2009–2010 accountability progress report for River-
School side County, California, was published in the Press-Enterprise listing the API and
Growth (difference in 2010 and 2009 API) for all school districts in the county, to-
gether with whether each school has met the federal Adequate Yearly Progress guide-
lines.21 The first two of these measures are given for a sample of elementary schools
from the two school districts in Riverside, California.
Alvord Schools API Growth Riverside Unified Schools API Growth
Stokoe 786 %5 Lake Matthews 891 18
Orrenmaa 760 %2 Beatty 778 8
Collett 768 8 Alcott 827 10
La Granada 745 40 Emerson 789 23
Terrace 731 %6 Harrison 805 28
McAuliffe 815 0 Highgrove 762 6
Valley View 690 %16 Hyatt 798 35
Jefferson 796 34
Longfellow 731 %4
Magnolia 818 28
Mountain View 769 3
Victoria 815 7
Woodcrest 841 8
Franklin 876 3
1. To study these data statistically, begin by finding the means and standard devia-
tions for the API and the Growth scores for each of the two districts.
2. Test for a significant growth in API scores for both the Alvord and Riverside Uni-
fied school districts. Use a ! .05.
3. Test for a significant difference in API for Alvord and Riverside Unified school
districts using a ! .05.
4. Summarize your results on the progress of these two school districts in the form
of a report.