BEngineering Mathematics 1 (MAT 2018) April 2020

Unit 1 Further Integration and Differentiation II

1.4 Integrals with Inverse Sine and/ or Tangent

Background
𝑑 1 𝑑 1
Recall tan−1 𝑥 = sin−1 𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1−𝑥 2

𝑑 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝑑 𝑓′(𝑥)
Recall tan−1 𝑓(𝑥) = sin−1 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑑𝑥 1+(𝑓(𝑥))2 𝑑𝑥 √1−(𝑓(𝑥))2

𝒌
1.4.1 Integrals of the form ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐

Let us idle for a bit:

𝑑 2 2
What is tan−1 (2𝑥) ? =
𝑑𝑥 1+(2𝑥)2 1+4𝑥 2

1
𝑑 𝑥 ( ) 1 1 1 2
What is tan−1 ( ) ? 2
𝑥 2
= ( 𝑥2
)= 𝑥2
=
𝑑𝑥 2 1+( ) 2 1+ 2+ 4+𝑥 2
2 4 2

𝑘
To determine a formula for ∫ 𝑑𝑥, we can operate in reverse:
𝑎2 +𝑏2 𝑥 2

𝑓′(𝑥)
The aim is to express in the format ; so that we will be able to state
1+(𝑓(𝑥))2

the result by recognition

1
𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 + (𝑏𝑥)2

Factor 𝑎2 in the denominator, simplify

 1 1 𝑘 1
𝑘∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 + (𝑏𝑥)2
𝑎2 (1
(𝑏𝑥)2
+ 2 )
𝑎2 𝑏𝑥 2
𝑎 1+( )
𝑎

𝑏
In order to use integration by recognition, there needs to be in the
𝑎
𝑏𝑥 𝑎
numerator, which is the derivative of . This must be balanced with .
𝑎 𝑏

𝑏 𝑏
𝑘 1 𝑘 𝑎 (𝑎) 𝑘 𝑎 (𝑎)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ × 𝑑𝑥 = 2 × ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑏𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑏 𝑏𝑥 2
1+( ) 1+( ) 1+( )
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑏
𝑘 ( )
𝑎
This simplifies to ∫ 𝑏𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑎𝑏 1+( )
𝑎

𝑏
( ) 𝑓′(𝑥)
𝑎
Note 𝑏𝑥 2
has the format, so
1+( ) 1+(𝑓(𝑥))2
𝑎

𝑏
𝑘 (𝑎) 𝑘 𝑏𝑥
−1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan ( )+𝐶
𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑥 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑎
1+( )
𝑎

In summary,

𝒌 𝒌 𝒃𝒙
∫ 𝒂𝟐+𝒃𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂𝒃 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( 𝒂 ) + 𝑪

Note With sufficient practice you won’t be able to forget this formula.
3
Example Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
9+16𝑥 2

𝑘 = 7, 𝑎2 = 9 → 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 2 = 16 → 𝑏 = 4

3 7 4𝑥
Hence, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 ( ) + 𝐶
9+16𝑥 2 (3)(4) 3
 3
Example Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
9+8𝑥 2

𝑘 = 3, 𝑎2 = 9 → 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 2 = 8 → 𝑏 = √8

3 3 √8
Hence, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 ( 𝑥) +𝐶
9+8𝑥 2 (3)(√8) 3

1
Example Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2 +8𝑥+9

If you are looking at the question and thinking “wrong section” or “error”, let
me just state that it is in the correct section.

The denominator is a quadratic expression and can be expressed as 𝒂𝟐 +

𝒃𝟐 𝑿𝟐 by completing the square.

2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 9 = 2(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥) + 9 = 2(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 9 − 2(4)

= 2(𝑥 + 2)2 + 1

1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 9 1 + 2(𝑥 + 2)2

𝑘 = 1; 𝑎 = 1; 𝑏 = √2

1 1 1
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√2(𝑥 + 2)) + 𝐶
2𝑥 + 8𝑥 + 9 2(𝑥 + 2) + 1 √2
5+12𝑥
Example Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
8+3𝑥 2

5 12𝑥
In this example, we will be separating the fraction +
8+3𝑥 2 8+3𝑥 2

A different method of integration is applied to each

5 5 √3
∫ 8+3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √8√3 tan−1 (√8 𝑥)
 12𝑥
∫ 8+3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑙𝑛|8 + 3𝑥 2 |

Putting it together gives

5 + 12𝑥 5 12𝑥 5 −1 √
3
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑥) + 2 𝑙𝑛|8 + 3𝑥 2 | + 𝐶
8 + 3𝑥 2 8 + 3𝑥 2 8 + 3𝑥 2 √24 √8

𝒌
1.4.2 Integrals of the form ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝒂𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐

Derivation of the Formula (similar to the derivation in the previous section)

𝒌 𝒌 𝒃𝒙
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪
√𝒂𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒃 𝒂
3
Example Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√16−4𝑥 2

Here, 𝑘 = 3, 𝑎2 = 16 → 𝑎 = 4, 𝑏 2 = 4 → 𝑏 = 2

3 3 2𝑥
Hence, ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 ( ) + 𝐶
√16−4𝑥 2 2 4

8𝑥−5
Example Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1−4𝑥 2

In this example, the integral is split into two parts and each part is integrated
8𝑥−5 8𝑥 5
separately. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1−4𝑥 2 √1−4𝑥 2 √1−4𝑥 2

1
8𝑥
The first part of the integral: ∫ √1−4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 8𝑥(1 − 4𝑥 2 )− 2 𝑑𝑥
 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Using integration by substitution, with 𝑢 = 1 − 4𝑥 2 , = −8𝑥 → 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 −8𝑥

8𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 8𝑥(1 − 4𝑥 2 )− 2 𝑑𝑥
√1 − 4𝑥 2
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 8𝑥 𝑢− 2
−8𝑥
1 1 1
= ∫ −𝑢− 2 𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑢 2 + 𝑐 = −2(1 − 4𝑥 2 ) 2 + 𝑐

5 5
The second part of the integral: ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 (2𝑥) + 𝑐𝑐
√1−4𝑥 2 2

1
8𝑥−5 5
The final solution is ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = −2(1 − 4𝑥 2 ) 2 + sin−1 (2𝑥) + 𝐶
√1−4𝑥 2

5
Example Find ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√6−4𝑥−2𝑥 2

First, complete the square:

6 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 = 6 − 2(𝑥 2 + 2) = (6 + 2(1)) − 2(𝑥 + 1)2 = 8 −

2(𝑥 + 1)2

5 5 5 √2(𝑥 + 1)
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 ( )+𝐶
√6 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 √8 − 2(𝑥 + 1)2 √2 √8

1.4.3 More Worked Examples

k k −1  bx  k k  bx 
 a 2 + b 2 x 2 dx = ab tan  +C
 a
 a2 − b2 x2
dx =
b
sin −1   + C
a
 3 3  8 
1.  9 + 8x 2 dx = 3 8
tan −1 
 3
x  + C


2.
1 1
 2 x 2 + 8x + 9dx =  2(x + 2)2 + 1 dx =
1
2
( )
tan −1 2 ( x + 2) + C *complete the square

5 + 12 x 5 12 x 5  3 
3.  8 + 3x 2 dx =  8 + 3x 2 + 8 + 3x 2 dx = 24
tan −1  x  + 2 ln 8 + 3x 2 + C
 8 
*split the integral

3 3  3 
4.  2 − 3x 2
dx =
3
sin −1 
 2
x  + C


3 − 2x
( ) ( )
1 1
3 2 −2 −1 
x
5.  9 − x2
dx = 
9 − x2
− 2x 9 − x dx = 3 sin   + 2 9 − x 2
3
2 +C

2 2  x + 1
 dx =  dx = 2 sin −1   + C
6. 5 − 2x − x 2 6 − (x + 1)2  6 

Prepared/ Revised by Terry-Ann Russell ([email protected]) June 2, 2020