0

Zeal Education Society’s

ZEAL POLYTECHNIC,
PUNE.
NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA

FIRST YEAR (FY)

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
SCHEME: I SEMESTER: IV

NAME OF SUBJECT: Hydraulics

Subject Code: 22401

MSBTE QUESTION PAPERS & MODEL ANSWERS

1. MSBTE SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
2. MSBTE WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
 22401
21819
3 Hours / 70 Marks Seat No.

Instructions – (1) All Questions are Compulsory.

(2) Answer each next main Question on a new page.
(3) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever
necessary.
(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(5) Assume suitable data, if necessary.
(6) Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket
Calculator is permissible.
(7) Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic
Communication devices are not permissible in
Examination Hall.

Marks

1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10

a) Define weight density and relative density and give its unit.
b) Define total pressure and centre of pressure with its unit.
c) Define datum head and pressure head and give its unit.
d) Enlist any two factors on which friction coefficient ‘F’ depends.
e) State the formula for specific energy with components names.
f) Define suction head and delivery head with diagram.
g) Define uniform flow and non uniform flow and give practical
example for each.

P.T.O.
22401 [2]
Marks
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
a) Explain with sketch variation of pressure in horizontal and
vertical direction in static liquid.
b) State and explain Bernoullis theorem with any two practical
application of it.
c) Find the discharge through the pipeline 20 cm in diameter
and 1500 m long . The drop in water level is 10 m. Assume
F = 0.02. Also draw TEL.
d) A 15 cm diameter pipe suddenly enlarge to 20 cm diameter.
Calculate discharge through pipe if loss of head due to sudden
enlargement is 30 cm of water.

3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

a) Explain the procedure for measurement of density of an oil in
laboratory.
b) A differential manometer connected to two pipes A and B
in a pipeline containing an oil of specific gravity 0.75. A
manometer reading is 0.75 m of calcium carbide of specific
gravity 1.05 .Find the pressure difference in kPa. If points A
and B are at the same level and oil flows from A to B as
shown in Fig. No. 1.

Fig. No. 1
22401 [3]
Marks
c) Explain with sketch working of syphon pipe.
d) State with sketch different shapes of Artificial channels. Give
the formula for wetted area, wetted perimeter for any two.

4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

a) Differentiate Reciprocating pump with centrifugal pump.
b) (i) Explain Dupuit’s equiation for equivalent pipes.
(ii) Define Moody’s diagram with its use.
c) (i) Define Reynold’s number and give any two applications
of it.
(ii) Find the discharge flowing through a pipe of 10 cm dia
and velocity is 1 m/sec.
d) A circular plate of 4m diameter is immersed in water such
that its greatest and least depth below the free surface of
water are six meters and four meters respectively. Calculate:
(i) Total pressure on one face of the plate.
(ii) The position of centre of pressure.
e) Define surface tension and capillarity with sketch. Give
practical example of each.

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

a) State the classification of losses in pipe with suitable sketches
and equations for each.
b) Determine the most economical section of a trapezoidal channel
for carrying discharge 15 m3/sec with bed slop of 1:4500. The
side slopes are 4H:3V. Take Manning’s constant 0.015.

P.T.O.
22401 [4]
Marks
c) Calculate the power of the pump from following data.
(i) Total Static lift = 25 m
(ii) Diameter of suction pipe = 12 cm
(iii) Diameter of delivery pipe = 10 cm
(iv) Length of suction pipe = 5 m
(v) Length of delivery pipe = 50 m
(vi) F = 0.03 for both pipes
(vii) Q = 30 lit/sec.
(viii) Efficiency = 85%.

6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

a) Find the intensity of pressure in N/m2 on the base of the
container when,
(i) Water stands to height of 1.25 m in it.
(ii) Only oil stands for 1.25 m. The specific gravity of oil is 0.80.
(iii) When oil height is 0.625 m stands on water of 1m height.
Draw the pressure diagram for all cases.
b) Find the resultant pressure and its position for a tank wall containing
liquid of specific gravity 0.8 to a depth of 1.5 m on one side,
while on other side there is water to a depth of 3.0 m.
c) A horizontal pipe carrying water tapers from 30 cm dia at A
to 15 cm dia at B in a length of 6 m. The pressure at A is
100 N/cm2. If the discharge is 600 lit/min. Calculate pressure
at B in N/cm2. If the loss of head is 10 cm of water. Also
calculate pressure in pipe at it mid length.
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Instructions to Examiners
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.)
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by the candidate and those in the model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit
for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and the model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: (10)
a) Define weight density and relative density and give its unit.
Ans. i. Weight Density: It is the weight per unit volume. ½
OR
It is the ratio of weight to the volume
Unit: N/m or kN/m3
3
½

ii. Relative Density: It is the ratio of specific weight of liquid to

the specific weight of pure water at 40 C.
OR ½
It is the ratio of density of liquid to
the density of pure water at 40 C.
Unit: No unit. 2
½
b) Define total pressure and centre of pressure with its unit.
Ans. i) Total Pressure: The force exerted by the static fluid on the
½
surface in contact with the fluid is called as total pressure.
Unit : kN or N ½
i) Centre of pressure: The point at which the total pressure is ½
suppose to be act is called as centre of pressure.
Unit: Meter (m) ½ 2

Page 1 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 c) Define datum head and pressure head and give its unit.
Ans. i. Datum head: It is the head possessed by fluid due to ½
height above the datum
Unit: meter (m) ½

ii. ii. Pressure head: It is the head possessed by fluid due to ½

pressure force by the flowing fluid.

Unit: meter (m) ½ 2

d) Enlist any two factors on which friction coefficient ‘F’ depends.

Ans. i. Diameter of pipe 1
ii. Velocity of flow each
iii. Reynold’s number of the flow (any
iv.Roughness condition of the pipe surface two) 2

e) State the formula for specific energy with components names.

Ans. E = Potential head + Kinetic head

v2 1
E  y
2g

Where,
y = Depth of liquid flow 1 2
v = Velocity of liquid

f) Define suction head and delivery head with diagram.

Ans. i. Suction head: It is defined as vertical distance between lowest ½
water level in sump well and centre-line of pump.
ii Delivery head: It is defined as the vertical distance between ½
centre-line of the pump and highest level in the overhead tank
up to which water is lifted.

1 2

Fig: Centrifugal Pump

OR

Page 2 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.1
1

Fig: Single Acting Reciprocating Pump

Define uniform flow and non-uniform flow and give practical

example for each
i. Uniform flow: The flow in which velocity at a given time does
not change both in magnitude and direction from point to point
g) in the flowing liquid is called uniform flow ½
Ans. Examples:
a. Flow of liquid under pressure through long pipe lines of
constant diameter ½
b. Flow through a channel having uniform cross sectional area
ii. Non Uniform flow: The flow in which velocity at a given time
changes from point to point in flowing fluid. is called non-
uniform flow. ½
Examples:
a. Flow of liquid under pressure through long pipe lines of
varying diameter 2
b. Flow in river where cross sectional area changes. ½

Attempt any THREE of the following: (12)

Q.2 a)
Explain with neat sketch variation of pressure in horizontal and
vertical direction in static liquid.
Ans.
a) Pressure diagram for horizontal surface

Page 3 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 a) Pressure intensity at bottom P   gh
P h 1
Total pressure on bottom = pressure intensity x Area of bottom
surface

b)Pressure diagram for vertical surface

Pressure intensity at base P   gh

P h
1 1 4
Total pressure per meter =  h  h
2
1 2
= γh
2
 2 1
h will be at h from free surface and h from base
3 3

b) State and explain Bernoullis theorem with any two practical

application of it.

Ans.

It states that in a steady ,ideal flow of an incompressible fluid, the 1

total energy at any point of the fluid is always constant .
Total energy = Constant
Pressure energy + Kinetic energy + Potential energy = Constant

P V2
  Z = Constant
 L 2g

Page 4 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 b)
Where,
p
 Pressure head 1

v2
 Velocity head
2g
z = Datum head

Practical Application of Bernoullis is as follows 1 4

i. Venturimeter each
ii. Orifice meter (any
iii. Pitot tube two)

c) Find the discharge through the pipeline 20cm in diameter and

1500 m long. The drop in water level is 10 m. Assume F = 0.02.
Also draw TEL.

Ans. Data: H= 10 m, D= 0.2 m, L= 1500 m, F= 0.02

Considering Minor losses

v2  fL
H= 1.5  
2g  D 
1
v2  0.02 1500 
10 =  1.5  
2  9.81  0.2 
v = 1.138 m/s
1
Q = AV

  0.2  1.138
2
Q=
4
Q = 0.035 m3 / s
1
OR
Neglecting minor losses OR
flv 2
H=
2gd
0.02 1500  v 2 1
10=
2  9.81 0.2
30  v 2
10 
3.924
v = 1.143 m/s 1
Q = AV

  0.2  1.143
2
Q=
4
Q = 0.0359 m3 / s 1

Page 5 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 c)

1 4

d) A 15 cm diameter pipe suddenly enlarge to 20 cm diameter.

Calculate discharge through pipe if loss of head due to sudden
enlargement is 30 cm of water.

Ans.

By using continuity equation

a1 v1  a 2 v 2
 
 0.15   0.20 
2 2
 V1   V2
4 4
0.0176 V1  0.0314 V2
V1  1.78 V2 1
Head loss due to sudden enlargement

 V  V2 
2

hL  1
2g
1
1.78V2  V2 
2

0.3 
2g
V2  3.11 m/s 1
Q = A 2  V2

  0.2   3.11
2
Q=
4
Q = 0.0976 m3 / s 1 4

Page 6 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following (12)

a) Explain the procedure for measurement of density of an oil in

laboratory.
Ans. Procedure:
i. Weigh the empty mass of measuring cylinder by using 1
electronic weighing balance. Record the mass in kg (W1)
ii. Pour 100 ml oil in measuring cylinder. Use a dropper to add or
remove small amounts of oil and convert 100 ml of oil into m3
iii.Weight the measuring cylinder with the oil in it .Record the 1
mass in kg (W2)
iv. Find the mass of only oil by subtracting the mass of the empty
measuring cylinder i.e. (W2-W1). 1
v. Use mass and volume of the oil to calculate density of an oil.
vi.Use following relation to calculate density of an oil
m 1 4
Density =  = in kg/m3
v
Where,
m = mass of liquid in kg.
v = volume of liquid in m3.

b) A differential manometer connected to two pipes A and B in a

pipeline containing an oil of specific gravity 0.75. A manometer
reading is 0.75 m of calcium carbide of specific gravity 1.05. Find
the pressure difference in kPa. If points A and B are at the same
level and oil flows A to B as shown in Fig.No.1

Ans.

Page 7 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 b)
for solution 1
S1  S3  0.75 Specific gravity of an oil
S2  1.05 Specific gravity of manometric liquid 1
h A  h1S1 = h B  h 2S2  h 3S3
h A  h B  h 2S2  h 3S3  h1S1
1
= 1.05  0.75   0.75   x  0.75    0.75  x 
= 0.788+0.75  x  0.563  0.75  x
h A  h B  0.225 m 1
 PA  PB   h A  h B    w
= 0.225  9.81
1 4
= 2.207 kN/m3
OR OR OR
for solution 2
PA PB 1
  x  0.75   0.75   0.75  x  0.75  1.05
w w
PA PB 1
  0.75  x  0.7875  0.75  x  0.5625
w w
 PA  PB   0.225 m 1
w
PA  PB  0.225   w
= 0.225  9.81
= 2.207 kN/m3 1 4

c) Explain with sketch working of syphon pipe.

Ans.

Fig. Working of Syphon Pipe

i. Syphon is long bent pipe which is used to transfer the liquid from
reservoir at a higher level to another reservoir at a lower level ,
When two reservoirs are separated by a hill or high level ground as
shown in figure.
ii. The syphonic action is the process of rising of water from inlet upto
summit and beyond summit water flows under action of gravity.
iii. The highest point of syphon is called summit. 3 4
iv. As shown in Fig. above the portion of syphon between C and D is
above hydraulic grade line having pressure below atmospheric
pressure i.e. negative pressure.
v. It is essential that pressure at summit is less than atmospheric
pressure or negative pressure to rise the liquid or water in the inlet
limb.
Page 8 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 d) State with sketch different shapes of Artificial channels. Give the
formula for wetted area, wetted perimeter for any two.

Ans. 1. Rectangular channel:

2. Trapezoidal channel: ½

3. Circular section:

4.Triangular section:

Page 9 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 d)

Sr.No. Shape Area (A) Perimeter (P)

1 Rectangular A= bxd P = b+2d

2 Trapezoidal A= bd+ nd2 P=b+2d n 2  1

1 4
each
3 Circular 1 1 (any
A= (  sin  )D2 P=  D two)
8 2

4 Triangular A = Zy2 P = 2y Z2  1

Q.4 (12)
Attempts any THREE of the following:

Differentiate Reciprocating pump with centrifugal pump.

a)
Sr.
Reciprocating Pump Centrifugal Pump
No.
Ans. For Reciprocating pump For Centrifugal pump
1
discharge is fluctuating. discharge is continuous.
Suitable for less discharge Suitable for large discharge
2
and higher heads. and small heads.
Complicated in construction
f parts Simple in construction
3 because of more numberdue of due to less number of parts.
parts.
It has reciprocating element, It has rotating elements so
4
there is more wear and tear. there is less wear and tear.
5 It cannot run at high speed. It can run at high speed. 1 4
6 Air vessels are required. Air vessels are not required. each
7 Starting torque is less. Starting torque is more. (any
8 It has more efficiency. It has less efficiency. four)
9 It can not handle dirty water. It can handle dirty water.
Requires more floor area Requires less floor area and
10 and requires heavy simple foundation.
foundation.

Page 10 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
b)
Q.4
Ans.

i.Explain Dupuit’s equation for equivalent pipes.

l l l l 1
5
 5 5 5
d d1 d 2 d3

l = length of equivalent pipe = l1+ l2+ l3

d = diameter of equivalent pipe
d1,d2,d3 = diameter of pipes in series 1
l1, l2, l3 = length of pipes in series

ii.Define Moddy’s diagra m diagram with its use.

Moody’s diagram: It is the graphical representation of Friction factor

verses Reynold’s number (Re) Curves for various values of relative 1
roughness (ɛ)
Uses: Moody’s chart is used to find friction factor of a commercial 4
pipe. 1

c) i) Define Reynold’s number and give any two applications of it.

Ans.
Reynold’s Number: It is the ratio of inertia force to viscous force. 1
Applications:
i) Predicting whether the flow is laminar.
ii) Predicting whether the flow is turbulent. ½
each
iii) Finding out coefficient of friction in order to determine (any
Frictional loss very accurately. two)

ii)Find the discharge flowing through a pipe of 10 cm dia and

velocity is 1 m/sec.
Data: d = 0.1m, V = 1m/s,
Q = AV 1

  0.1 1
2
Q= 4
4
Q = 0.00785 m3 / s 1

Page 11 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.4 d) A circular plate of 4 m diameter is immersed in water such that its

greatest and least depth below the free surface of water are 6m
and 4m respectively. Calculate:
i) Total pressure on one face of the plate.
ii) The position of centre of pressure.
Ans.

Data: Diameter of plate (d) = 4 m

Here,
2
Sin =
4
  Sin (0.5)
-1

  300
from fig.
BC
Sinθ =
AB
BC = Sinθ×AB
= Sin300  2
=1m
_
 y  4 1
_ 1
y =5m

Page 12 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.4 d) i) Total pressure on one face of plate (P)
_
P =  LA y 1

 4
2
P  9.81 5
4
P  616.380 kN
_
ii) Position of centre of pressure ( h)
_
IGSin 2 _
h _
y 1
Ay

 4
4
IG 
64
IG  12.566 m 4
_
12.566  Sin 2 30
h 5

  4  5
2

4
_
1 4
h  5.05 m.

e) Define surface tension and capillarity with sketch. Give practical

example of each.
Ans.
Surface tension:
The property of liquid which enables it to resist tensile stress is called ½
surface tension .In the following figure we can see the surface tension
between water and air also between mercury and air.

Practical Example: 1
i) Due to surface tension shape of liquid drop is not spherical. each
ii) Capillary rise or fall of liquid in a smaller diameter tube. (any
one)

Page 13 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.4 e) Capillarity: It is defined as the phenomenon of rise or fall of liquid
surface in small tube relative to the adjacent general level of liquid ½
when the tube is held vertically in the liquid. Following figure shows
capillary rise and fall.

1 4
Practical Example: each
i) Rise of ground water in the bushes. (any
ii) Water moving up a straw when deep in water glass. one)

Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following: (12)

a) State the classification of losses in pipe with suitable sketches and

equations for each.
Ans.
Major loss: The major loss of head is caused due to friction when
fluid flow through a pipe.

f L V2 ½
hf 
2 gd

Minor loss: The minor loss of head is caused due to change in

velocity of flowing fluid either in magnitude or
direction

1. Loss of head at the entrance.

Page 14 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
. 0.5V 2
HL = ½
2g

2. Loss of head due to sudden expansion.

V V 
2

HL = 1 2 ½
2g

3. Loss of head due to sudden contraction.

0.5V 2
HL = ½
2g

4. Loss of head at exit.

V2
HL =
2g ½

Page 15 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.5 a)
5. Loss of head due to obstruction.

2
 A  V2
HL =  -1
 Cc ×a  2g
½
A = c/ s Area of pipe
a = c/ s Area of Opening
CC =Coefficient contraction

6. Loss of head due to pipe fitting.

½
6

V2
H L =K
2g

(Note: Figure of any one of the pipe fitting should be considered)

b) Determine the most economical section of a trapezoidal channel

for carrying discharge 15 m3/sec with bed slope of 1:4500.The side
slopes are 4H:3V.Take Manning’s constant 0.015.
4
Ans. Data: Q= 15 m3 /s, S= 1/4500, n= , N= 0.015
3

Page 16 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.5 b)
For most economical channel section conditions are
d 1
R= , Sloping side =  Top width
2 2 1
b+2nd
 d 1+n 2

2
4
b+2    d 2
 3   d 1+  4 
 
2 3
2
8 4
b+   d  2d 1+  
3 3
b= 0.67d
A= bd+nd 2 1
4 2
A=  0.67 d  d +
3
d 
A= 2d 2

Using Manning's equation

2 1
1 1
Q= A   R 3  S2
N

2 1
1  d 3  1 2 1
15= 2d 
2
   
0.015  2   4500 
8
11.979  d 3
3
d= (11.979) 8
1
d= 2.54m
b = 0.67d
b= 0.67  2.54
1 6
b=1.7 m

Page 17 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.5 c) Calculate the power of the pump from following data:
i) Total Static lift = 25 m
ii) Diameter of suction pipe = 12 cm
iii) Diameter of delivery pipe = 10 cm
iv) Length of suction pipe = 5 m
v) Length of delivery pipe = 50 m
vi) F= 0.03 for both pipes
vii) Q= 30 lit/sec
viii) Efficiency = 85%

Ans. Q
Velocity at suction pipe (Vs ) 
As
30 103
Vs 

  0.12 
2

4
Vs  2.65 m/s ½
Q
Velocity at delivery pipe (Vd ) 
Ad
30 103
Vd 

  0.1
2

4
½
Vd  3.82 m/s
By neglecting minor losses
Head loss due to friction in suction pipe (h s )
2
flvs
hs 
2gd s
0.03  5  2.652
hs 
2  9.81 0.12
h s  0.447 m. 1

Head loss due to friction in delivery pipe (h d )

2
flv d
hd 
2gd d
0.03  50  3.822
hd 
2  9.81 0.1
h d  11.156 m.
1
Total head(H m )= 25+h s  h d
H m  25+0.447  11.156
1
H m  36.60 m.

Page 18 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

 w  Q  Hm
P= 1

9810  30 103  36.60
P=  12672.21w 6
0.85
P=12.67 kw
1

OR

If minor loss is considered 10% of frictional loss then total head

H m  Static head+head loss due to friction+head loss due to minor loss
OR
H m  Static head+  h s  h d   10%  h s  h d 
10
H m  25  11.603  (11.603)
100
H m  37.76 m.
 w  Q  Hm
P=

1
9810  30 103  37.76
P=  13073.84 w
0.85
P=13.073 kw
1

Q.6 a) Attempt any TWO of the following

(12)
2
Find the intensity of pressure in N/m on the base of the container
When,
i) Water stands to height of 1.25m in it.
ii) Only oil stands for 1.25 m. The specific gravity of oil is 0.80.
iii) When oil Height is 0.625 m stands on water of 1 m height .
Draw the pressure diagram for all cases.

Ans. Case I) Water stands to height of 1.25m

P = w h
P = 9810 1.25
P = 12262.5 N/m 2 1

Page 19 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 Case II) When oil stands for 1.25m
P =  oil  h
P = 0.8  9810 1.25
P = 9810 N/m 2 1

Case III) When oil of specific gravity 0.8 stand at height of 0.625
over 1 meter water.
For water.
P1 =  w  h
P1 = 9810 1
P1 = 9810 N/m 2
For oil
P2 =  oil  h
P2 = 9810  0.8  0.625 1
P2 = 4905 N/m 2

P = P1  P2
P = 9810+4905
P = 14715 N/m 2

3 6

Page 20 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.6 b) Find the resultant pressure and its position for a tank wall
containing liquid of specific gravity 0.8 to a depth of 1.5m on one
side, while on other side there is water to a depth of 3.0 m.
Ans,

1) Pressure of liquid of specific gravity 0.8

1
P1    w  h1
2

2
1
P1    9810  0.8  1.52
2
P1  8829 N/m 2
1
P1  8.829 kN/m 2
2) Pressure due to water
1
P2    w  h 2
2

2
1
P2    9810 1  32
2
P2  44145 N/m 2
1
P2  44.145 kN/m 2
3) Resultant pressure
P = P2  P1
P = 44.145  8.829
1
2
P = 35.316 kN/m
4) Position of centre of pressure from base
_ _ _
P h  P2 h 2  P1 h1
_
1 1 1
35.316 h  (44.145   3)  (8.829  1.5)
3 3
_
39.730
h
35.316
_
h  1.125 m 1 6

Page 21 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
A horizontal pipe carrying water tapers from 30 cm dia. at A to 15
Q.6 c) cm dia. at B in a length of 6 m. The pressure at A is 100 N/cm2. If
the discharge is 600 lit/min. Calculate pressure at B in N/cm2. If
the loss of head is 10 cm of water. Also calculate pressure in pipe
at it mid length.

Ans.

Data: PA  100N/cm 2 , Head loss = 10 cm, Q = 600 lit/min

PA  100N/cm 2
100N
PA 
 0.01
2

PA  1000 103 N/m 2

Q = 600 lit/min
600
Q =  0.01 m3 / sec 1
1000  60

Page 22 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.6 by using continuity equation

Q = A A  VA

  0.3  VA
2
0.01 
4
VA  0.141 m/s 1
Q = A B  VB

  0.15   VB
2
0.01 
4 1
VB  0.565 m/s

Applying Bernoulli's theorem: Assuming flow from A to B

2 2 1
PA VA P V
  ZA  B  B  ZB  h L
 2g  2g
1000 103 0.1412 PB 0.5652
 0   0  0.10
9810 2  9.81 9810 2  9.81
P
101.936  1.013 103  0  B  0.0162  0  0.10
9810
P
101.82  B
9810
PB  998.86 103 N/m 2
1
PB  99.88N/cm 2

(Note: If the flow is from B to A is taken and attempted should be

considered.)

Page 23 of 24
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2005 Certified)
Model Answer: Summer - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Que. Sub. Total
Model Answers Marks
No. Que. Marks

by using continuity equation

Q = A C  VC

  0.225   VA
2
0.01 
4
VC  0.251 m/s

Mid length = 6/2 =3m.

Considering 50 % of total head loss at mid length

hL = 0.10/2= 0.05 m

Applying Bernoulli's theorem: Assuming flow from A to C

2 2
PA V P V
 A  Z A  C  C  ZC  h L
 2g  2g
1000 103 0.1412 P 0.2512
 0 C   0  0.05
9810 2  9.81 9810 2  9.81
P
101.936  1.013 103  0  C  0.0532
9810
P ½
101.883  C
9810
PB  999.48 103 N/m 2
6
PB  99.94N/cm 2

Page 24 of 24
 22401
11920
3 Hours / 70 Marks Seat No.

Instructions – (1) All Questions are Compulsory.

(2) Illustrate you answers with neat skethces wherever
necessary.
(3) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(4) Assume suitable data, if necessary.
(5) Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket
Calculator is permissible.
(6) Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic
Communication devices are not permissible in
Examination Hall.

Marks

1. Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10

a) Define viscosity.
b) Why mercury is used in manometer?
c) Define pressure head and give its unit.
d) Define Reynold's number.
e) State the principle of venturimeter.
f) Define discharge and state its unit.
g) State two uses of syphon.
h) Define Hydraulic Radius for trapezoidal channel.

P.T.O.
22401 [2]
Marks
2. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
a) Write any two applications of hydraulics in Irrigation Engineering.
b) A liquid weighs 25 kN and occupies 3.75 m3, find its specific
weight, mass density, specific gravity and specific volume.
c) Explain the concept and use of pressure diagram with neat
sketches.
d) Explain with a neat sketch the working of Bourdon's pressure
guage.
e) State the causes and remedial measures of water hammer
in pipes.

3. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

a) A square plate is submerged vertically in oil of specific
gravity 0.9 as shown in Fig. No. 1 Find the total pressure and
position of centre of pressure.

Fig. No. 1
b) Explain Reynold's number with its equation and give its
significance.
c) Differentiate any four points between notch and weir.
d) A concrete dam 15 m deep and 2 m wide containing water to
a depth of 10 m. Find total hydrostatic pressure per meter run
and centre of pressure on upstream face.
e) Water is flowing through a rectangular channel of width 5 m
and bed slope 1 in 1200. Depth of flow is 1.75 m. Find the
discharge through the channel. Take c=50.
22401 [3]
Marks
4. Attempt any THREE of the following: 12
a) What is most economical channel section? Write conditions for
rectangular channel section to be economical.
b) Differentiate between turbines and pumps on any two factors.
c) A centrifugal pump is required to pump 15 lit/sec against head
of 32 m. Find the power required by the pump taking overall
efficiency 75%.
d) State Bernoulli's theorem. State any two applications of it.
e) Explain with sketch working of centrifugal pump.

5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

a) A conical pipe has diameter 40 cm at the larger end and
20 cm at the smaller end and forms a part of a vertical main.
The pressure head at the larger end is found to be 30 m and
at the smaller end 22 m of water. Find the discharge through
the pipe, if the length of conical portion is 2 m. assuming no
losses and the larger end is at the top.
b) Two reservoirs are connected by a pipeline consisting of two
pipes, one of 10 cm diameter and length 6 m and other of
20 cm diameter and 16 metre length. If the difference of
water level in two reservoirs is 6 m, calculate discharge.
c) Water discharge at the rate of 0.09 m3/sec through 10 cm
diameter vertical sharp edged orifice placed under a constant
head of 8 m. A point on the jet measured from vena contracta
of the jet has co-ordinates 4.5 m horizontal and 0.54 m vertical.
Find the coefficients Cc, Cd and Cv of the orifice.

P.T.O.
22401 [4]
Marks
6. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12
a) What are major and minor loss of head in flow through pipes?
Write any two equations of minor loss.
b) A trapezoidal channel of most economical section has side
slopes 1.5 (horizontal): 1 (vertical). It is required to discharge
15 m3 of water per second with a bed slope of 0.5 metre in
3 km. Design the section using Manning's formula. Take
coefficient of rogosity as 0.015.
c) A triangular notch of angle 120o is used to measure the
discharge. Determine the head over the notch, if discharge is
1500 lits/minute. Assume Cd = 0.6.
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Instructions to Examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.)
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by the candidate and those in the model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit
for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and the model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10

a) Define viscosity.
Ans.
It is defined as the property of fluid by virtue of which the motion of
lower layer is opposed by upper layer.
2 2
OR
It is defined as shear stress required to produce unit rate of shear
strain.
b)
Why mercury is used in manometer?
Ans. Following are the reasons due to which mercury is used in
manometers :-
i. Specific gravity of mercury is greater than the other liquids.
1 2
ii. Mercury is immiscible with other liquids. each
(any
iii. It does not stick to the surface in contact. two)
c) Define pressure head and give its unit.
Pressure head- It is the head possessed by fluid due to having some
Ans.
1
pressure force by the flowing fluid.
P
h


SI unit of pressure head is meter (m) 1 2

Page 1 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.1 d) Define Reynold’s number.

The Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous
Ans.
force. Reynolds number is dimensionless number. It is used to
determine the laminar or turbulent flow type.

inertial force Fi 2 2
Re  
viscous force Fv

e)
State the principle of venturimeter.
Ans. Principle of venturimeter : - It is based on Bernoulli’s equation that
is the velocity increases in an accelerated flow by reducing the cross
2 2
section area of the flow passage.

f) Define discharge and state its unit.

Ans.
Discharge – It is defined as the quantity of liquid flowing per second 1
through a section of pipe or a channel.

SI unit of discharge is m3/sec. or lit/sec 1 2

g) State two uses of syphon.

Ans. i. To take out water from one reservoir to another reservoir 1 2

separated by a hill or ridge. each
ii. To drain out water from a channel without any outlet. (any
iii. To take out the water from a tank not having any outlet. two)

h) Define hydraulic radius for trapezoidal channel.

Ans. Hydraulic Radius: It is the ratio of the wetted area to wetted

perimeter. It is also called as Hydraulic mean depth.
R= Wetted area / Wetted perimeter = A/P 2 2

Page 2 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

a)
Write any two application of hydraulics in Irrigation Engineering.
Ans.
Applications of hydraulics with respect to Irrigation are as follows-

i. To calculate discharge flowing through canal.

ii. For distribution of equal water for city or agriculture purpose 2 4
using water meter. each
iii. To determine velocity of flow at a point in open channel. (any
iv. The total pressure and Centre of pressure acting on dam face at two)
the point the resultant cuts the base of the can be determined.
v. Spillway can also designed to pass off water on D/S of a dam.

Page 3 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.2 A liquid weigh 25 kN and occupies 3.75 m3, find its specific weight,
b) mass density, specific gravity and specific volume.
Ans.
Weight of liquid W=25kN=25 103 N
Volume of liquid V=3.75m3
weight
1. Specific weight ( L ) 
volume

W 25 103
L  
V 3.75
1
 L  6666.66N/m3
Sp.weight of liquid
2. Specific Gravity (S)=
Sp.weight of pure water
V 6666.66
S= L 
w 9810
S= 0.679
1
Volume
3. Specific Volume(Vs ) 
Weight
1 1
Vs  
 6666.66
Vs  1.5 10 4 m 3/N
OR
V 3.75
Vs  
W 25 103
Vs  1.5 10 -4 m 3/N
1
4. Mass density ( )
 =  g
6666.66 =   9.81
  679.577 kg / m3 1 4

Page 4 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2
c) Explain the concept and use of pressure diagram with neat
sketches.
Ans.
Pressure diagram is defined as “It is the graphical representation of 1
variation of pressure on the surface with depth”. The total pressure per
unit length is the area of pressure diagram. The position of center of
the pressure is the position of center of gravity of the pressure
diagram.

Uses:
i. To Calculate pressure exerted by liquid on the one side of
1 4
surface.
each
ii. To Calculate pressure due to liquid on both the side of surface
(any
iii. To Calculate pressure on vertical and inclined faces of dam.
two)
iv. To Calculate pressure on sluice gate, side and bottom of water
tank.
v. To find position of centre of pressure.

Page 5 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2
Explain with a neat sketch the working of Bourdon’s pressure
d) guage.
Ans.

2
(Note: 1 mark for sketch and 1 mark for labeling.)

Working:
Bourdon tube pressure gauge is used to measure high pressure. It
consists of tube as shown in fig. having elliptical cross section. This
tube is called as Bourdons Tube. One end of this tube is connected the
point whose pressure is to be measured and other end free. When fluid
enters in the tube elliptical cross section of tube becomes circular. Due
to this the free end of tube shifts outward. This motion is transferred
through link and pointer arrangement. The pointer moves over a 2 4
calibrated scale, which directly indicates the pressure in terms of N/m2
or m head of mercury.
As the pressure in the case containing the bourdon tube is usually
atmospheric, the pointer indicates gauge pressure.

Page 6 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.2
e) State the causes and remedial measures of water hammer in pipes.
Ans.
Causes of water hammer:

i. A water hammer commonly occurs when fluid flowing with 1

high velocity in the pipe is brought to rest with a valve closes each
suddenly at an end of a pipeline system.
ii. A pressure wave propagates in the pipe.

Remedial measures of water hammer:

i. Valve should be closed gradually.

ii. A surge tank is used near valve.
1 4
iii. Use pressure relief valve.
each
iv. The turbine gates are opened gradually. (any
v. Air chambers are provided on the upstream of valves on long two)
pipe lines.

Page 7 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12

A square plate is submerged vertically in oil of specific gravity 0.9

a)
as shown in Fig. No. 1. Find the total pressure and position of
centre of pressure.

Ans.

Given Data:
Side of square plate (a) = 2m
Specific gravity of oil = 0.9
_
Distance of centroid from free surface ( x )= 2m ½
Solution:
Area of plate (A)= a 2  22  4 m 2 ½
Moment of Inertia about its centroid
a 4 24
IG    1.33 m 4 1
12 12
_
Total Pressure (P) =  A x  0.9x9.81x4x2
1
= 70.632 kN
_ _
IG
Position of centre of pressure ( h)  x  _
Ax
1.33
= 2
4x2 1 4
= 2.166 m
 The total pressure is 70.632 kN acting at 2.166 m from free surface.

Page 8 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3
Explain Reynold’s number with its equation and give significance.
b)
The Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous 1
Ans. force. Reynolds number is dimensionless number. It is used to
determine the laminar or turbulent flow type.

inertial force Fi
Re  
viscous force Fv
 Vd V d 1
Re  OR Re 
 
where,
Re= Reynolds number
 = Mass density of fluid in  kg/m3 
V = Velocity of flow in  m/sec 
d = Diameter of pipe in  m  1

μ = Dynamic viscosity  N-s/m3 

 = Kinematic viscosity  m3 / s 

Significance : Using value of Reynold's number the type of flow

can be identified. 1 4
If Re < 2000, Flow is laminar flow
If 2000 < Re < 4000, Flow is in transition state
if Re > 4000, Flow is turbulent Flow

Page 9 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.3
c) Differentiate any four points between notch and weir.
Ans.
Sr.No. Notch Weir
It is an opening provided It is a structure which
on one side of the tank or obstructs the flow in an open
1 reservoir with free surface channel.
of liquid below the top
edge of the opening.
It is a device used for It is used for measuring the
measuring the rate of flow rate of flow of water in
2 1 4
of liquid through a small rivers or streams.
channel or a tank each
Notches are made of Weirs are made of concrete (any
3 four)
metallic plates or masonry structure
Notch is of small sizes. Weir is of bigger sizes.
4
e. g. Rectangular, e. g. According to shape,
5 Triangular, Trapezoidal, discharge, width of crest,
stepped notch. nature of crest.

A concrete dam 15 m deep and 2 m wide containing water to a

d)
depth of 10 m .Find total hydrostatic pressure per meter run and
centre of pressure on upstream face.

Ans.

Page 10 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Given Data:
Q.3 Height of dam (H) = 15m
Ans.
Depth of water (h) = 10m
_
Find : P and h
Hydrostatic Pressure (P)
1
P= γw h2
2
1 2
P = x 9.810 x 102  490.5 kN per meter length of dam.
2
_
Centre of pressure ( h)
_
h 10
h from base =  3.33m from the base of dam. 2 4
3 3

e) Water is flowing through a rectangular channel of width 5 m and

bed slope 1 in 1200 .Depth of flow is 1.75 m. Find the discharge
Ans. through the channel .Take c = 50
Given-
1
Width, (b) = 5m , Depth (d) = 1.75m ,C =50, Bed Slope (S) =
1200
By Chezy's formula = C RS ½
½
Discharge (Q) =AC RS
Cross-section area of channel, A= b×d
A= 5×1.75 = 8.75m 2
A ½
Hydraulic mean depth (R) =
P ½
Perimeter (P) = b+2d
A 8.75 8.75
R= = =
b+2d 5+2×1.75 8.5
1
R = 1.029 m
Q = AC RS
1
Q = 8.75×50 1.029×
1200
Q = 12.811 m3 /sec
Discharge through channel,
1 4
3
Q= 12.811 m /sec

Page 11 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q. 4 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

What is most economical channel section ? Write conditions for

a)
rectangular channel section to be economical .

Ans. Most Economical Channel Section: - A channel which gives max.

discharge for a given c/s area & bed slope and coefficient of
roughness is called as Most Economical Channel Section.
2
OR

The most economical channel section is the one which gives

maximum discharge for a given amount of excavation.

1 4
Condition for rectangular channel: - i) b = 2d
each
ii) R = d/2

b) Differentiate between the turbines and pumps on any two factors.

Ans. Sr.
Turbine Pump
No.
It is a Machine that It is a device that converts
1 convert hydraulic energy mechanical energy into
into mechanical energy. hydraulic energy.
Turbines are used for Pumps are used for pressure 2
2
electricity generation generation. each 4
Types of turbines are : Types of pumps are : (any
a) Impulse turbine a) Centrifugal pump two)
3
b) Reaction turbine b) Reciprocating pump

A turbine decreases the A pump increases the energy

4
energy. of the fluid stream
It is used to extract energy It is used to lift liquid from
5
from fluid flow one level to other.

Page 12 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.4 c) A centrifugal pump is required to pump 15 lit/sec against head of

32 m. Find the power required by the pump taking overall
efficiency 75%
Ans. Given:
½
Discharge (Q) = 15 lit/sec = 0.015 m3 / sec
Head(H m ) = 32m,
Efficiency(η) = 75% = 0.75 ½
Find : Power (P)
Solution :
w Q Hm 1
P=
η
1
9.810 x 0.015 x 32
P=
0.75 1 4
P = 6.278 kW

d) State Bernoulli’s theorem. State any two application of it.

Ans.

It states that in a steady, ideal flow of an incompressible fluid, the 1

total energy at any point of the fluid is always constant.
Total energy = Constant
Pressure energy + Kinetic energy + Potential energy = Constant
P V2
  Z = Constant ½
L 2g
where,
P V2 ½
=Pressure head, = Velocity head, Z = datum head
γL 2g
Applications:

Bernoulli’s theorem is applicable to all problems of incompressible

fluid flow ,where energy considerations are involed. 2 4
Practical application of Bernoulli’s in following devices:
i) Venturimeter ii) Orifice meter iii) Pitot tube

Page 13 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.4
e) Explain with neat sketch working of centrifugal pump.
Ans.

(Note: 1 mark for sketch and 1 mark for labeling.)

Working of centrifugal pump is in three stages

i. Priming ½
ii. Starting
iii stoping

i. Priming- The operation of filling the casing, impeller and suction ½

pipe upto delivery valve is called priming.

ii.Starting- Before starting first of all check that priming is done and ½
return valve is not in closed condition.

iii.Stoping - To stop the pump, delivery valve should be closed ½ 4

partly. Motor is switched off and then value is closed fully.

Page 14 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following 12

A conical pipe has diameter 40 cm at the larger end and 20 cm at

a)
the smaller end and forms a part of a vertical main. The pressure
head at the larger end is found to be 30 m and the smaller end 22
m of water .find the discharge through the pipe ,if the length of
conical portion is 2 m. Assuming no losses and the larger is at the
Ans. top.

Given:
d1 =0.20 m, d 2 =0.40 m, Z1 =0,Z2 =2m ½
P1
Pressure head at smaller end , =22m ½
γ
P2 ½
Pressure head at larger end , =30m
γ
Solution:
π π
a1 = (d1 ) 2 = (0.20) 2 =0.0314m 2
4 4
π π ½
a 2 = (d 2 ) 2 = (0.40) 2 =0.125m 2
4 4
from continuity equation,
a1v1 = a 2 v 2 ½
0.031 v1 = 0.125 v 2
v1 = 4 v 2 ½
By using Bernoulli's equation,
P 1 v 21 P v22 1
+ +Z1  2 + +Z2
γ 2g γ 2g
(4v 2 ) 2 v22
22+ +0  30+ +2
2x9.81 2x9.81
22+0.815 v 2 2  30  0.051 v 2 2  2
1
v 2 = 3.617m/s
 Q = a 2 v2
1 6
Q = 0.125x3.617 = 0.452 m3 / sec

Page 15 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Two reservoir are connected by a pipeline consisting of two pipes ,one

Q.5 b)
of 10 cm diameter and length 6m and other of 20 cm diameter and 16
metre length .if the difference of water level in two reservoir is
6m, calculate discharge.

Ans.
Given-
h L =6m, d1 =10cm = 0.10m, d 2 = 20cm = 0.20m
L1 =6m, L 2 =16m

Note: Assuming value of friction factor = 0.01

Page 16 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.5 b)
Find : Q= discharge flowing through pipe
Total head loss = Entrance loss + Friction loss + Sudden expansion loss
½
+ Friction loss +Exit loss
By continuity equation,
A1V1 = A 2 V2 ½
π 2 π 2
d1 V1 = d 2 V2
4 4
2
d
V1 = 22 ×V2
d1
0.202
V1 = ×V2
0.102 ½
V1 = 4V2
2 2 2 2
0.5V1 fL1V1 (V1 -V2 ) 2 fL 2 V2 V2
Now,h l = + + + + ½
2g 2gd1 2g 2gd 2 2g
Assume friction factor f=0.01
2 2 2 2
0.5V1 0.01×6×V1 (4V2 -V2 ) 2 0.01×16×V2 V2
6= + + + + 1
2×9.81 2×9.81×0.10 2×9.81 2×9.81×0.20 2×9.81
2 2 2 2 2
6=0.025V1 +0.030V1 +0.458V2 +0.040V2 +0.050V2
2 2
6=0.055V1 +0.548V2
2
6=0.055(4V2 ) 2 +0.548V2
2 2
6=0.88V2 +0.548V2
2
6=1.428V2
2
V2 =4.201
V2 =2.049m/sec 1

V1 =4V2
V1 =4×2.049
V1 =8.196m/sec 1
Discharge,
Q=A1V1 Or Q=A 2 V2
π 2 π 2
Q= d1 ×V1 Or Q= d 2 ×V2
4 4
π π
Q= 0.102 ×8.196 Or Q= 0.202 ×2.049
4 4
1 6
Q=0.064m3 /sec Or Q=0.064m3 /sec

(Note: Answer may vary assuming other value of friction factor. ‘f’)

Page 17 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.5 c) Water discharge at the rate of 0.09 m3/sec. through 10 cm

diameter vertical sharp edged orifice placed under a constant
head of 8m. A point on the jet measured from vena contract of the
jet has co-ordinates 4.5m horizontal and 0.54m vertical. Find the
coefficients Cc, Cd and Cv of orifice.
Ans.
Given:
Qa = 0.09m3 /s, d = 10cm = 0.10m, h = 8 m, x = 4.5m, y = 0.54m ½
Solution:

A= d2 ½
4

  0.10 
2
=
4
½
A = 7.85 10-3 m 2
Qa ½
Cd =
Qt
0.09
=
A  2 gh 
0.09
 7.85 10  2  9.81 8  
= ½
3


Cd = 0.915
½
x
Cv =
 4hy  ½

4.5
=
 4  8  0.54  ½

C v = 1.082 ½
Cd = Cc  C v
½
C 0.915
Cc = d  ½
C v 1.082
Cc = 0.845 ½ 6

Page 18 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q. 6 Attempt any TWO of the following 12

a)
What are major and minor loss of head in flow through
Pipes ? Write any two equations of minor loss.
Ans. 1
Major loss: The major loss of head is caused due to friction when
fluid flow through a pipe.

Minor loss: - The minor loss of head are caused due to change in 1
velocity of flowing fluid either in magnitude or direction.

1. Loss of head due to sudden expansion -

he = ( V1-V2)2/2g

2. Loss of head due to sudden contraction -

hc = 0.5 V22 2g

3. Loss of head at the entrance -

hentry = 0.5 V2/ 2g

4. Loss of head due to exit-

h exit = V2/ 2g

5. Loss of head due to bend 2 6

each
H L = KV22/ 2g (any
two)
6. Loss of head due to gradual contraction and expansion

HL = ( V1-V2)2/2g

7. Loss of head due to obstruction

hL = ((A/cc)× a)-1)2×( V2)2/2g

8. Loss of head due to top pipe fitting

hL = ( V1-V2)2/2g

Page 19 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.6
b) A trapezoidal channel of most economical section has side slope
1.5 (horizontal): to 1.0 (vertical). It is required to discharge 15 m3
of water per second with a bed slope 0.5 meter in 3 km. Design the
section using Manning’s formula. Take coefficient of rogosity as
0.015.
Ans.
Given:-
Q = 15 m3 / sec
0.5 1 1.5
Bed slope  S   , Side slope (n) =  1.5 1
3000 6000 1
Manning's constant  N   0.015
Most economical condition for trapezoidal section having following
condition
 b+2nd   d
i) R=
d
2
ii)
2
1  n  2 1

 b+2nd   d 
2
1  n 
2

b+  2 1.5  d  = 2  d 1+1.52 
b+3d = 3.606 d
1
b = 0.606d
Manning formula
2 1
1
Q=A    R3   S 2 1
N
A = bd+nd 2
=  0.606d   d  1.5d 2
A = 2.106 d 2
2 1
1  d 3  1 2
15 = 2.106d 2     
0.015  2   6000 
2
15 = 2.106  d 2  66.67  0.629  d 3  0.0125
8
 d  3  13.587
1
d = 2.66 m
b=0.606d
1 6
b=1.612m

Page 20 / 21
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Hydraulics Sub. Code: 22401
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks

Q.6
c) A triangular notch of angle 1200 is used to measure the discharge.
Determine the head over the notch , if discharge is 1500
lits/minute. Assume Cd = 0.6
Ans.
Given:
1500×10-3
θ=1200 , Cd =0.6, Q =1500 lit/min = = 0.025m3 /s 1
60
8 θ 5
1
Q = Cd tan 2g×H 2
15 2
5
8 120
0.025   0.6  tan 2  9.81×H 2 2
15 2
5
H 2  0.010
H  0.159 m 2 6

Page 21 / 21