TABLE OF CONTENT

SR. NO. NAME OF THE CONTENT PAGE NO.

01
1. Title

02
2. Abstract

03-04
3. Introduction

Literature Survey of Highway 05-07

4. Construction

08
5. Methodology Used

09-19
6. Design
20-22
7. Futuristic Scope

23
8. Reference
 HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION

◾Project Details

• Project Name: Kharar to Ludhiana Highway Construction

NH95 (New NH-05)

• Authority: National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)

• Project Head: Ashoka Kharar Ludhiana Road Ltd.

• Area conveyed by Project: Chandigarh 10.18 km to Samrala

Chowk- Ludhiana 86.19 km
 ABSTRACT

This abstract provides an overview of a highway construction

project aimed at enhancing transportation infrastructure in
Chandigarh to Samrala Chowk- Ludhiana. The project
encompasses various phases including planning, design,
construction, and maintenance. Key aspects involve route
selection, environmental impact assessment, cost estimation, and
stakeholder engagement. The construction phase will involve
earthwork, paving, drainage installation, and safety measures
implementation. The project aims to improve connectivity,
enhance safety, and promote economic development in the
region.

Highway construction plays a pivotal role in the development

and connectivity of regions, fostering economic growth and
enhancing accessibility. This synopsis delves into contemporary
techniques and methodologies employed in highway
construction, focusing on sustainability, efficiency, and safety.
 INTRODUCTION

Highway construction plays a pivotal role in enhancing

transportation infrastructure, fostering economic development,
and improving overall connectivity within regions and nations.
As populations grow and urbanization continues, the demand for
efficient and reliable transportation networks becomes
increasingly paramount. Consequently, the construction and
maintenance of highways are essential components of
infrastructure development initiatives worldwide.

This introduction serves as a prelude to a comprehensive

discussion on the intricacies and significance of highway
construction projects. Over the following pages, we delve into
the multifaceted aspects of highway construction, exploring its
impact on society, economy, environment, and technological
advancements.

Significance of Highway Construction

Highways serve as lifelines for modern societies, facilitating the

movement of people and goods across vast distances. They form
the backbone of transportation networks, connecting urban
centers, rural areas, industrial zones, and
ports. By providing efficient and accessible routes, highways
stimulate economic growth, trade, and investment, while also
improving access to essential services such as healthcare and
education.

Challenges and Considerations

Despite their undeniable benefits, highway construction projects

are often beset by various challenges and considerations. These
include land acquisition, environmental impact assessment,
engineering complexities, funding constraints, and regulatory
approvals. Balancing the need for infrastructure development
with environmental sustainability and community interests
requires careful planning, stakeholder engagement, and
adherence to best practices in project management.
 LITERATURE SURVEY OF
HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION

Highway construction is a critical aspect of infrastructure

development, facilitating transportation and economic growth.
This literature survey aims to provide insights into key areas of
highway construction research, including pavement design,
materials selection, construction techniques, environmental
impact, and sustainability.

Pavement Design

Pavement design is a fundamental aspect of highway

construction, ensuring durability and safety. Research in this
area focuses on developing design methodologies that consider
traffic loads, climate conditions, and material properties. Studies
by Hossain et al. (2019) emphasize the importance of
incorporating advanced modeling techniques such as finite
element analysis for accurate pavement design.

Materials Selection

Selecting appropriate materials is crucial for ensuring the

longevity and performance of highways. Research by Zhang et
al. (2020) explores the use of recycled materials in highway
construction, highlighting their potential to reduce
environmental impact and costs while maintaining quality
standards.

Construction Techniques

Advancements in construction techniques play a vital role in

improving efficiency and reducing construction time. Research
by Wang et al. (2021) explores the application of Building
Information Modeling (BIM) in highway construction,
demonstrating its potential to streamline project management,
reduce errors, and optimize resource utilization. Furthermore,
studies by Zhang et al. (2019) examine the use of automated
construction technologies such as 3D printing for rapid and cost-
effective infrastructure development.

Environmental Impact and Sustainability

Highway construction has significant environmental

implications, including resource depletion, pollution, and habitat
fragmentation. Research by Liu et al. (2022) investigates the
environmental impact of different construction materials and
techniques, aiming to identify strategies for minimizing carbon
emissions and ecological footprint. Additionally, studies by
Wang and Ouyang (2020) emphasize the importance of
integrating sustainability principles into the entire lifecycle of
highway projects, from planning and design to construction and
maintenance.

VARIOUS ROAD CATEGORISED IN INDIA

Developement of a country depends on the connectivity of

various places with adequate road network.
Roads constitute the most important made of communication in
areas where railways have not developed much.
India has one of the largest roads network in the world (over 3
million km at present).
For the purpose of management and administration, roads in
India are divided into the following five categories :-

1. National Highway (NH)

2. State Highway (SH)
3. Major District Roads (MDR)
4. Other District roads (ODR)
5. Village Roads (VR)
 METHODOLOGY USED
The methodology for highway construction projects typically
involves several key steps:
1. Planning and Design: This stage involves determining the
route, assessing environmental impact, and creating detailed
designs and plans.
2. Site Preparation: Clearing the land, grading, and preparing
the site for construction.
3. Earthwork: Excavating, filling, and compacting the soil to
create a stable foundation for the road.
4. Pavement Layers: Constructing the pavement layers, which
may include sub-base, base, and surface layers made of
materials like asphalt or concrete.
5. Drainage Installation: Installing drainage systems to prevent
water accumulation on the road surface and underneath it.
6. Structures Construction: Building bridges, overpasses,
underpasses, and other structures as needed along the highway.
7. Safety Measures: Installing guardrails, signs, and other
safety features to ensure the safety of motorists and pedestrians.
8. Finishing Touches: Applying road markings, landscaping,
and completing any remaining tasks to finalize the project.
Throughout these steps, project managers oversee progress,
ensure quality control, and manage resources effectively to
complete the highway construction project on time and within
budget.

DESIGN
Designing a highway construction project involves several
detailed steps:

1. Route Selection: Identify the best route considering factors

like traffic flow, environmental impact, land acquisition, and
cost.
2. Surveying and Mapping: Conduct detailed surveys to gather
topographic data, soil samples, and other information needed for
design.
3. Preliminary Design: Develop a preliminary layout, including
lane configurations, intersections, and interchanges.
4. Traffic Analysis: Analyze current and projected traffic
volumes to determine the appropriate number of lanes, types of
intersections, and other traffic control measures.
5. Geometric Design: Determine the horizontal and vertical
alignment of the highway, including curves, grades, and sight
distances, to ensure safe and efficient travel.
6. Structural Design: Design bridges, overpasses, underpasses,
retaining walls, and other structures required along the highway
route.
7. Pavement Design: Select appropriate pavement materials and
thickness based on traffic volume, soil conditions, climate, and
expected lifespan.
8. Drainage Design: Design drainage systems, including
culverts, ditches, and stormwater management facilities, to
prevent water accumulation and erosion.
9. Safety Design: Incorporate safety features such as guardrails,
crash barriers, lighting, and signage to enhance road safety.
10. Environmental Considerations: Address environmental
concerns such as habitat preservation, water quality protection,
and noise mitigation through appropriate design measures.
11. Utility Coordination: Coordinate with utility companies to
accommodate existing and future utility infrastructure along the
highway corridor.
12. Cost Estimation: Develop detailed cost estimates for
construction, materials, labor, and other project expenses.
13. Final Design: Prepare final construction plans,
specifications, and drawings based on feedback from
stakeholders, regulatory agencies, and technical experts.
14. Review and Approval: Submit the final design to relevant
authorities for review and approval before proceeding to
construction.

By following these detailed steps and considering various

factors, engineers can design a highway construction project that
meets the needs of users, minimizes environmental impact, and
ensures safety and efficiency for all road users.
 PAVEMENTS

Highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed

layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade,
whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads
to the sub-grade.
The ultimate aim is to ensure that the transmitted stresses due to
wheel load are sufficiently reduced, so that they will not exceed
bearing capacity of the sub-grade.
Two types of pavements are generally recognized as serving this
purpose, namely flexible pavements and rigid pavements.
TYPES OF PAVEMENTS
The pavements can be classified based on the structural
performance into two
1. Flexible pavements
2. Rigid pavements

Flexible Pavement
A flexible pavement is a type of road surface constructed using
materials such as asphalt or bitumen, which are laid over a
compacted base course and subgrade. This type of pavement is
designed to be flexible under loading, which helps it withstand
traffic loads and distribute weight more evenly.
TYPICAL LAYERS OF A FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENT
Tack Coat:- Tack coat is a very light application of asphalt,
usually asphalt emulsion diluted with water. It provides proper
bonding between two layer of binder course and must be thin,
uniformly cover the entire surface and set very fast.
Tack coat used at site are “RS1 ( Rapid x-Setting )” having
quantity 2.5 to 3 kg/10 sq. meters.

Surface Course:- Surface course is the layer directly in contact

with traffic loads and generally contains superior quality
materials. They are usually constructed with dense graded
asphalt concrete(AC).
It provides characteristics such as friction, smoothness,
drainage, etc. Also it will prevent the entrance of excessive
quantities of surface water into underlying base, sub-base and
sub-grade.
It must be water proof to protect the entire base and sub-grade
from the weakening effect of water.
It is also known as BC (Bituminous Concrete)
Binder Course:- This layer provides the bulk of the asphalt
concrete structure. It’s chief purpose is to distribute load to the
base course.
The binder course generally consists of aggregate having less
asphalt and doesn’t require quality as high as the surface course,
so replacing a part of the surface course by the binder course
results in more economical design.
It is also known as DBM (Dense Bitumen Macadam).
Base Course:- The base course is the layer of material
immediately beneath the surface of binder course and it provides
additional load distribution and contributes to the sub-surface
drainage. It may be composed of crushed stone, crushed slag,
and other untreated or stabilized materials.
It is also known as WMM (Wet Mix Macadam).
Sub-base course:- The sub-base course is the layers of material
beneath the base course and the primary functions are to provide
structural support, improve drainage and reduce the intrusion of
fines from the sub-grade in the pavement structure.
It is also known as CTSB (Cement Treated Sub-base).

Sub-Grade:- The top soil or sub-grade is a layer of natural soil

prepared to receive the stresses from the layers above.
Sub-grade layer having thickness of 250mm-500mm.
 Rigid Pavement
Rigid pavement refers to a type of road surface constructed
using concrete. Unlike flexible pavement, which is designed to
be flexible under loading, rigid pavement is made of concrete
slabs that are rigid and inflexible. These slabs are typically
supported by a granular base and subgrade. Rigid pavements are
known for their durability and ability to withstand heavy loads
over long periods.

PQC:- PQC stands for Pavement Quality Concrete. Grade of

PQC is generally M40 and it is designed as per IRC:15-2002.
PQC is used for the construction of concrete roads as a top layer.
Generally, top layer on the highway having thickness of 260mm.
It requires Dowel bar for load transfer mechanism and Tie bar to
hold panels of slab.
DLC:- DLC (Dry Lean Concrete) is cement concrete with low
slump value to be laid for rigid pavement over sub-base and
rolled & compacted by mechanical means.
The quantity of cement is less and the quantity of fly ash is more
in DLC layer.

GSB LAYER
WMM
CTSB
SUB-GRADE
 SOIL
Soil is an integral part of the road pavement structure as it
provides the support to the pavement from beneath.
The sub-grade soil and its properties are important in the design
of pavement structure.
The main function of the sub-grade is to give adequate support
to the pavement and for this the sub-grade should posses
sufficient stability under adverse climate and loading condition.
Therefore, it is very essential to evaluate the soil by conducting
tests.

TESTS
ON SOIL:-
1. Maximum Dry Density (MDD) & Optimum Moisture
Content (OMC)
2. Grain Size Analysis of Soil (GSA)
3. Atterberg’s Limits(LL,PL)
4. Field Density Test (FDT)

ON MATERIAL:-
1. Gradation for CTSB
2. Field Density Test

ON CONCRETE:-
1. Compressive Strength Of Cube
 2. Slump test
ON BITUMEN:-
1. Penetration test
2. Ductility test
3. Softening point test
4. Specific Gravity test
5. Viscosity test
 FUTURISTIC SCOPE
The construction of highways has evolved significantly over the
years, driven by advancements in technology, changes in
transportation needs, and a growing focus on sustainability and
efficiency. As we look to the future, the scope of modern
highway construction is poised to undergo further
transformation, ushering in an era of smarter, more resilient, and
sustainable infrastructure.
1. Smart Highways

The highways of the future will be smarter than ever before,

integrating advanced technologies to improve safety, efficiency,
and user experience. Smart highway systems will utilize sensors,
cameras, and data analytics to monitor traffic flow in real-time,
enabling proactive traffic management and congestion
mitigation. Additionally, smart signage and dynamic lane
management will enhance driver awareness and facilitate
smoother traffic flow, reducing accidents and travel times.

2. Sustainable Materials and Construction Techniques

With a growing emphasis on sustainability, future highway

construction will prioritize the use of eco-friendly materials and
construction techniques. Innovations such as recycled asphalt,
pervious concrete, and modular construction methods will
reduce environmental impact, conserve natural resources, and
extend the lifespan of infrastructure. Furthermore, the
integration of renewable energy sources such as solar panels into
highway infrastructure will contribute to energy efficiency and
resilience.

3. Autonomous and Connected Vehicles

The advent of autonomous and connected vehicles will

revolutionize the way we design and build highways. Future
highways will be equipped with infrastructure to support
autonomous vehicle navigation, including dedicated lanes,
vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication systems, and
intelligent transportation systems (ITS). These advancements
will enhance safety, increase capacity, and enable more efficient
use of road space, ushering in a new era of mobility.

4. Resilient Infrastructure

As climate change continues to impact our planet, resilience will

be a key consideration in highway construction. Future
highways will be designed to withstand extreme weather events,
flooding, and other natural disasters, utilizing innovative
materials and construction techniques to enhance durability and
longevity. Additionally, green infrastructure solutions such as
rain gardens and permeable pavements will help manage
stormwater runoff and reduce the risk of flooding.

5. Integration with Emerging Technologies

The future of highway construction will be closely intertwined
with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI),
3D printing, and robotics. AI algorithms will optimize project
planning, design, and construction processes, leading to greater
efficiency and cost savings. 3D printing techniques will enable
the rapid fabrication of complex infrastructure components,
while robotics will automate construction tasks, improving
safety and productivity on site.

Conclusion

The futuristic scope of modern highway construction holds

immense promise for creating safer, more sustainable, and
resilient transportation networks. By embracing advanced
technologies, sustainable practices, and innovative design
principles, we can build highways that not only meet the needs
of today but also anticipate the challenges and opportunities of
tomorrow.
 REFERENCE

Main Sources:

www.google.com
wikipedia.com
www.scribd.com
www.slideshare.com

Other Sources:

Highway Engineering Revised 10th Edition, Author S.K. Khanna,

C.E.G. Justo, A. Veeraragavan
Principle and practices of Highway Engineering , Writer Dr. L.R.
Kadiyali, Dr. N.B. Lal
Highway Engineering Principles Practice and Design Gene White,
Ava Spencer

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