LAWS OF MOTION

Made By:- Avni Malhotra

Class:- 11
Content
s 1.Certificate

2.Acknowledgements

3.Abstract

4.Objective

Theory
-First law
-Second law
-Third Law

Procedure
-First law
-Second law
-Third Law

Observation
-First law
-Second law
-Third Law

Conclusion

References

Bibliography
 Certificate

This is to certify that AVNI MALHOTRA a student of

class XI has sucessfully competed the research on the below
mentioned project under the guidance of Mrs. Reeta
(subject teacher) during the year 2023-2024 in partial
fulfillment of physics practical examination conducted by
the Central Board Of Secondary Education (CBSE).

Principle:- Anju Sharma Ma'am

Subject teacher:-Reeta Ma'am
 Acknowledgements
I would like to express my special thanks to our school PHOENIX G
principal sir Mrs. ANJU SHARMA, to the management team of our
 J
OURNAL
 Abstract
The three laws of motion were first stated by Isaac Newton in his book
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy), originally published in 1687.Sir Isaac Newton first discovered his
Three Laws of Motion by studying astronomy and Kepler's Laws of Planetary Sir Issac Newton

Motion Newton used them to investigate and explain the motion of many physical
objects and systems, which laid the foundation for classical mechanics .Newton's
laws are often stated in terms of point or particle masses, that is, bodies whose
volume is negligible.They describe the relationship between a body and the forces
acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces. More precisely, the first
law defines the force qualitatively, the second law offers a quantitative measure of
the force, and the third asserts that a single isolated force doesn’t exist. These three
laws have been expressed in several ways, over nearly three centuries. Limitations
to Newton's laws have also been discovered; new theories are necessary when
objects move at very high speeds (special relativity), are very massive (general
relativity), or are very small (quantum mechanics). In their original form, Newton’s
laws of motion are not adequate to characterize the motion of rigid bodies and
deformable bodies. Leonhard Euler in 1750 introduced a generalization of
Newton’s laws of motion for rigid bodies called Euler’s laws of motion, later
applied as well for deformable bodies assumed as a continuum. If a body is
represented as an assemblage of discrete particles, each governed by Newton’s laws
of motion, then Euler’s laws can be derived from Newton’s laws. Euler’s laws can,
however, be taken as axioms describing the laws of motion for extended bodies,
independently of any particle structure. In the given interpretation mass,
acceleration, momentum, and (most importantly) force are assumed to be
externally defined quantities.

Objective
The objective of the project is as folows:-
To elaborate on the statements of the laws of motion given by SIR ISSAC NEWTON
To derive and explain the formulas achieved by these statements.
To experiment and prove given statements using real life examples
 Theory
FIRST LAW:-
Statement:-
Every body continues in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line, unless it is
compelled to change that state by forces impressed upon it.

Newton's first law expresses the principle of inertia: the natural behavior of a body
is to move in a straight line at constant speed. In the absence of outside influences,
a body's motion preserves the status quo.
Galileo gave the concept of motion as the state of rest and the state of uniform linear
motion are equivalent. According to him, if the net external force on an object is
zero, an object's rest continues to be at rest and a body in motion continues to move
with uniform velocity. This property of the body is called the inertia. A body does
not change its state of rest or state of motion unless we apply an external force on it.
This is Galileo's law of inertia.
So, we can say that Newton’s first law of motion is also called the Galileo’s law
of inertia.
If the net force (the vector sum of all forces acting on an object) is zero, then the
velocity of the object is constant. Velocity is a vector quantity which expresses
both the object’s speed and the direction of its motion; therefore, the statement that
the object’s velocity is constant is a statement that both its speed and the direction
of its motion are constant.
The first law can be stated mathematically when the mass is a non-zero constant, as:-

The modern understanding of Newton's first law is that no inertial observer is privileged over
any other.
The concept of an inertial observer makes quantitative the everyday idea of feeling no effects
of motion.
For example, a person standing on the ground watching a train go past is an inertial observer.
If the observer on the ground sees the train moving smoothly in a straight line at a constant
speed, then a passenger sitting on the train will also be an inertial observer: the train passenger
feels no motion
 SECOND
Statement:-
The change of motion of an object is proportional to the force
impressed; and is made in the direction
of the straight line in which the force is impressed.
By "motion", Newton meant the quantity now called
momentum, which depends upon the amount of matter
contained in a body, the speed at which that body is moving,
and the direction in which it is moving.
In modern notation, the momentum of a body is the product
of its mass and its velocity.
Newton’s second law is a quantitative description of the
changes that a force can produce on the motion of a body.
Momentum, like velocity, is a vector quantity, having both
magnitude and direction. A force applied to a body can change
the magnitude of the momentum or its direction or both.
Newton’s second law is one of the most important in all of
physics.
For a body whose mass m is constant, it can be written in the
form F = ma, where F (force) and a (acceleration) are both
vector quantities. If a body has a net force acting o n it, it
accelerated in accordance with the equation. Conve is
body is not accelerated, there is no net force acting rsely,
Here, we get a formula for F=m.a
Can be derived as follows

THIRD
Statement:-
For every action (force) in nature there is an equal and opposite reaction
. Most commonly known as the law of action and reaction.
Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal
and opposite force on the first.
For example, consider a book at rest on a table. The Earth's gravity pulls down upon
the book. The "reaction" to that "action" is not the support force from the table holding
up the book, but the gravitational pull of the book acting on the Earth.
Newton's third law relates to a more fundamental principle, the conservation of
momentum. The latter remains true even in cases where Newton's statement does not, for
instance when force fields as well as material bodies carry momentum, and when
momentum is defined properly, in quantum mechanics as well.
This can be mathematically denoted as follows:-
In Newtonian mechanics, if two bodies have momenta respectively, then the
total momentum of the pair is and the rate of change of is
 Procedure

FIRST
To explain the first law of motion we can take the example of Galileo's experiment on inertia
where:- He used a few ramps and a ball.
He dropped the ball from the initial height to achieve the following results
These results justify the stated law.

SECOND
The second law is justified by following the particular
procedure:-
1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in figure.
2. A suitable mass is hung on the weight hanger.
3. Release the weight on the weight hanger.
4. Start the timer to record the time of travel of the
cart as it starts
moving.
5. Note the distance moved and the time
taken by the cart.
6. Calculate the acceleration of the object by
equation a= 2S/t2.
7. Calculate M2g and (M1+M2)a.
8. Hence Newton’s Second Law is verified.

THIRD
1. Take two similar spring balances of different ranges, say A and B.

2. Note the least count of the spring balances.

 3. Attach the ring of spring balance A on a hook fixed in the wall and the spring balance B is
attached to the hook of spring balance A.

4. Hold the spring balances exactly horizontal to the table.

5. Pull the ring of spring balance B gently.

6. Observe and note the reading of both the spring balances.Repeat the experiment by applying different
forces.

Observations

FIRST
When a marble rolls down an inclined plane, its velocity increases and when it goes up on the second
inclined plane, its velocity decreases. If the inclinations of both the planes are equal, then the marble will
reach the same height which it rolled down. If the inclination of the second plane is decreased, it will travel
more distance to reach the original height. If the inclination of the second plane is made horizontal, the
marble will travel forever trying to reach the same height. An unbalanced force is required to change the
motion of the marble but no force is needed to sustain the uniform motion of the marble.

SECOND
Observations for the procedure for the second law are as follows:-

to verify force is proportional to mass

THIRD
The readings on both the balances are the same in each case. Thus action and reaction forces are equal and
opposite and act on two different bodies.
 Conclusion

Therefore, we can conclude that with the help of the following

procedures and derivations the 3 laws of motion given by Sir Issac
Newton and added by other great scientists have been verified and
tested. And have been explained in the form of this project.

Precautions

1. Spring balance of different least count should be taken.

2. The spring balance should be brought in elastic mode before doing the
experiment.

3. The second spring balance should not be pulled beyond its elastic limit.

4. The reading of the spring balance should be taken without any parallax
error.

5. Make sure the surfaces of motion are largely frictionless

References
1. NCERT TEXTBOOK FOR PHYSICS PART I
2. PRACTICAL IMPLICATION IN THE WORLD OF
PHYSICS (ENCYCLOPEDIA EDITION 7 YEAR
1973)
3. GENRAL ENCYCLOPEDIA FOR SCIENCE

Bibliography

1. https://www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-Projects/Physics
2. https://www.slideshare.net/lashikamadaan/laws-of-motion-classxi
3. https://www.vedantu.com/physics/laws-of-motion
4. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Newtons-laws-of-
motion#:~:text=The%20first%20law%2C%20also%20called,a%2C%20 or
%20F%20%3D%20ma.
5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion