© 2024 IJNRD | Volume 9, Issue 4 April 2024| ISSN: 2456-4184 | IJNRD.

ORG

Dissertation Of White-Collar Crimes In India

Shrutika Jejurkar, Smruti Patil, Paridhi Taneja, Eshaan Advani, Samarth Jain

Students at NMIMS

Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India

Abstract

This research paper provides a detailed analysis of white-collar crimes in India, focusing on the increasing impact
of such crimes on the country's economic well-being. The
study delves into the abstractions of white-collar crime, which involves a wide range of illicit activities
perpetrated by individuals holding esteemed positions in the society. The paper examines the factors contributing
in the rise of white-collar crimes, including the influence of economic and industrial growth, technological
advancements, and regulatory laws. Furthermore, it discusses the enforcement measures and governance reforms
aimed at mitigating white collar crimes in India. The research draws on various sources, including academic
articles, legal commentaries, and real-life case studies, to offer a thorough understanding of landscape of white
collar crimes in the Indian context.
This abstract is based on the analysis of multiple sources, including academic papers and legal commentaries, to
provide a comprehensive overview of the topic.

Keywords:
White Collar Crime Deception Conventional Crimes
Transnational Economic Offence Corruption
Illicit Activities
Money laundering
Corporate scams
Embezzlement

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Introduction
The effect of white collar crime has been experienced by developed and developing economies alike, similar to a
global epidemic. The world’s largest democracy making its way to become an economic powerhouse, the
progress of India has been hindered by this endemic white collar criminality. Committed by respectable business
leaders, white collar crimes fall under financial crimes unlike street crimes that involve violence (Sutherland
1939). From money laundering, high level bribery, food adulteration, white collar illegality grapples the massive
economic and social costs in India.

Not only considering the financial loss but also how a widespread of this corrodes public trust, exceeds
conventional crime damages, widen inequalities and imperil the ethical foundations of a pluralistic nation. This
crime wave in India is typically fanned by greed and institutional weakness, but weak hindrance and moral
ambiguities surrounding elite deviance also share blame. With growing digitisation, the risk by opening new
avenues for transnational offences also amplify. On one hand being viewed as an oasis of opportunity and
advancement, ironically, 21st century India finds itself flooded with white collar atrocities.

This research paper maps India’s tumultuous white collar crime landscape, where conspicuous offences plague
the world’s largest democracy amid transformational growing pains. Analysing major examples, consequences,
the reason behind this and policy responses that sketches a path towards curbing this corruption pandemic without
extinguishing India’s development engine. While mordernity might worsen the level of white collar crimes
experienced, can always be counterbalanced by stronger integrity institutions, transparency reforms, technological
safeguards, and renewed ethical dialog permeating professions and public consciousness alike. With human
development and economic progress at stake , India must prevail the scourge of white collar crimes to escort in a
new era of impartial growth benefiting all.
iterature Review

White-collar crimes can be categorised as acts that are committed to find loopholes in the financial system
ranging from corporate fraud, embezzlement of funds to tax evasions. These crimes not only lead to monetary loss
but forms a bend in the market integrity of financial institutions. With increased modernisation and technological
advances which opens up an array of opportunities to exploit the existing laws and get away with such crime, the
legal framework has to be updated time and again to avoid undermining of the pertinent laws, which is being
talked about in Ms.Sonal Garg & Ms.Nivedita Singh (2022) where they enlisted different committees set up in
India along the years to combat such situation some of them being ‘commission of inquiry on administrative of
Dalmiaa Jain companies, 1963’ , ‘report on LIC Mundra affairs’ , ‘Dass commission report’ etc. their study also
talks about the effect of white collar crimes on the company along with employees, customers, and society as a
whole while also including the different legal repercussions the person has to face when they violate different
aspects like fraud, false statements, furnishing false evidence etc. When accusing a person of a crime it is
important to have the accurate understudy of their actions which is why it is important to be aware of the
differences between WHITE vs BLUE collar crime, as explained in Jatin Gehlot (2023) which states that the stark
difference lies in the variety of illicit activities the said person engages in, white collars include a complex fraud
scheme carried out by people in position while blue collar are quite straightforward like break ins and robberies.

The provided extract outlines the historical advancement and categories of white-collar crimes, emphasizing their

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economic, political, and moral impact on society. It discusses the challenges in classifying white-collar crimes
and introduces the causes behind employees engaging in such activities. Additionally, the excerpt touches upon
the Indian context, highlighting the need for effective legal enforcement and administrative approaches to combat
white-collar crimes. In summary, this information provides a comprehensive background for writing a research
paper on "White Collar Crimes in India," addressing the complexities, causes, and potential solutions associated
with this type of criminal activity.

The article talks about the detrimental impact of white-collar crimes on the Indian economy highlighting social
repercussions such as financial losses and negative effects on businesses and society. The determinants of
increasing white-collar crimes are outlined, and the importance of government intervention and collaboration with
the private sector is stressed. It concludes that white-collar crimes have impeded India's economic development,
suggesting legislative and collaborative measures to address the issue.
Research Methodology
In a survey in 2020, the Indian National Bar Association in its report sighted that the Central Bureau Of
Investigation (CBI) found a total of 6533 cases of corruption from 2009 to 2019. The CBI in it’s report records
517 cases alone in the last 2 years. Greed, lack of awareness among people, lack of strict laws and people’s
adherence to them, lack of accountability, loopholes in the legal structure are some amongst the many reasons that
have caused the increase in White Collar Crimes in India. Fraud, Embezzlement, Money Laundering, Insider
Trading, Tax Evasion, Counterfeiting Currency and Cybercrimes are amongst the leading white collar crimes in
the country. This paper aims to analyze the prevalence of such crimes in the country as well as the trends in recent
years. It will evaluate the effectiveness of the existing legal framework and suggest reforms and new policies to
combat such problems in the country. This paper with aid of secondary data, existing case studies and after
reviewing existing academic literature, legal documents and reports will try to gain insights into their perspectives
and experiences.

Document Analysis
Despite being persuasive in nature and having a substantial impact on the society, white collar crimes has always
received limited attention with respect to other criminal offenses. This lack of public awareness can be attributes
to various factors including its complex nature and overall technicalities included in the crimes, which are not
easily understood by the general public.
To understand white collar crimes in india a bit more we will explain a few which occurred in india-
Harshad Mehta securities fraud-
This fraud revolves around how Harshad Mehta took huge amount of loans from the banks and purchased the
scrips at high prices creating a false market. This resulted in unnatural pumping of money in the market and led to
a rise in price of these shares. The illegality came into question when he used this misappropriated money as a
capital in the stock market which falls under purview of money laundering.
Satyam scandal-
This scandal was all a play of manipulating books of account by overstating assets and understating liabilities.
These books were seemingly manipulated to mislead the investors and shareholders. This scandal was said to be
an important factor in the recession of 2009, which fell under accounts of insider trading and fraudulent trade
practices.
Saradha chit fund-
Claimed to be a major financial and alleged political scam, this scam was a collapse of a Ponzi scheme run by the

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group. Collected deposits from millions of depositors in pretext of multiplying the sum of money in form of cash,
real estate or other assets.
VI 2G scam-
Selling of 2G spectrum licenses using fixed prices since an auction would have led to lesser profits. Licenses were
given to ineligible applicants who falsified documents and refrained from sharing important and relevant
information. This led to a loss at a massive scale for the company.
Data Interpretation and Analysis
The Commonwealth Games Scam (2010)
The Commonwealth Games are a quadrennial (happens every four years) international event. Originally played
between the colonies of the British Empire, the games have evolved over time and celebrate the individuality of
each independent country today. The Commonwealth Games are hosted midway through the Olympic Games.
In 2010, India was chosen as the host country by a voting system devised by the Commonwealth Organisation.
Mr. Suresh Kamaldi being the chairperson of the organizing
committee. The Commonwealth Games Scam of 2010 was one of the biggest scams. It outperformed the previous
Harshad Mehta scam and a massive amount of rupees 7000 crores fell prey to the mastermind, Suresh Kamaldi.
This scam brought great embarrassment to India as a country.
The games that were organized were below par, equipment used was of low grade and poor quality. Moreover,
most oft the money allotted for infrastructure development before the games was not used at all. The suppliers of
products and equipment that was going to be used at the games quoted high prices but supplied poor quality
goods.
Overall the workers involved in these projects faced tremendous hardship. They were exploited and had to work
in very poor conditions. There were many instances at the sites of the games, like the peeling of the vinyl flooring
at the weightlifting area and the ceiling collapsing. When a team of athletes visited from abroad, the athletes were
shocked to see human excreta at their accommodation centres, unhygienic washrooms etc., which led to
embarrassment on the global stage. The involvement of high-ranking officials, including Suresh Kalmadi, in the
scam tarnished the image of the Indian government. Kalmadi, a member of the Indian National Congress party,
faced criminal charges and was imprisoned for his role in the scam, leading to further embarrassment for the
nation. Various perpetrators, including Suresh Kalmadi and Lalit Bhanot, were arrested and faced criminal
charges under the Indian Penal Code and the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. Kalmadi spent around 11
months in Tihar Jail before being released on bail.

Insider Trading – Whatsapp Leak Case

The issue concerns Shruti Vora of Antique Stock Broking Ltd.'s Institutional Sales Department, who disseminated
price-sensitive information about many WhatsApp groups involving firms like as Wipro, Ambuja Cement,
Mindtree, Bajaj Auto, and others. A preliminary inquiry was carried out by SEBI, which also oversaw the search
and confiscation of 190 devices, papers, and other materials from 26 businesses inside the Market Chatter
WhatsApp group. Additionally, Shruti Vora was penalized by SEBI for sending Whatsapp messages that
contained UPSI (unpublished price sensitive information) about the financial performance of the previously
named businesses. In addition, Parthiv Dalal and Neeraj Kumar Agarwal, analysts from different brokerages, also
received fines.

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The Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) dismissed SEBI's charges of insider trading against employees of a few
stockbroking firms who had "forwarded as received" WhatsApp messages about unpublished quarterly reports of
major companies. The SAT reasoned that SEBI was only pursuing the individuals who forwarded the messages
and couldn't determine where they originated. SAT was predicated on the idea that information that was widely
accessible would not be viewed as UPSI, and that anyone who just forwarded it would not be regarded as a
"insider." The information can only be designated as a UPSI, though, if the recipient knew it was one, and SEBI
must prove a "preponderance of probability" in the given situation.

Infrastructure Leasing and Financial Services Ltd.

Infrastructure leasing and financial services ltd, is an Indian state funded development and finance company.
Established in 1987, it had Central bank of India, HDFC and UTI as one of their primary supporters. It played a
significant role in funding and developing various developmental projects all across the country including roads,
ports, urban infrastructure.
Infrastructure had become a field of primary focus and taking due advantage of this central motif, IL&FS utilised
their first mover advantage to take up as many projects as possible. To support their ongoing projects they kept on
taking up debts in an attempt to keep the cycle moving. But instead they were burdened under so much debt that
they were faced with huge asset-liability mismatch. Major chunk of their problem were started due to
complications in land acquisition, where the acquisition laws made their projects unviable.
While facing a severe liquidity crisis when they were already over 91000cr in debt, two of their subsidiaries
reported having trouble in paying back loans and inter corporate deposits to creditors. Furthermore another of
their subsidiaries were unable to repay Rs 1000cr taken from SIBDI. Several other companies also defaulted in
their payments in both short and long term deposits. Lack of timely action led them to start doing window
dressing, also being a shadow bank where they had less regulatory compliance, it aided them to escape under the
nose of regulations.
When SFIO took control over the case, they claimed the auditors and credit rating agencies to be part of the
failure. On doing a forensic audit, they found Deloitte to be primarily facile guilty who had failed to perform audit
and showed professional skepticism.
The ministry of corporate affairs took tough action against the agencies too as the credit shown was all right with
A4 rating of highest safety and then suddenly down rated it.
Due to this crisis, there was a slowdown in the NBFC sector which had a domino effect on the economy. A
decline in consumption was noticed which led to a decline in GDP growth. This shock weakened the rupee which
further reduced liquidity and also increased refinancing risks adding to concerns about India’s bad debt ratio. This
liquidity shortage of 1 lakh cr in the market increased the fear NBFC funding cost will result in sharp
deterioration of their margins.
This crisis not only showed inefficient corporate governance of NBFC but the questionable work of public
regulatory bodies. This crunch affected several fields which are heavily dependent on financing by NBFC like
automobiles, commercial real estate etc.

Counterfeiting Currency and

Abdul Karim Telgi or The Stamp Paper Scam
The Abdul Karim Telgi scam, also known as the Stamp Paper Scam, was a massive
counterfeiting operation that ran from roughly 1992 to 2007 in India.
Breakdown of the scam- Mastermind- Abdul Karim Telgi
Born in 1961, Telgi began his criminal career forging false documentation to allow labourers

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to enter Saudi Arabia.
Later, he turned to forging premium stamp paper, an essential component of financial transactions and legal
papers.

The Scheme-
The Stamp Paper Scam, perpetrated by Abdul Karim Telgi from roughly 1992 to 2007, was a massive
counterfeiting operation that shook India's financial system. It hinged on creating fake versions of government-
issued stamp paper, a crucial element in legal documents and financial transactions.
Stamp paper functions similarly to a certain form of tax stamp applied to papers. It gives the government tax
revenue while confirming the legitimacy of transactions. However, the high- quality counterfeit stamp papers
manufactured by Telgi's network closely matched the actual ones. Since these fakes had security measures like
serial numbers and watermarks, it was challenging to tell them apart from real stamp paper.
Telgi expanded its network throughout India. This includes distributors who sold the forged documents, printers
who produced them, and even naive purchasers. Unknowingly using these fakes in transactions, banks, insurance
companies, and stockbrokers suffered large financial losses. One of the worst financial scams in Indian history, the
estimated value of the scheme is ₹300 billion (US$3.8 billion).
The fraud reduced public confidence in the legitimacy of official documents and revealed the weakness of stamp
paper security mechanisms. Telgi received a lengthy prison sentence following his arrest in 2001. But in 2018, the
case took an unexpected turn when a judge cleared him and the others for lack of evidence, igniting more
controversy.
The Stamp Paper Scam is a sobering reminder of the level of expertise attained by counterfeiters. It emphasizes
how crucial strong security measures and more stringent controls are to stop such scams from occurring in the
future.
mpact of the scam-
Financial losses- The government lost out on billions of rupees in tax revenue. This impacted public finances and
essential services
Legal Chaos- This involved disputed documents and loss of confidence. Documents became legally questionable
leading to disputes, delays, and unnecessary litigation costs. The scam also eroded trust in the authenticity of the
legal documents issued by the government.
Erosion of Trust- This involved the loss of trust of public for the government. The fraud revealed a flaw in
government systems, which gave the impression of corruption and incompetence to the public.

Aftermath and Reforms-

Telgi was given harsh terms, however he was eventually found not guilty by a court order. This scam highlighted
the need for stronger security features in official documents.
A reassessment of stamp paper's security characteristics was triggered by the hoax. To stop such frauds in the
future, new, harder-to-forge features were included.
Additionally, stricter regulations were put in place for the manufacture and distribution of stamp paper.

Controversial Verdict-
Despite Telgi's first sentencing for the crime, a 2018 court judgment cleared him and the other defendants for lack
of proof. There is ongoing discussion about this decision; some claim it makes it more difficult to hold those
responsible for the incident accountable.
A lesson that should be learned from the Stamp Paper Scam is the importance of having strong security measures

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in place and being vigilant about financial crimes. It also emphasizes how crucial it is for the general population to
have faith in the legal system and government processes.

Nirav Modi- Punjab National Bank Scam

A complicated financial scandal involving fraudulent transactions, improper use of letters of undertaking (LoUs),
and suspected collusion between the accused and certain bank employees was the Nirav Modi-PNB (Punjab
National Bank) fraud case. This is a case study that goes into further detail:
Important Players:
Nirav Modi is a well-known international jeweler who specializes in fine diamond jeweler. Mehul Choksi: Nirav
Modi's uncle and the chairman of the jeweler company Gitanjali Group. PNB Officials: It is said that a few
employees of Punjab National Bank helped to arrange the scam.
Investigations and legal proceedings: CBI and ED involved: The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and the
Enforcement Directorate (ED) started investigating the case. Raids were conducted at various locations associated
with Nirav Modi, Mehul Choks and their companies.
Arrest warrants and extradition:
Arrest warrants were issued against Nirav Modi and Mehul Choks. Nirav Modi left India before the scam came to
light and was later arrested in London in March 2019. Extradition proceedings were initiated to bring him back to
India.
Impact and termination:
Forfeiture of assets:
Indian authorities have seized and auctioned assets belonging to Nirav Modi and his companies to recover some
of the funds involved in the fraud.
Banking sector reforms:
The scandal has sparked debate about the fraud need for reforms in the banking sector, including improving risk
management practices, internal monitoring and control mechanisms. Public and regulatory concerns:
The case raised concerns about the effectiveness of regulatory frameworks
and control mechanisms in preventing such large-scale activity. frauds. Finally, the Nirav Modi-PNB fraud case
highlights the importance of addressing systemic weaknesses, ensuring legal accountability and promoting
international cooperation to prevent fraud. and prevent future financial crimes. The consequences of such cases
often lead to
a reassessment of financial regulatory frameworks and practices.
Conclusion
Countering white collar crimes in context of the Indian economy and its vastness might seem a bit intimidating
but it is not unassailable. Only focusing on legal reforms for a country with varying aspects of population
inclusion might not be enough, to achieve fruitful outcomes, researchers suggest that it must be paired with
fostering an environment of integrity, transparency, and accountability, inculcating these specially in its financial
and economic sectors. In our country, socio economic factors serve as a major contributor to unethical behavior
and corruption, some of them can be income inequality where disparities in wealth makes economically
marginized communities more likely to resort to corrupt means to seize a fair chance among the big bulls in the
economy. In some cases, accepting corruption as a cultural norm and not viewing it as an unethical practice since
it is just another clever way of finding a loophole in the bureaucratic hurdle to get access to a life that only a
selected few get to have also emphasized how important access to education paired with viable employment

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opportunities and economic opportunities can help breakthrough the perpetuated cycle of poverty and
disadvantage.

Increased enforcement, public awareness campaigns, whistleblower hotlines, imperative monitoring, risk
assessments are some of the short term strategies that can be put to use in order to minimize white collar crimes in
India, but diminishing a problem through short lived goals won’t sustain for a long time for which the methods
found to more effective and sustainable are enhanced regulatory oversight where there is periodic overview of
compliance with governing reforms, regulations and up to the mark corporate conduct. Raising awareness about
unethicality’s of engaging in frauds won’t sustain since education doesn’t’t stop at providing knowledge but it
helps find loopholes in the existing system in a more enhanced and improved way as you know about the ins and
outs of the system so well that it doesn’t’t take time to find a way around it , instead raising awareness about the
consequences of engaging into such activities and showing that the web of their fraud woven through the
regulatory, financial and economic framework of the country serves as a barrier between safeguarding financial
integrity of the nation and unethical conduct within the country’s institutions.
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cwg scam case

white collar crime cases in India
what should be there in data analysis and interpretation MAKKAR H AND S KAUR white collar crime
gorasiya and chudasma white collare crime

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