Encyclopedia

An encyclopedia (American English) or encyclopaedia (British English)[1] is a reference work

or compendium providing summaries of knowledge, either general or special, to a particular
field or discipline.[2][3] Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries that are arranged
alphabetically by article name[4] or by thematic categories, or else are hyperlinked and
searchable.[5] Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most
dictionaries.[4][6] Generally speaking, encyclopedia articles focus on factual information
concerning the subject named in the article's title;[6] this is unlike dictionary entries, which
focus on linguistic information about words, such as their etymology, meaning, pronunciation,
use, and grammatical forms.[6][7][8][9][10]

Entry for the French word "Amour" (Love) in a paper

encyclopedia (Larousse Universel) and in an online
encyclopedia (Wikimini.org).
 Title page of Lucubrationes, 1541
edition, one of the first books to use a
variant of the word encyclopedia in
the title

Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years and have evolved considerably during that
time as regards language (written in a major international or a vernacular language), size (few
or many volumes), intent (presentation of a global or a limited range of knowledge), cultural
perspective (authoritative, ideological, didactic, utilitarian), authorship (qualifications, style),
readership (education level, background, interests, capabilities), and the technologies
available for their production and distribution (hand-written manuscripts, small or large print
runs, Internet). As a valued source of reliable information compiled by experts, printed
versions found a prominent place in libraries, schools and other educational institutions.

The appearance of digital and open-source versions in the 21st century, such as Wikipedia,
has vastly expanded the accessibility, authorship, readership, and variety of encyclopedia
entries.[11]

Etymology
The word encyclopedia (encyclo|pedia) comes
from the Koine Greek ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία,[13] Indeed, the purpose of an
transliterated enkyklios paideia, meaning 'general encyclopedia is to collect
education' from enkyklios (ἐγκύκλιος), meaning knowledge disseminated around
[6][14]
'circular, recurrent, required regularly, general' the globe; to set forth its general
and paideia (παιδεία), meaning 'education, system to the men with whom we
rearing of a child'; together, the phrase literally live, and transmit it to those who
translates as 'complete instruction' or 'complete will come after us, so that the work
knowledge'.[15] However, the two separate words of preceding centuries will not
were reduced to a single word due to a scribal become useless to the centuries to
error[16] by copyists of a Latin manuscript edition come; and so that our offspring,
[17]
of Quintillian in 1470. The copyists took this becoming better instructed, will at
phrase to be a single Greek word, enkyklopaedia, the same time become more
with the same meaning, and this spurious Greek virtuous and happy, and that we
word became the Neo-Latin word encyclopaedia, should not die without having
which in turn came into English. Because of this rendered a service to the human
compounded word, fifteenth-century readers race in the future years to come.
since have often, and incorrectly, thought that the
Diderot[12]
Roman authors Quintillian and Pliny described an
ancient genre.[18]

Characteristics
The modern encyclopedia evolved from the dictionary in the 18th century; this lineage can be
seen in the alphabetical order of print encyclopedias.[19] Historically, both encyclopedias and
dictionaries have been compiled by well-educated, well-informed content experts, but they
are significantly different in structure. A dictionary is a linguistic work that primarily focuses
on an alphabetical listing of words and their definitions. Synonymous words and those
related by the subject matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary, giving no
obvious place for in-depth treatment. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited information,
analysis or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the
reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term, and how
the term relates to a broader field of knowledge.

To address those needs, an encyclopedia article is typically not limited to simple definitions,
and is not limited to defining an individual word, but provides a more extensive meaning for a
subject or discipline. In addition to defining and listing synonymous terms for the topic, the
article can treat the topic's more extensive meaning in more depth and convey the most
relevant accumulated knowledge on that subject. An encyclopedia article also often includes
many maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics.[6] An encyclopedia is,
theoretically, not written to convince, although one of its goals is indeed to convince its
reader of its veracity.
Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has said that the goal of an encyclopedia should be to
provide "the sum of all human knowledge, but sum meaning summary."[20]

In addition, sometimes books or reading lists are compiled from a compendium of articles
(either wholly or partially taken) from a specific encyclopedia.

Four major elements

Four major elements define an encyclopedia: its subject matter, its scope, its method of
organization, and its method of production:

1. Encyclopedias can be general,

containing articles on topics in
every field (the English-language
Encyclopædia Britannica and
German Brockhaus are well-known
examples).[3] General encyclopedias
may contain guides on how to do a
variety of things, as well as
embedded dictionaries and
gazetteers. There are also
encyclopedias that cover a wide
 variety of topics from a particular
cultural, ethnic, or national
perspective, such as the Great
Soviet Encyclopedia or
Encyclopaedia Judaica.

2. Works of encyclopedic scope aim to

convey the important accumulated
knowledge for their subject domain,
such as an encyclopedia of
medicine, philosophy or law. Works
vary in the breadth of material and
the depth of discussion, depending
on the target audience.
3. Some systematic methods of
organization is essential to making
an encyclopedia usable for
reference. There have historically
been two main methods of
organizing printed encyclopedias:
the alphabetical method (consisting
of several separate articles,
organized in alphabetical order) and
organization by hierarchical
categories.[5] The former method is
today the more common, especially
for general works. The fluidity of
electronic media, however, allows
new possibilities for multiple
methods of organization of the
same content. Further, electronic
media offer new capabilities for
search, indexing and cross
reference. The epigraph from
 Horace on the title page of the 18th
century Encyclopédie suggests the
importance of the structure of an
encyclopedia: "What grace may be
added to commonplace matters by
the power of order and connection."
4. As modern multimedia and the
information age have evolved, new
methods have emerged for the
collection, verification, summation,
and presentation of information of
all kinds. Projects such as
Everything2, Encarta, h2g2, and
Wikipedia are examples of new
forms of the encyclopedia as
information retrieval becomes
simpler. The method of production
 for an encyclopedia historically has
been supported in both for-profit
and non-profit contexts, such was
the case of the Great Soviet
Encyclopedia mentioned above
which was entirely state-sponsored,
while the Britannica was supported
as a for-profit institution.

Encyclopedic dictionaries
Some works entitled "dictionaries" are similar to encyclopedias, especially those concerned
with a particular field (such as the Dictionary of the Middle Ages, the Dictionary of American
Naval Fighting Ships, and Black's Law Dictionary). The Macquarie Dictionary, Australia's
national dictionary, became an encyclopedic dictionary after its first edition in recognition of
the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper
nouns.
Differences between encyclopedias
and dictionaries
There are some broad differences between encyclopedias and dictionaries. Most noticeably,
encyclopedia articles are longer, fuller and more thorough than entries in most general-
purpose dictionaries.[4][21] There are differences in content as well. Generally speaking,
dictionaries provide linguistic information about words themselves, while encyclopedias
focus more on the things for which those words stand.[7][8][9][10] Thus, while dictionary entries
are inextricably fixed to the word described, encyclopedia articles can be given a different
entry name. As such, dictionary entries are not fully translatable into other languages, but
encyclopedia articles can be.[7]

In practice, however, the distinction is not concrete, as there is no clear-cut difference

between factual, "encyclopedic" information and linguistic information such as appear in
dictionaries.[9][21][22] Thus encyclopedias may contain material that is also found in
dictionaries, and vice versa.[22] In particular, dictionary entries often contain factual
information about the thing named by the word.[21][22]

Pre-modern encyclopedias

Naturalis Historiæ, 1669

edition, title page
The earliest encyclopedic work to have survived to modern times is the Naturalis Historia of
Pliny the Elder, a Roman statesman living in the 1st century AD.[6][23][24][25] He compiled a
work of 37 chapters covering natural history, architecture, medicine, geography, geology, and
all aspects of the world around him.[25] This work became very popular in Antiquity, was one
of the first classical manuscripts to be printed in 1470, and has remained popular ever since
as a source of information on the Roman world, and especially Roman art, Roman technology
and Roman engineering.

Isidore of Seville author

of Etymologiae (10th.
century Ottonian
manuscript)

The Spanish scholar Isidore of Seville was the first Christian writer to try to compile a summa
of universal knowledge, the Etymologiae (c. 600–625), also known by classicists as the
Origines (abbreviated Orig.). This encyclopedia—the first such Christian epitome—formed a
huge compilation of 448 chapters in 20 books[26] based on hundreds of classical sources,
including the Naturalis Historia. Of the Etymologiae in its time it was said quaecunque fere sciri
debentur, "practically everything that it is necessary to know".[27][24] Among the areas covered
were: grammar, rhetoric, mathematics, geometry, music, astronomy, medicine, law, the
Catholic Church and heretical sects, pagan philosophers, languages, cities, animals and birds,
the physical world, geography, public buildings, roads, metals, rocks, agriculture, ships,
clothes, food, and tools.

Another Christian encyclopedia was the Institutiones divinarum et saecularium litterarum of

Cassiodorus (543–560) dedicated to the Christian divinity and the seven liberal arts.[24][6] The
encyclopedia of Suda, a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, had 30,000 entries,
many drawing from ancient sources that have since been lost, and often derived from
medieval Christian compilers. The text was arranged alphabetically with some slight
deviations from common vowel order and placed in the Greek alphabet.[24]
 The Yongle Encyclopedia[25]

From India, the Siribhoovalaya (Kannada: ಸಿರಿಭೂವಲಯ), dated between 800 A.D. to 15th
century, is a work of Kannada literature written by Kumudendu Muni, a Jain monk. It is unique
because rather than employing alphabets, it is composed entirely in Kannada numerals. Many
philosophies which existed in the Jain classics are eloquently and skillfully interpreted in the
work.

The enormous encyclopedic work in China of the Four Great Books of Song, compiled by the
11th century during the early Song dynasty (960–1279), was a massive literary undertaking
for the time. The last encyclopedia of the four, the Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau,
amounted to 9.4 million Chinese characters in 1,000 written volumes. The Yongle
Encyclopedia (completed 1408) comprised 11,095 volumes.

There were many great encyclopedists throughout Chinese history, including the scientist and
statesman Shen Kuo (1031–1095) with his Dream Pool Essays of 1088; the statesman,
inventor, and agronomist Wang Zhen (active 1290–1333) with his Nong Shu of 1313; and
Song Yingxing (1587–1666) with his Tiangong Kaiwu. Song Yingxing was termed the "Diderot
of China" by British historian Joseph Needham.[28]

Printed encyclopedias
Before the advent of the printing press, encyclopedic works were all hand-copied and thus
rarely available, beyond wealthy patrons or monastic men of learning: they were expensive,
and usually written for those extending knowledge rather than those using it. During the
Renaissance, the creation of printing allowed a wider diffusion of encyclopedias and every
scholar could have his or her copy. The De expetendis et fugiendis rebus by Giorgio Valla was
posthumously printed in 1501 by Aldo Manuzio in Venice. This work followed the traditional
scheme of liberal arts. However, Valla added the translation of ancient Greek works on
mathematics (firstly by Archimedes), newly discovered and translated. The Margarita
Philosophica by Gregor Reisch, printed in 1503, was a complete encyclopedia explaining the
seven liberal arts.
Financial, commercial, legal, and intellectual factors changed the size of encyclopedias.
Middle classes had more time to read and encyclopedias helped them to learn more.
Publishers wanted to increase their output so some countries like Germany started selling
books missing alphabetical sections, to publish faster. Also, publishers could not afford all
the resources by themselves, so multiple publishers would come together with their
resources to create better encyclopedias. Later, rivalry grew, causing copyright to occur due
to weak underdeveloped laws. John Harris is often credited with introducing the now-familiar
alphabetic format in 1704 with his English Lexicon Technicum: Or, A Universal English
Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves –
to give its full title. Organized alphabetically, its content does indeed contain an explanation
not merely of the terms used in the arts and sciences, but of the arts and sciences
themselves. Sir Isaac Newton contributed his only published work on chemistry to the
second volume of 1710.

Encyclopédie
Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (French for
'Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts'),[29] better known
as Encyclopédie (French: [ɑ̃siklɔpedi]), was a general encyclopedia published in France
between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations. It had
many writers, known as the Encyclopédistes. It was edited by Denis Diderot and, until 1759,
co-edited by Jean le Rond d'Alembert.[30]

The Encyclopédie is most famous for representing the thought of the Enlightenment.
According to Denis Diderot in the article "Encyclopédie", the Encyclopédies aim was "to change
the way people think" and for people to be able to inform themselves and to know things.[31] He
and the other contributors advocated for the secularization of learning away from the
Jesuits.[32] Diderot wanted to incorporate all of the world's knowledge into the Encyclopédie and
hoped that the text could disseminate all this information to the public and future
generations.[33] Thus, it is an example of democratization of knowledge.

It was also the first encyclopedia to

include contributions from many named
contributors, and it was the first general
encyclopedia to describe the mechanical
arts. In the first publication, seventeen
folio volumes were accompanied by
detailed engravings. Later volumes were
published without the engravings, in
order to better reach a wide audience
within Europe.[34][35]

Encyclopædia Britannica
The Encyclopædia Britannica (Latin for 'British Encyclopædia') is a general knowledge English-
language encyclopaedia. It has been published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. since 1768,
although the company has changed ownership seven times. The encyclopaedia is maintained
by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors. The 2010 version of the 15th
edition, which spans 32 volumes[36] and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since
2016, it has been published exclusively as an online encyclopaedia.

Printed for 244 years, the Britannica was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the
English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in the Scottish capital of
Edinburgh, as three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size: the second edition was 10
volumes,[37] and by its fourth edition (1801–1810) it had expanded to 20 volumes.[38] Its
rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–
1889) and 11th editions (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary
style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the
Britannica shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American
market.
In 1933, the Britannica became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in
which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule. In
the 21st century, the Britannica suffered first from competition with the digital multimedia
encyclopaedia Microsoft Encarta,[39] and later with the online peer-produced encyclopaedia
Wikipedia.[40][41][42]

In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus
instead on the online version.[41][43] Britannica has been assessed to be politically closer to
the centre of the US political spectrum than Wikipedia.[44]

The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a

three-part structure: a 12-volume
Micropædia of short articles (generally
fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume
Macropædia of long articles (two to
310 pages), and a single Propædia
volume to give a hierarchical outline of
knowledge. The Micropædia was meant
for quick fact-checking and as a guide to
the Macropædia; readers are advised to
study the Propædia outline to understand
a subject's context and to find more
detailed articles. Over 70 years, the size
of the Britannica has remained steady,
with about 40 million words on half a
million topics. Though published in the
United States since 1901, the Britannica
has for the most part maintained British
English spelling.

Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
The Brockhaus Enzyklopädie (German for Brockhaus Encyclopedia) is a German-language
encyclopedia which until 2009 was published by the F. A. Brockhaus printing house.

The first edition originated in the Conversations-Lexikon published by Renatus Gotthelf Löbel
and Franke in Leipzig 1796–1808. Renamed Der Große Brockhaus in 1928 and Brockhaus
Enzyklopädie from 1966, the current 21st thirty-volume edition contains about 300,000 entries
on about 24,000 pages, with about 40,000 maps, graphics and tables. It is the largest
German-language printed encyclopedia in the 21st century.

In February 2008, F. A. Brockhaus

announced the changeover to an online
encyclopedia and the discontinuation of
the printed editions. The rights to the
Brockhaus trademark were purchased by
Arvato services, a subsidiary of the
Bertelsmann media group. After more
than 200 years, the distribution of the
Brockhaus encyclopedia ceased
completely in 2014.

Encyclopedias in the United States

In the United States, the 1950s and 1960s saw the introduction of several large popular
encyclopedias, often sold on installment plans. The best known of these were World Book
and Funk and Wagnalls. As many as 90% were sold door to door.[23] Jack Lynch says in his
book You Could Look It Up that encyclopedia salespeople were so common that they became
the butt of jokes. He describes their sales pitch saying, "They were selling not books but a
lifestyle, a future, a promise of social mobility." A 1961 World Book ad said, "You are holding
your family's future in your hands right now," while showing a feminine hand holding an order
form.[45] As of the 1990s, two of the most prominent encyclopedias published in the United
States were Collier's Encyclopedia and Encyclopedia Americana.[46]

Digital encyclopedias

Physical media
By the late 20th century, encyclopedias were being published on CD-ROMs for use with
personal computers. This was the usual way computer users accessed encyclopedic
knowledge from the 1980s and 1990s. Later, DVD discs replaced CD-ROMs, and by the mid-
2000s, internet encyclopedias were dominant and replaced disc-based software
encyclopedias.[6]

CD-ROM encyclopedias were usually a macOS or Microsoft Windows (3.0, 3.1 or 95/98)
application on a CD-ROM disc. The user would execute the encyclopedia's software program
to see a menu that allowed them to start browsing the encyclopedia's articles, and most
encyclopedias also supported a way to search the contents of the encyclopedia. The article
text was usually hyperlinked and also included photographs, audio clips (for example in
articles about historical speeches or musical instruments), and video clips. In the CD-ROM
age, the video clips had usually a low resolution, often 160x120 or 320x240 pixels. Such
encyclopedias which made use of photos, audio and video were also called multimedia
encyclopedias.

Microsoft's Encarta, launched in 1993, was a landmark example as it had no printed

equivalent. Articles were supplemented with video and audio files as well as numerous high-
quality images. After sixteen years, Microsoft discontinued the Encarta line of products in
2009.[47] Other examples of CD-ROM encyclopedia are Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia and
Britannica.

Digital encyclopedias enable "Encyclopedia Services" (such as Wikimedia Enterprise) to

facilitate programmatic access to the content.[48]

Online

An online encyclopedia, also called an

Internet encyclopedia, is a digital
encyclopedia accessible through the
Internet. Examples include Encarta from
2000 to 2009, Wikipedia since 2001, the
Encyclopædia Britannica since 2016, and
Encyclopedia.com since 1998.

Free encyclopedias

List of other free encyclopedias, from

Enciclopedia Libre.

The concept of a free encyclopedia began with the Interpedia proposal on Usenet in 1993,
which outlined an Internet-based online encyclopedia to which anyone could submit content
that would be freely accessible. Early projects in this vein included Everything2 and Open Site.
In 1999, Richard Stallman proposed the GNUPedia, an online encyclopedia which, similar to
the GNU operating system, would be a "generic" resource. The concept was very similar to
Interpedia, but more in line with Stallman's GNU philosophy.

It was not until Nupedia and later Wikipedia that a stable free encyclopedia project was able
to be established on the Internet.

The English Wikipedia, which was started in 2001, became the world's largest encyclopedia in
2004 at the 300,000 article stage.[49] By late 2005, Wikipedia had produced over two million
articles in more than 80 languages with content licensed under the copyleft GNU Free
Documentation License. As of August 2009, Wikipedia had over 3 million articles in English
and well over 10 million combined articles in over 250 languages. Today, Wikipedia has
6,819,294 articles in English, over 60 million combined articles in over 300 languages, and
over 250 million combined pages including project and discussion pages.[50]

Since 2002, other free encyclopedias appeared, including Hudong (2005–) and Baidu Baike
(2006–) in Chinese, and Google's Knol (2008–2012) in English. Some MediaWiki-based
encyclopedias have appeared, usually under a license compatible with Wikipedia, including
Enciclopedia Libre (2002–2021) in Spanish and Conservapedia (2006–), Scholarpedia
(2006–), and Citizendium (2007–) in English, the latter of which had become inactive by
2014.[51]

See also

Literature
portal
Education
portal

Bibliography of encyclopedias
Biographical dictionary
Encyclopedic knowledge
Encyclopedism
Fictitious entry
History of science and technology
Lexicography
Library science
 Lists of encyclopedias
Thesaurus
Speculum literature

Notes

1. Stevenson, Angus; Lindberg, Christine A.

(October 28, 2010). encyclopedia (https://
www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.10
93/acref/9780195392883.001.0001/m_e
n_us1244018) . Oup USA.
ISBN 9780195392883. Retrieved
January 30, 2024. {{cite book}}:
|website= ignored (help)
2. "Encyclopedia" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20070803182506/http://library.rcc.ed
u/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#
e) . Archived from the original (http://libra
ry.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterm
s.htm#e) on August 3, 2007. Glossary of
Library Terms. Riverside City College,
Digital Library/Learning Resource Center.
Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.

3. "What are Reference Resources?" (https://

web.archive.org/web/20221122193111/h
ttps://eiu.libguides.com/ResearchHelp) .
Eastern Illinois University. Archived from
the original (https://eiu.libguides.com/Res
earchHelp) on November 22, 2022.
Retrieved December 17, 2022.
4. Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory
(1998). Dictionary of Lexicography (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2021011403455
1/https://books.google.com/books?id=49
NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dicti
onary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49) .
Routledge. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-
7. Archived from the original (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q
=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2B
encyclopedia&pg=PA49) on January 14,
2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010.
5. "Encyclopedia" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20220929221816/https://www.merria
m-webster.com/dictionary/encyclopedi
a) . Merriam-Webster. Archived from the
original (https://www.merriam-webster.co
m/dictionary/encyclopedia) on
September 29, 2022. Retrieved
December 17, 2022.

6. Bocco, Diana (August 30, 2022). "What is

an Encyclopedia?" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20220927200756/https://www.lan
guagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclop
edia.htm) . Language Humanities.
Archived from the original (https://www.la
nguagehumanities.org/what-is-an-encyclo
pedia.htm) on September 27, 2022.
Retrieved January 24, 2023.
7. Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern
Lexicography (https://books.google.com/
books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&dq=lexicogra
phy%20translated%20encyclopedia%20di
ctionary&pg=PA30) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20161230031758/http
s://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwto
mUpMC&lpg=PA30&dq=lexicography%20t
ranslated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&
pg=PA30) December 30, 2016, at the
Wayback Machine, pp. 30–31. Oxford
University Press. ISBN 0-19-829951-6
8. "Encyclopaedia" (https://www.britannica.c
om/EBchecked/topic/186603/encyclopae
dia) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/201012160
21641/https://www.britannica.com/EBch
ecked/topic/186603/encyclopaedia)
from the original on December 16, 2010.
Retrieved July 27, 2010. "An English
lexicographer, H.W. Fowler, wrote in the
preface to the first edition (1911) of The
Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current
English language that a dictionary is
concerned with the uses of words and
phrases and with giving information about
the things for which they stand only so far
as current use of the words depends upon
knowledge of those things. The emphasis
in an encyclopedia is much more on the
nature of the things for which the words
and phrases stand."
9. Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory
(1998). Dictionary of Lexicography (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2021011403455
1/https://books.google.com/books?id=49
NZ12icE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dicti
onary%22%2Bencyclopedia&pg=PA49) .
Routledge. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-
7. Archived from the original (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=49NZ12icE-QC&q
=%22encyclopedic%20dictionary%22%2B
encyclopedia&pg=PA49) on January 14,
2021. Retrieved July 27, 2010. "In contrast
with linguistic information, encyclopedia
material is more concerned with the
description of objective realities than the
words or phrases that refer to them. In
practice, however, there is no hard and
fast boundary between factual and lexical
knowledge."
10. Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford
History of English Lexicography, Volume I
(https://web.archive.org/web/202104151
31818/https://books.google.com/books?i
d=nhnVF9Or_wMC) . Oxford University
Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-415-14143-7.
Archived from the original (https://books.
google.com/books?id=nhnVF9Or_wMC)
on April 15, 2021. Retrieved August 17,
2010. "An 'encyclopedia' (encyclopaedia)
usually gives more information than a
dictionary; it explains not only the words
but also the things and concepts referred
to by the words."
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Megan; Thomas, Julian (2013). Amateur
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books?id=kUNpPa-P8BYC&dq=The+appea
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gi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did22
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xt%3A2007.01.0060%3Abook%3D1%3Ach
apter%3D10%3Asection%3D1) Archived
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u/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1
999.04.0057%3Aentry%3De%29gku%2Fkli
os) Archived (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20210308213346/http://www.perseus.t
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2Fklios) March 8, 2021, at the Wayback
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opper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A199
9.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dpaidei%2Fa)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
210308034728/http://www.perseus.tufts.
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Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A
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16. According to some accounts, such as the
American Heritage Dictionary (http://ww
w.thefreedictionary.com/encyclopedia)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170819022705/http://www.thefreediction
ary.com/encyclopedia) August 19, 2017,
at the Wayback Machine, copyists of Latin
manuscripts took this phrase to be a
single Greek word, ἐγκυκλοπαιδεία
enkyklopaedia.

17. Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012). Reading the

world: encyclopedic writing in the
scholastic age (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=oG8ttUuJrgUC&pg=PA8) .
Chicago London: The University of
Chicago Press. p. 8.
ISBN 9780226260709.
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s://books.google.com/books?id=mfPXAA
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ISBN 978-1-107-03823-3.

19. As explained by Richard Yeo,

Encyclopaedic Visions: Scientific
Dictionaries and Enlightenment Culture
(Cambridge: University Press, 2001
ISBN 978-0-521-15292-1

20. Fridman, Lex (June 18, 2023). "Transcript

for Jimmy Wales: Wikipedia | Lex Fridman
Podcast #385" (https://lexfridman.com/ji
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Retrieved June 18, 2023.
21. Hartmann, R. R. K.; James, Gregory
(1998). Dictionary of Lexicography (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=49NZ12i
cE-QC&q=%22encyclopedic%20dictionar
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Routledge. pp. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-415-
14143-7. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20210114034551/https://books.g
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distinguish from linguistic information –
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in the explanation of a meaning ..."
22. Béjoint, Henri (2000). Modern
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p. 31. ISBN 978-0-19-829951-6. "The two
types, as we have seen, are not easily
differentiated; encyclopedias contain
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dictionaries, and vice versa."
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26. MacFarlane 1980:4; MacFarlane

translates Etymologiae viii.

27. Braulio, Elogium of Isidore appended to

Isidore's De viris illustribus, heavily
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28. Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 102.

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30. "Encyclopédie | French reference work" (ht

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31. Denis Diderot as quoted in Hunt, p. 611

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36. Bosman, Julie (March 13, 2012). "After

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External links

Look up encyclopedia, encyclopaedia,

or encyclopedic in Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media
related to Encyclopedias.
Wikisource has original works on the
topic: Encyclopedias
Encyclopaedia and Hypertext (https://
web.archive.org/web/2006011406115
5/http://www.educ.fc.ul.pt/hyper/eng/i
ndex.html)
Internet Accuracy Project (http://www.
accuracyproject.org/cbe-errors-books.
html) – Biographical errors in
encyclopedias and almanacs
"Encyclopedia" (http://quod.lib.umich.e
du/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idn
o=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=te
xt) – Diderot's article on the
Encyclopedia from the original
Encyclopédie.

De expetendis et fugiendis rebus (http

s://web.archive.org/web/20080615051
823/http://www.dm.unipi.it/~tucci/ind
ex.html) – First Renaissance
encyclopedia
Errors and inconsistencies in several
printed reference books and
encyclopedias (http://kennedy.byu.ed
u/staff/peterson/multivol/multibooks.
html) ; Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20010718235527/http://kenne
dy.byu.edu/staff/peterson/Multivol/Mu
ltibooks.html) July 18, 2001, at the
Wayback Machine
"Digital encyclopedias put the world at
your fingertips" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20131109213126/http://review
s.cnet.com/1990-3118_7-6378998-1.ht
ml) – CNET article
Encyclopedias online (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20080112134535/http://
www.uwstout.edu/lib/reference/encyc
l.htm) University of Wisconsin – Stout
listing by category
Chambers' Cyclopaedia (https://search.
library.wisc.edu/digital/ACyclopaedi
a) , 1728, with the 1753 supplement
Encyclopædia Americana (http://quod.li
b.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa
&cc=moa&key=title&page=browse&val
ue=encyclop%C3%A6dia+americana&S
ubmit=Quick+Browse) , 1851, Francis
Lieber ed. (Boston: Mussey & Co.) at
the University of Michigan Making of
America site
Encyclopædia Britannica (http://www.1
902encyclopedia.com/) , articles and
 illustrations from 9th ed., 1875–89,
and 10th ed., 1902–03.

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