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Maths 4 Schand

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redaqua003
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Y 2. The n Function _ Al) variables so that we rivatives +2) slassical, --Q) w(4) scientist. 5) ith heat 4. erential AO) Linear and Non Linear Partial Differential Equations 121 Method of elimination of arbitrary constants ‘Letus form a partial differential equation from e+yPt+(z—cP= a. (1) contains two arbitrary constants a and c. Differentiating (1) partially wert. x we get 2x+2(e-c) & 0 > x+(-o)p=0 Differentiating (1) partially wart. y we art 2+2@-0) 5 =0 y+(e-c)q=0 Let us eliminate ¢ from (2) and (3) From (2) @-o)= a Putting this value of z —c in (3), we get ysae 0 or yp~xq=0 12.2 Method of elimination of arbitrary functions Let us form a partial differential equation from z=f(e-y) Differentiating (1) partially wart. x and y az, Pa SoS Oye Dividing (2) by (3) we get ; r or yp +xq=0 | EXERCISE 1.1 or py =—ge wl) (2) +3) en) (2) Form the partial differential equations: 1 z=(xta)(y +5) | 2 mee geet? aa? | 3S 2=(axsyreb 4 aspera] SPP)? wnta fe? 4+) Ans. (y Ans. pq =z Ans. 2 (p+ q+ 1 Ams.px+qy=@ Ans. 2 (prtqy) = 2-1 Ans. yp xq = 0 Ans, yp -xq = 0 Ans. 22 © xp + yg DP te xgex 2 ~Q° 2 mes On integrating, we have 6 Z_g@itx = : xe higher t From (3) and (4), we have | fe wn : _ 1.8.1 1 EXERCISE 1.3 ze Tre ve ; si Solve the following partial differential equations: ss (2s } ee 1, plane + qtany = tanz . ™ ‘Ans. f(xy) = logy tan” = Ans. ferry t2.2 +22) =0 3 y)q=z-* gd tytn at) = (e—PE-eH 4. (tape tye =? Ans. {02 +Y 7 . Ans. fo2+y? +239) =0 we Ans. [2+ (+P? ]E*=S@ +9) . penge et ty? ae Ans. f(c—y)= 3° + logz 7. ptqt2z=0 Tittle & xptygte=0 ans. Sop" xty 2y_)_ On 9. (2+ yp + dog = +I Ans. (2P)=0 ax+i) 10, Ans. f(or+y)=2-22t0_& Put rn o Thi p+ 3q= 52+ tan(y—3x) Ans. f(y 3x) Giada E Se 12, sp-yq #2-y?=0 ol > 14, 4394) 94 ast) % o2G2 459 yy > 4 Se as May PE te Ans. f{Zp oy)? +) © 18. (2-2) ip + (ay + axlg = ay 2x Ans. (2+)? +22) = f(2-2y2-2) 16. Find the solution ofthe equation x22 — y 2% ay “ox De = & Which passes through the curve z=1, 12 +?=4 17, 20+ 2p + yay +22) =23 edad Ans. f(e+?=4,2-1)=0 au | du ts, 3% 4204 . ay 5 é aay HHO Se Ans.u= ue"? Le au du y 19, Aor + 2 Bu, when t= 0,4 = Jet ee Ans. = 3e-"1- jest 2 a) \) 1 ya") ibles, “() + (2) Zand p,q, G) (4) 5) ; of (4) and 9.9.16) 4 ~ wt Linear and Non Linear Partial Differential Equations Equation (6) is a Lagrange’s linear Partial Differential Equation of the first order with independent variables and 4) as dependent variable, Its subsidiary equations are [ae dy dz dp dg 26 eS Fe fF F oF F, F OF oD) ap aq Pap faq at Pde ay 1 a (Commit to memory) Any of the integrals of (7) satisfies (6). Such an integral involving p or q or both may be taken as assumed relation (3). However, we should choose the simplest integral involving p and q derived from (1). This relation and equation (1) gives the values of p and q. The values of p and g are substituted in (2). On integration, juation (2) gives the solution of (1). Solve px bqy=pq mn. S06 ¥, 2p, g) = Vis px + qy—pq = 0 (D) x.,¥ a? dy Charpit’s equations are g We have to choose the simplest integral involving p and q 0-4 = WP 4 or tog p =logq+loga => p=ag Pog , ae . ‘ Putting for p in the given equation (1), we get _ g (ax ty) = ag? qe 5 praq=yrax Now dz = pdx+qdy 2) Putting for p and q in (2), we get dz =(y tax) dx + adz= (y + ax)adx + (y +ax) dy ade = (y + ax) (adx + dy) Integrating, we get +b Ans. Ive (p? + gy = ae. (AMLE.TE,, Dec. 2017) Solution. fayzpgeOis (tayo qe0 a oy, ey, a ar 0, 2s pag, 2o-q, 2p. a ay tae ee ma 4+ Introduction to Engineering Mather Now Charpit’s equations are ‘“ . a ye Te U2 =e Fo -95, 3? . Met ——_ 7 dy Equation oy dy ' TTapiy-taiyte PF Equation = gyre 2p y- 207+ re ee ‘We have to choose the simplest integral involving ? and 4. =0 mF 3c is the cas Pq P a Integrating p+ g=@lsay) Putting for p? + g? in the equation (1), we get a ay ae aye Zw ; | The Mc Ast Now de= pix + gay Dp. Putting for p and q in (2), we get, F=aF)ace( “2 = ub=a(\2-a'y Jae + (@y) dy a To + zdz-a°ydy we er xO ; whe icra eet Ea oe ae 7 A), but 2 (On squaring, Pa P= (art bP ~ se Sine EXERCISE 1.7 ” Solve the following PDEs: z= pg fier Ans.2 Vaz =ax+y4 Jab ad ‘ | F< et gy + peg? aes | | me Ans.2 = ae + by ms | IY + a+ | , (AMIETE, Dee. 2012) Ans. (1+ = P | 7 oe are Ory] ea ES pps ve | : PPI a= ye AMIETE. Deg 2013) ae | ” Aus. log (e~ ax) = - Yoalog(a+yy+ 5 | | Kno: in (1), ane ne” aon replace ¢ bY x77 [cos 2y~2sin 2y] i reer al i 1 = Ei fcos2004 9797 2sin 20 EEE onc Let the equa Ne lana)” cone won" here R. S, ow [Sap @- where R. (0+) als (cos 2y- 2sin2s)| O=, “5D We have =f [ m= 5 => r=Ce* 6) 2 m=14Vi4K an ( X= qetlB 4 cellRe ) od) Putting the values of X and Y from (3) and (4) in (2), we get ze [eet i Ge FR erty Ans a the method of separation of variables, solve L : where (UP. HI Semester June 2008) ll) Solution. Let u=X@)-1) * where X'is a function of x only and T'is a function of r only. Putting the value of w in (1), we get a aX aT SA KE+XT, = Tay yp EDAX ke get [On dividing by 41 a) An) e 20 pp = B-OX=0 -C=0> a AE.ism m= Ch m= Sc 6 : - > Xa = Tet™ “4 Putting the values of X and 7 in (2), we have mn \ uz ac™ be" ws \ > usabe 3" @ On putting = 0 and w= Ge in (3), wget ” e 6e*\ abe = ab = 6 and c= — Putting the\alues of ab and c in (3), we have “ee ; . aly Ans. Eenncels the following equation by the method of separation of variables 2 on given that u = 0 whenT™ 0 and iy = (U.P. II Semester, (SUM) 2008} Solution. Let u=XT a) where ¥ is a function of x only and Tis a function of r only. ou _ 9 aT ty ADe xs Then, , ry a ) a au 3 2 ft) at aT ak ae xZ)\- Q) at ae aa ae o Substituting the value <— 2 7 from (2) in the given equation, we get aT dX _ = setcosx dt dx =p? (say) 3) Now, Also, > dT =- pret dt On integration, we get T=pet+e, (a) Putting the values of X and T from (4) and (5) in (1), we get ——————————— - ematics — |V. (IRI 22 rotcon rane Fl 6 u=XT= (hearea or ing u = 0 and 1= 0 in (6), we get > On putting o-(- 1 nx +e, wr / | P Ltr r = pre =0> Differentiating (6) w.r-t. “7”, we get ou =|- sinstaa]( ve") _ ap c as x = 0 when x= 0 in (7), we get 1 0=¢,- pet) | s 0 Substituting the values of ¢,~— p? and c, = 0 in (6), we get P =(1-e) sinx Aa — GREENE soe the P.DE. by separation of variables method, 4 =u, +2u,u(0,y) =0 21a» =lt+e», Solution. Let u=XY Uyhete Xs a funetion of x only and Yis a function of y only, On differentiating, we get (UP. II Semester, 2010, 200) isaac) dy = Lanex toy Ey cee dy dua x a and Be 7 ANAL ang SH de OVE and = 3 Putting the values of u,, and u, and w in the given equation, we get YX" = XV + 0xy On separating the variables, we get x” _ yao x Y xy s xe i Y 7 pt2=k (say) t , x” ) ve ’ . eer 2 AX = 0) y a i AE is m~k=0=m=4 JE ay , “ + “8-54 X= Ce + Cover ! ae Slog ¥ = (hy y + tog G > Y= Celt Introduction to Engineering Mathematics — IV On putting c,=0,(3) becomes = (c,cosmt)(c, sina) u= qq cosntsin a given u(x,0) =2 (sin x + sin 3x) On putting ¢ = 0 in (5), we have = (5,0) = ¢,04 sin 2 (sin x + sin 3x) = ¢,¢, Sin mx sin 2xcosx = cc, Sin nx 04 = 4008 [fe 22a] On substituting the value of c,c, and n= 2, (5) becomes u(x,t) = 4cosxcos 2¢sin 2x rr “A tightly stretched string with fixed end points x= O and x= 1is initially ina postin ‘given by y= Yo sin? (=) itis released from rest from this position find the displacement yx Solution. Let the equation to the vibrating string be 3 2 eye) rm ar ax 4 Here the initial conditions are y(0,t)=0, y(I,t)=0 » ; = Oats =0, (2,0)= yysin® (=) The solution of (1) is of the form y= (c,c0s px + c, sin px) (c,c0s pet + c, sin pct) a) Now y (0, )= 0 gives 0 =e,(cjc0s pet + c, sin pet) => ¢,=0 Hence (2) becomes y= o, Sin px(c, cos pet +c, sin pet) a) Hl, ) = 0 gives 0= cp sin pl(c; cos pet +c, sin pet) oon _ os Sinpl=0=sinne or pl=nt, or p= TE here 90, 1.23. On putting the value of p in (3), we get _ nme net =e, Sin—(c, C08 + sin 7b) a L a Sing BS = 0 when /=0, we have Now (4) reduces to Ym iGy “t 4 posit ent y(u) Partial Differential Equations : Applications ++ SSRI _ mm nme y=, sin——cos——t een exes) = 3B, sin cos2™, E y x 7 ee 3 Re 6,0) = yp sin? = = 20.03 gin ™ _ gin 3™ put YD Yo T 4 sin sin) (given) puting = 0in(S), we get, (2,0) = Th, sin ae From (6) and (7), we have y= Sp, sin = 20 sin ™ - sin2™ mal 14 L 1 . 2 yao sia +b, sin 2 + by sin 2 = 39 gin M20 gin 3 7 rT 47 4. 7 Comparing the coefficients, we have 3% Yo a= 28, =P 4 and all other 6°s are zero. Hence (5) becomes Vola. Me cmt. 3mx_ Sent = 20! 3sin™ cos - sin cos 7a 2 (sino Esa Eo2) ‘olve the wave equation eu 9 d'u apt ae ar ar under the condition: u = 0 whenx = 0 andx= 1% Ou _ 9 when t = Vand u(x,0)=x,0 =O Then (1) becomes u(x, f) =, sin px (C3 c0s a pt + cin a Pt) u(r, =0 0=c, sin pr (c, cos apt + ¢, sin apt) = sin pr= Thus u(x, ) = ¢, sin nx (cy cos a nt + ¢, sin ant) u(x, 1) = sin nx (b, cos ant + By sin ant) = sin nm orp Now sin me (— aby n sin ant + abyn 60s ant) Ay ou 5720 when f= 0, we have =0 », sin mx cos ant 0=sin nx (abn) = u(x, ) = sin nx(b, 60s ant) oF W od (3) (6) (7) 1) (2) (3) ww A) Introduction to Engineering Mathematics ~ IV she moment generating function of the exponential distribution, 1 -xle. Fojeters, 0SxSe, 670 (UB. III Semester, Dec. e mean and standard deviation. n about the origin is Hence, find its Solution. The moment generating functio Mm = fe Sa MO Moment about origin eer? ao Standard deviation = ii = Ve = f@= fs Also determine 4, band w, Solution. My = J F(x) de 7 te (ie , = freetacs? Oe des [0.0% de (# i t t i, coefficient of 2 a Solution. Here, we have f()=— Vin * Moment generating function about the origin won? Av © 1 de bi ve gel Putting =" = 2 so that dx = o dz in (1), we 8 (GBIU, 11 Semesie, Dec, 2012) : P_4 1 8-17 36 6 6 a 6 a Ans. 6 Sane B= Hh He=HS—3ug Hy + 2W9 <9 Bes He 4s + Ou, wr? 5, HLL = 2.15 out the kurtosis of the data given below. of | lo Gesvinterval 0-10 i Freguenay i a 2030 5 3 30-40 Solution. Let assumed mean be 25 7 “ (Ges | Frequency Mid value J x [7775] fie 25) eof 5 = _ Sle; 25) | Hee,-25) | Fo,-25 aay 3 2 =i. ~30 ~ 8000 ~ 8000 160000 po} 4 25 Eason ~ 3000 30000 mo] 2 35 0 0 2000 5f=10 20000 Ef x,-25)" = 210000 » EL Gi-25" 9 Eh a aoe 1, _ Eile, = 25) _ =9000 5 SR 10 900 fC, -25)" 4s LG 3) = 20000 =21000 Ee = pH =90- Cay oa = Hy = 4p y+ 6H HP? — 3H = 21000 - ag 3? 3-3)" = 21000 ~ 10800 + 4860 - 243 = 14,817 rhe iy _ 14817 _ 14807 pose 2 yp Bly 6561 Ans. = p,-3 = 2,258 - 3 =- 0.742 i eV introductigg to Engineenind Mathematics —! —— eulate the coefficient of the skewness from the following data? A a 7050 | 30-60 | 60.70 i p10 _| 10-20 30 | 30-40 so |e ; Ma 77 34 180 Be 2 7 No, of labours. c 5 Solution. Let assumed mean be 3: mo; Mid value) y,-35 \ Class i : Se | | = 49950007] | ow [os S$ ty [= 6160") 1020 | 7 15 2) = }— 38 | 2030 | 34 25 | 10 30-40 180 35 | 8 40-50 136 43 10 aa 30-60 B 35 20 S100 | 60-70 50 65 30 Eo) ; > | EF, 3 Lf,= 685 4110 = 268500 _| =~ 3975000) | _ Bf(e=35) =4u0 ul Eh 685 , _ Efe 35)" _ 268500 _ 391.97 Ba Efi 685 . E f(x — 35) _ 3975000 — ELen 35) PTR’ = -5802.9 Us Eh 685 5-6 =29 391.97 ~ 36 = 355.97 oy =~ 3H Ht HY =~ 5802.9 3 x 391.97 x (- 6) +2. 6P = 5802.9 + 7055.46 ~ 432 = 6234.9 + 7055.46 = 820.56 - hs _ 820.56 820.56 yeh = oe 7 ve Jss.977 — ¥45106610.72 820.56 _ 9 anes O23 Aas falculate Wy Hy. Hey Hey for th ' ir » Hy Hy Hy for the frequency distributic i rtosis. Height(em) | 1445~- | 149.5 E 1545- | 1595-1 . 64.5 - | 169.5- | 174 ous interval | 149.5 | 1545 | 159.5 | 1045 | 169.5 ee 1795, requency 2 4 13 31 32 al 3 2 5 a (U.P. IIL Semester, 010-20!" Statistical Techniques fe |** |FE-9) so-3F] pez 294 |-17.2| —344 | 591.68 608 |—12.2] —48.8 | 595.36 f(x) ~ 10176.89 175042.6112 — 7263.392 88613.3824 2041 | -7.2 | -93.6 | 673.92 | — 4852204 [aas3¢ 0103 5022 | ~2.2 | ~ 682 | 150.04 | — 330.088 | 7261936 5344 | 28 | 896 | 25088 | 702.468 | 196.899 | 2380 | 78 | 117 [| 9126 | 711828 | sssaase ' 531 12.8 38.4 491.52 6291.456 | 80530,6368 16420 0 3666 ~ 8510.39 | 200161.316 = EL(=3)? _ 3666 _ = 36.66 zfs 100 Lf (x-¥) _ 8510.39 _ SF 9p 785.1039 4 My ee = ISLES - 001.61316 = fa Ba 2 785-1039 _ 9 3934 Coefficient of the skewness, 7, = By aia cam 61316 Kurtosis, p= Hy = 200.6316 _ 489 Ans. we G6.66F The first four moments of a distribution about the value 4 of the variable “15,17, ~ 30 and 108. Find the moments about mean, B, and B, Find also the moments about (i) the origin, (ii) the point x = Solution. In the usual notation, we are given assumed mean py =-1.5, Hy= 17, Hy =- 30, pi, = 108 a by =H Wye = 17 CSP = 172.25 = 14-75 =yh- 3h wy + Qn? : = ao “ a : C1) t26 1s) 30 + 76,5 ~ 6.75 = 39.75 A a = Hy Ay HF 6H HI? = 3 08 — 4(— 30){- 1.5) F OT) 15) Fi = 108 180 + 229.5 ~ 15.1875 = 1423125 ye 1s nk @ =~ (@ + bx,) e) Oy, = a+ ox) nsqaring, We Bet eT = O-a- bx, ‘et 2+ 02 +62 Stet +. em Tet Si 2 0;-a-b5)? fort be minimum 4, da 2 PO a b5)(-)=0 0B y-2-my=0 [To generalise written as y, To sx] Yn Ye is writter is NAS y, To generalise x, x, is written as x] S_ yo ab x O;-a~bx) Cx) oF (ay ar bx?) =0 @) n simplification equations (2) and (3) become Ly = natbdx Exy = aDx+brg? a ‘The equations (4) and (5) are known as Normal equations, On solving equations (4) and (5), we get the values of a and b. On putting the values of a and b in (1), we get the equation of required line. ‘To Remember: The normal equations (4) and (5) are for y= ath () Equation (4) is obtained by putting 2 before all the terms on both sides of (1). ie, By = Lathe => Sy=nat bEx (i) Equation (5) is obtained on multiplying equation (1) by x and putting 2 before each obtained term on both the sides. te, Dixy = Lax + Dhx? xy = ax + bE? Ona Fit g-Sifaight line to the following data: sol: [2 [3 ]4 y | 2 [rs [33 [45 143 , Solution, y= a + bx _- * J. xy 2 a 10 0 0 18 18 1 1 ; 33 6.6 4 : ; 9 135 3 45 -, a 43 172. se - =39.1 res tao yy = 149 Eyed Here, mes 2 y .Q) Normal equations are: Ey = nat b 2x ob mys atx tbs gineering Mathematics ~ IV te _ Introduction to Ens Ex, By, Bay, Ea? and nin (2) and (3) 14.9 = Sa +106 ), we have (On putting the values o (4) 39.1 = 10a + 306 (8) On solving (4) and (5), we get a= 112, b=0.93 On substituting the values of a and b in (1), we get ‘Ans, y= 112 +093 x find the straight line that best fits the Lire be the method of least squares, “following data: 4 5 om 1 2 3 y 14 27 40 5S. 68 Solution. Let the equation of the straight Tine best fit bey =a t bx (l) x » xy 2 1 14 14 1 2 27 54 4 3 40 120 9 4 55 220 16 5 68 340 25 Dx=15 Ey=204 | Exy=748 | Ex =55 Here, n= 5 Normal equations are = Dy = nat bx Q Dixy = adx+ bEx? =) (On putting the values of Ex, Ey, Exy and Ex? in (2) and (3), we have 204 = Sat+15b ld) 748 1Sa+ 55b (5) On solving equations (4) and (5), we get a= 0, b=136 On substituting the values of a and b in (1), we get y = 13.6x Ans. Find the least squares fit of the form y = a + b x2 to the following data x i 0 t 2 jaa 2 3 3 0 pane ee (U.P. Ill Sem. aA Let =z, yoatbz Cl) ee Dy zee ‘ye “1 2 1 3 0 oS 0 0 | 3 1 3 2 0 4 0 ty=l0 | x=6 | yy=5 ons ons np Solu No On > Cure Fitting = TT ere, "= 4 i y Normal equations are Ly = nat bz © ‘lp ~f) Lyz = adz+ bE? is onputting the values of By, Zz, Bz, 22 in (3) and (4), we have 10 = : : the = 6a + beer 9 ht : 5 (6) eS! fits, on solving equations (5) and (6), we get, a= 2 3 n substituting the values of a, b in (2), we obtain 2510 oe 72 “4 On putting the value of z, we get Elgtl 066¢ 25 _10 > p= S-pe = | isy=75-202 Ans. = 6 o aaa the least values of a and b so that y = a + bx fits the data gjven in the table. »lol,z[2][3 [4] vy | 10 | 29 | 48 | 67 | 86 Solution. y =a + bx (1) ¥ y xy 2 = 0 1.0 0 0 : 1 29 29 1 2 48 96 4 ° 3 67 20.1 9 : 4 8.6 34.4 16 pa [eye 24 | Say 67.0 | Sa 30 | | Normal equations are Zy = na * bux Dy =a Ext bbe we .d (3), we have | 6m puting the values of Ex, Ey 2% Ex? in Q) and (3), we he @) lowing dat? | 24 = Sa+10b \ (3) 67 = 10a + 306 “ : On solving (4) and (5), We hia b-19 y Se Ee On substituting the values ora sbi we get an PROGRAM TO IMPLEMENT TIN include < studio.h > include « conio.h > void main() { fs ; STRAIGHT LINE y =a + bx clrser(); int reading; to Engineering Mathematics — ee_ Introduction it et ing the values in (1) and (2), we & ratige 1g4 = 1296a + 2040 1227 = 8772a + 1296b set ing (3) by 1296 and (4) by 204, we 85 x 238464 = 1679616a + 2643845 250308 = 1789488a + 2643840 Subtracting (6) from (5), we get 11844 = 1098722 => a= 0.1078 Putting the value of a in (3), we get 184 = 1296 (0.1078) + 2040 > 184 — 139.7088 = 204 => 2046 = 44.2912 > b= 02171 ‘The required equation of the curve is y = 0.1078x? + 0.2171x fl G parabola y = ax? + bx + ¢ to the, following data taking x as indepey PlvT2etsls 7 24 3 lv [oa le. yl2tstsl7 #137 [esta (U.P. III Semester, 2009-2) V\ Solution. Here, we have y=attbxte li x yi xy. Pa xy. Ey i 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 3 6 4 12 g 16 3 5 15 9 45 21 81 5 7 35 25 175 125 05 7 ul 1 49 539 343 2401 u 13, 143 121 1573 1331 4 | 1B 7 221 169 2873 2197 28561. | 17 19 323 289 5491 4913 3821 | 19 23 437 361 8303 6859 130321 23 29 667 529 15341 12167 27984 Ex = 101 [| Zy = 129 | Exy = 1926 | x= 1557 | Dey = 34354 | Ex? = 27971 Sx = S40 Normal equations are Yy = na+bEx+cBx2 Bay = ade + bE + De 4 Bey = abe + bEe + ob A On putting the values of Ex, Zy, Lxy, Ex2, Ee2y, Za3, Daf, in equations (2), (3) and ) 129 = 10a +101 b+ 1557¢ ‘ A 1926 = 10la+1557b+27971e ‘| 34354 = 1997a+27971b + 540009 : On solving (5), (6), (7), we get a = 141259297 b = 1,089013957 se a fa ; © = 0.003136583595 ence, the equation of the required parabola is » = 1.4125929722 + 1.089013957x + 0.003136583595 Ans. BOMTINEN Fo second degree parabola tothe followin: x 1 2 3 7 5 » 1090 1220 | 1390 1625 |_1915 Solution. Let the equation of the parabola be (RGPY, Bhopal, Ill Semester, Dec. 2003) yratbrtce a y. xy a ey x a 1090 1090 1 1090 T 1 1220 2440 4 4880 8 16 1390 4170 9 12510 27 a1 1625 6500 16 26000 64 256 1915 9575 25 47875 125 625 By =7240_| Exy = 23775 Be = 55 | Ex’y = 92355 we = 225 | Ext = 979 Normal equations are = Ly = nat bEx+ cXx? (2) Sxy = adx + bE? + cle 3) Bxty = ax? + bEx? + Bx! (4) On putting the values of 2, Ex, Ext, DS, Ext, By, Dey, Ex’y, in (3), (4) and (5), we get 7240 = Sa+15b+55¢ (3) 23715 = Sa+55b+225¢ [-n=5]. (6) 92355 = 55Sa+2256 +979 Steps for solution of (5), (6) and (7) are the following: 3x (5), 21720 = 15a + 45b + 165¢ (8) -@), 2055 = 106+ 60¢ Re 11*6), 79640 = 55a+ 165b + 605¢ i (7)-(10), 12715 = 60b +374¢ aw 6x9), 12330 = 606 +3600 ol > (11)-(12), 385 = Ie 35 > From (9), 2055 = 10b+60 ( =) 81 5) > a=l04 From (5), 7240 = Sa+15 (3) +55 (5 ‘On putting the values of a, 5, in (1) we ee sss y = 10244 > +5 arabola is (vd Tye eauation of the cnet we 048 + Blxt 5527 \ arse a> ha there ts no Re. AS inc PO comelation betw Y fe * aces coe varie Vsgropeinn oo pusive of epee Teal SeaENE coretation + LE ., _ . 5 x —" 1 Pet ape 3B yetods of Determining Simple Correlation Methods , Kall Pearson's Spearman's Concurrent Two-way Coefficient of Rank differences Deviations Frequency Table Correlation Method Method Method KARL PEARSON'S COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION CO Reid between two variables x, y. denoted by r, is defined as ay Covariance _=-_* v [Yraiance x )( variance) % yer yu Jy xXyY =o Verner) vee : By a stive means. ie. X, Y are the deviations measured from their respec! 7 pe (2 a ) soins N . ons ofthese series: and G,,6,, being the standard deviati Solution. Here ¥ = ve coeicien of correlation BEERS And se, Caleulate th rfollowing data: q E(r-¥) | ae ¥ Eu-H 44 Here, we have Solution. . Ex? =E(x-¥) = 136 Putting the values of XY, LX? & EY? in (1), we get _ 122 122 1 A | 1° Jis6 Vis811.6611.75 137.005 ale | PEW Calculate the correlation coefficient between the following data: x 3 9 B 7 a » 12 20 25 3 3 5 _ SH9+IS+17 +21 3 5 = 124204284353435 3 Let X= (x-¥) x | X=x-13 | X=@-13F bu 5 -8 64 104 9 -4 16 0 13 0 0 25 0 0 0 7 4 16 33 8 64 op wl 21 8 64 35 10 100 80 j =x=0 EX*= 160 rY=0 LY =358 EAY 236 236 re = as (zx?) (zy?) 160x358 239.33 0.986 alculate the correlation coefficient between x and y for the following a [ey 2 [3 To Tals ls ln le le lt [oy] @ [a [2 [es Ti be 700 | 9 | 13 |! (GBIU, I Sem, 48” Aa n 100 1s 08 22s 64 120 ‘| 8 92 a 00 a 5 - 5 | 87 113 30 21 441 630 90 13: [ete 2 3 3 1849 1419 [zr=570 | 3y=920 TOTAL zy =4688 | EXY= 4504 = 5846, Ey? = 4688 and EXY = 4594 pen x7 een soo feeyer) 5846 x 4688 a iw - 4594 _ 4594 Lo grisa Ans. 77406048 | 5235.08 , General formula for Coefficient of Correlat : Here the deviations are taken from the assum taken from the actual means ¥ and J. ion ed means a, b; previously the deviations were = ee Ex . / ic fai in low: ve Calculate Kar! Pearson's coefficient of correlation forthe “on lx | 8g |2|7 Be Tndepenensvoriabie _|* [9 |" 3 4 |6 am ” Jo | I. 2 Dependent variable eae and oulpu f elecirey a a 7 the assumed Mente A + a y be 4 jg ote <- N Ter a fun ehaton bat pai etmean the mars chisimed by ® ede Mathematics (OF Wi Semester, 100 ION Soutien. Let the marks of two subjects be denied ty 1 and y teopecsively pa % » 2 3s ” ” 42 45 ew 2h Let the wosurnied mean for x marks be 0) weed that of lot y be (at N= Sea a. ut? nay = (iy 47 530 Uh 1 VAD farsi (sy fa 200i 042) oan 1796 (AAA 4 and advertising perdi from foblerning, te 9, Find correlation bevncen sales from fo e+ Introduction to Engineering Mathematics ~ IV. _ Proved, n(r=1) Working Rule ‘Step I. Assign ranks to each item of both series, if they are not given. Step II. Calculate the difference d of ranks of X from the rank of Y and write it in a separate column. Step IIL. Square the difference d and write d? in a separate column. Step IV. Apply the formula to get the Rank correlation. 65d? n=) fe mis the total number of pairs of observations. Compute Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r for the following data: 7 Person Aci|ars| SCL Da[ eee es | Gk | T Rankin statistics| 9 | 10 | 6 | s | 7 | 2 | «| 8 faa Rankin income | 1 | 2 [3 [4] 5 [6 | 7 |e |]9lw Solution, Person _| Rank in statistics | _ Rank in income d=R,-R, & A 9 1 8 64 B 10 2 8 64 ' ¢c 6 A 3 9 i 7 D 2 4 1 1 | E 1 5 2 4 4 EB 2 6 4 16 i G 4 7 3 9 | a a 8 0 0 i 9 -8 64 J 3 10 7 48 Be = 280 > 5 amie ONY Conetaton and Regression 2.3 iy , p= 16280 / 10 @op=p) = !=1-697 =~ p EQUAL RANKS (100) 0.697 ‘Ans. | irthere is more than one item with the same eee reread ‘ank, the rank to the equal items is assigned by For example; suppose an item is repeated atthe rank Sth, the Sth and 6h h | ay: »the Sth and 6th items are having sesame values then the common rank assigned to Sth and th tem = S48 Sage ot and 6. The next rank assigned will besever te” p= 5:5: which is the Ian item is repeated thrice at rank 2, then the 22S =3 which is the arithmetic mean ar To ind the rank of correlation coefficient of spaman’s rank correlation formula, CORRELATION FACTOR Inthe formula of rank coreation cooicient, add he factor =D yo 54%, where mis repeated ranks, correlation factor is added to the ‘eaunberoftimes an item (say a,) is repeated. This actor is added foreach repeated value in both testes. The total number of observations is denoted by a. ‘The modified formula for the rank correlation coefficient is given below 24 Gt im) +E nd =m) + (nm forthe following da of za cnt —my-+ cok mad m+ fo oa tilt nD N FL 8 EF BRREW obra the rank correlation coefficient forthe following data: ee Tew Por 75 | 50] | a0 | 75 | ao | 55 | 04 rN yep ya pe fo ls fo [oo | | 0 | 0 lation, e poe FL» | Rankine =x! poe | 62 4 : a — 9 [a | 5 6 a - f + % | 68 25 : : ; | | so | 4s A 4 1 [+ ie 81 6 1 Q 3 flats] i fe pays oe Blt fe] ; me Se 16 +s i a i L398 [ee=d) _— a d Rank of y column 6 (7240540542) 10 (99) owing data: 6 | 68 5] 7 Vagpur University, Summer jand have a table of foy, d=v-y 35 1s 1 -15 Ls 25 35 “3.5 ‘35 2005) lowing 7% [2a 39 | 46 | 40 Negpur Tniversty Simmer 2003) 2 PE 7 a7 z 8 “4 * ® 40 36 Z . 85 72.25 2 7 4s 1 35 12.25 n 43 6 6 a 5 i) 46 25 43 -2 4 a a 1 85 -15 56.25 9 42 2s 85 -6 36 16 39 7 12 -5 25 fe 46 10s 45 6 36 1 40 2 los Ls 225 [ast Rank of column ‘Repeated Rank of) column] No oftimes 25 45 2= my [45 85 =m, 05 105 =m, Therank correlation coefficient ris given by 6| fairs — (2) (27-1) + (2)¢ 12 Pd (mye k -ah Spe mm -) Ea? + oom, (m1) +5 mand D+ ms (m1) 2-14 m, (m2 + yy (ms D+ me (me » mgr =1) repeated 12, values of three x items are repeated twice and values of three y items also repeat une apes FID AED +HOR V4 Oe -») (11) 6x320_, 1 1p tas9=- 01189 Am 1716143 na college comes of Miss Engineering ten judges in the following order: Teo] s [3 | ol I Thudge | 1 | 6 | S| : litJudge | 6 | 4 | 9 | Use the correlation coefficient to determine whic _ approach to common flair in beauty rankings Solution, eee weksow th s[ife hs 3}6]4 9 1 a name wo} s [9 5 1 4 2s 1 " 7fifs} 3 a | 2 9 |} 1 4 mo 2/3 fa 7 1 fo2 fa da 4 r}2}2} -1 1 | oo 1 tale 7a 4)4]3 0 1 1 | oo | a f 4 i 10] 9 /10 1 0 1 1 } o | 4 | New 4}7]s} 3 -1 2 o | a fa Sen 6] 8}7 2 = 1 4 ee eae larly Now 62d 6x75 = aoa n? 1) 10 (100-1 a(n’ —I) ( 1) i. 6Edi 6x9 hy =1-— > 6x9 at? =1) 1000-1) pai 6d 6x 60 n(n? =1) 10100 it _ is 7 Se Since rs = 0.9455 is maximum, so the pair of first and third Judge has the nee “arly approach to the common taste of beauty. es oe tablish the formula . ’ 62., =02 +0! 2,0, where ris the correlation coefficient between x and y: 4 peritors are y, 7 ‘inked ly. == X= Y= mean of (x y) series = mean of x - mean of y= F-F (eG) - PF _ Ete sory ot 22 U=2)0=9) w Weknow that pe EURFWNT) 4, BUMP). 73.5, ” Putting this value in (1), we get of, =03 +03 -270,0, (EN 1X or Yare uncorrelated random variables, find the coefficient of correlation between X + YandX-¥. Solution Le ueX+¥ and _ Eu=mv-¥) ‘Then Le 70,6, +Y, ao K47 Now Similarly Now X-7 E(u-mHKv-¥) = sux -F+¥-7K-D-O- yy 2Ee Ey =n aE (xt y)E- -n0; 2 oy _gyt ot 2 Ae 3 But) Sexe PE = Beta (Exr+ty +2ED) ‘and Y are not correlated, © if aot +03 (ASX ateaite} ae have E90) Similarly a-% orto; 4 geotas were mikes 11, Two gis Asear and M __ x B co} Lipsticks 7 Do the mo judges appear to agre in their standards 19, Fill up the blank: i and .. ‘The value of coefficient of correlation lies between he REGRESSIONS Ifthe scatter diagram indicates some relationship between (Wo variables x and y, then the dia the scatter diagram will be concentrated round a curve. This curve is called the curve of Regression analysis is the method used for estimating the unknown values of one vari corresponding to the known values of another variable. Curve of Regression When a number of pairs of two correlated variates are plotted on a graph paper the scattered diagram is concentrated around a curve. The curve is called the curve of regression 2: the relationship is given by curvilinear regression. The equation of the regression curve is si regression equation. INE OF REGRESSION et a number of pairs of two correlated variables be (x, ‘we have to find out the unknown value of for a certain v ofyonx.ie.,y=a + bx. Here y is dependent variable and x is independent variable. If we have to find out unknown value x for a given value of y, then we have a line of ego of x on yi, x = a + by. Here x is dependent variable and y is independent variable. So, we have two lines of regression. When the curve is a straight line, it is called a line of i ion curve ne, regression. A \f regression straight line which gives the best fit in the least square sense oes given a = Regression will be called non-linear if there exists a straight line between the variables under consideration, F EQUATIONS TO THE LINES OF REGRESSION ~ > Let p=atbr x ny be the equation of the line of regression of y on x, Let (x,,.),) be any point of dot. relationship (parabola etc.) ob" egw no PR=y, OR =a+bs, PO= PR-OR= y, ~ aby, a sbethe sum of the squares of such di F, S=D0-a-bx}? wen jing to the principle of least F squares, we have eniins 5 aS iminium. The med fe. ° R re ge the condition for minimum value of 5. oF east as = 200-0 a LO -a-bx), ae 2D y-a-bor es as da Sp 7 for S minimum LO-a-byy=0 => Yy-na-byx=0 => Yyanarbyx 2) Ley-ar-be?)=0 => Yay-ayx-0Y x ie | thedotsor of regression, => = 2 one variable Dee aherthe 8 Dividing (2) by m, we get ZY as bet aper then the a -aressic ee issue la where ¥ and 7 are the means of x series and y series. This shows that (¥,) lie on the line of regression (1)- Shifting the origin to (%,7), the equation (3) becomes Yq). Suppose Ye-Do-D=eLeDHLE of regression —_ But x-¥)=0 of regression 2 Yoe-no-n=!Ee pe Lie _L 0) = = Sy assion is the Le-7) 7 Weknow that )) XY =7r0°, other than ® x , . we get Putting the value of XY in 4s nr6,5y _ 1x07 _TSy mle “ye Tee ; i.e slope of the line of regression = : = , “The line of regression passes through (¥.) oa Hence the equation tothe line of regression 1S a (x-X) — Similarly the regression Tine of x on J a Se (y- 7) oy REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS In the regression line of y on x, e.g. is called the coefficient of regression of y on x and is denoted by 6,,- Similarly, in the regression equation of x ony, e.g., x= ¢ + dy, the coefficient ‘d Which is slope of this line is called the coefficient of regression of x on y and is denoted by 6, ‘These coefficients can be obtained using the following formulae: Regression coefficient of y on x is + bx, the coefficient’ which i the slope of he, PROPERTIES OF REGRESSION COEFFICIENTS 1, The geometric mean between regression coefficients is the coefficient of correlation (@ If6,, is positive, b,, will also be positive. (©) I£6,, is negative, b, will also be negative. (©) Both regression coefficients must have the same sign. If, and b,, are both postive *r will be positive and if 5, and b,, are both negative, r will also be negative. @ eb, si. 2. Ifone regression coefficient is greater than unity, eae then the other regression coefficient mst Arithmetic mean of b,, and 6, is aul ea greater than the coefficient of correlation. Py +b, 2 4. Regression coefficients are independent of, origin but not of scale. ! OF ca a Variables x andy, show ther Me 2 TeBression lines inthe case I™ | 9,9, + tang =| 127° }f_9:6, _ y \ ( r \é +o } \ ie. 2r a? which isthe slope of the De line 1 coe 1¢ coefficient 'a! Which dis denoted by 8 by efficient of correlation r. il also be negative. regression coefficient mst oefficient of correlation. le. 00 mn lines in the ease e "4a% ay Corretaton Significance where r= " pnt 5097 O and r=21 aos is ofrepeson a (Negeur Universi, Winter 2004) Al) 2) (3) Proved. (@) Ifr=0, then there isno relationship between the wo variables and they are independent. (On puting the value of r = 0 in (3) we get tan = 0-5. So the lines (1) and (2) are perpendicular. () Ifr=1or-1 On putting these values of ie, lines (1) and (2) coincide. Ans. ‘The correlation between the variables is perfect. sation between two variables x and y is 0.5 and the If the coefficient of correl ression is ‘acute angle between their lines of 7? ! (UP. Il Semester, June 2009) fr in (3) we get, tan 0=0or = 0 tant (2), sow at o Solution. Here, we have iss] (1) (From Example 20) 6, +0) Puting the values ofr and tan 0 in (1), We Bet coefficient berween x and, when the lines of rere, —_—o ; 2x-9y+6=0 and x-2y+1=0. Solution. Let the line of regression of x ony be 2x-9y+6=0 ‘Then, the line of regression of y on xis x-2y+1=0 same 2x-9y46=00 => => b,=5 1 since () and x-dytl=0 > = b,.4 > 1 which is not possible. On sol So our choice of regression line is incorrect. The regression line of x ony isx-2y+1=0 ‘And, the regression line of y on x is2x-9y+6=0 x-2y+1=0 = x=2y-1 = b,=2 = 4 And 2x-9y+6=0 => ae = by 3 The ¢ r= = xd 2 3 Hence, the correlation coefficient between x and y is 2. ws 7 nt Uffor two random variables x and y with same mean, the two regression’ Y= ax+bandx = ay +B, then show that &=1=4 Not l-a . [A.K.T. University 2016! Solution. Here 4,=4, 4, =4, Let the common mean be m, then Tegression lines are 7 yom= alx—m) Y= art m(1—a) x-m=a(y—m) > x= ax+m(1—a) comping (1) and (2) ith the given equations @ b= m(1~a),B=m(1—a) b 1-. B l-a Proved. TEEN Pe ines of regression are given y Sy 8 + 17 = Oand 2y— 5x + 14=0 ‘Sion ae vw 2 If 6, =16, find (i) the mean values of x and y (ii) 6% (iii) the coefficient of correlation between x and y. silution. We have, Sy~ 8x +17=0 A) 2y-5x+14=0 Sine (F,) isa common point of the two lines of regression, we have Sy -8¥ +17=0 @) ) 27 -S¥ +14=0 On solving (2) and (3) for x and y, we have eo. T7xd—14xs | ~8x14- C517) 3x5)— x 1 ate > Spo craves 25416 36 =27 ‘The equations of line of regression can be written as. Ae Ans att) - 2 re8y Now we have to determine the sign of” 16 oes 2010, sono, are always +¥6 30818 also +ve from (4). "= 5 y o,=4 8) Weare given And — 1 onan Regression 7-6 = 1iy-B) oe F = 137-1046 x-l3y=-44 °° Find the coefics ent of correla tom and regression ro Y= y-¥ay-2 ‘The various calculations are shown in the following table z y X=x-j0[y=y-2] 7x | ¥ ¥ 5 33 -5 n $8 2s 121 1 30 -3 8 -24 9 « - oy 2 6 -12 4 36 10 20 0 -2 0 0 4 " 18 1 oa ' * b 7 3 -6 18 9 36 16 9 6 al = * ~ 3x20 | By= 154 plies Coefficient of correlation zxY <1 --09868 _ peer ae a & re =r ze Er. coon (e " 2.2738 Ex a fEx* __osno®) (* Equation of line ce vt ‘yonxis yo3 Ge (x-¥) yo? _por8 19) _ 7.2738 + 22.738 YO 273x478 jon of x ony iS and equation of line of FeB°°SS 1226 x-10 =- 0.4283 9+ 9. = > x =-04283 y + 19-4226 x + 04283 y = 19.4226 Hace the equation of the line of regression of y on S'S y+22738x = 44.738 “The equation of the line of regression of x ony is x + 04283 y = 19.4226 i. rent of correlation and obtain the ines of the regression fy Calculate the coeffici the following data: oe: s[e [7[sqq foto ts to Pete Ts | [Ts (Nagpur University, ‘Summer 208) Solution. | x | 1 e z : : v1 B [14 [16 [as ¥ F 5 5 wi PE Sas 1 9 16 9 Ro 2 8 9 16 2 t/t to |e 1 0 o | 5 u 0 - 0 1 0 6 1B 1 1 ’ 8 1 1 LY ; 2 2 4 4 a | 16 3 : ‘6 4 9 16 Rn | 4 3 16 9 ui Total Ee=60 | sP=oo | D5 Coefficient of correlation ‘p' = 2X 37 Yoox 60 =0.95 The regression coefficient of y on.x is 0.95 0.95 £ 60 eS. EEL ++ invoduction 1 Engineering Matnemates —1v [EE conpirionat prosasitity NA Let 4 and 8 be two events ofa sample space S and let PUB) # 0. Then conditional pr he event 4, given B, denoted by P (4\B). is defined by habit o 'm. Ifthe events A and B defined on a sample space S of a random experiment are independent, then P(A\B) © P(A) and P (BA) = PB Proof. A and are given to be independent events, a P(A and B) > P(A), Pd) i" PAB) PAVED) > PUB) = MAY ‘one of tl PB) 1B) he probul PUBOA) PUB) PIA) > PBA) =P BOA) _ PD PAY _ gy wei) PIA) PIA) BAYES’ THEOREM . Bys Byy Byy ny B, are mutually exclusive events with PB) # 0, (= 1, 2, ..) of a random experiment then for any arbitrary event A of the sample space of the above experiment with P(A)> 0, we have Wehave to find, PUPA 8) ip Byes’ Theo} PB, \A)=— DPB PCA |B.) For 3 events (n= 3) probability of occurrence of event B,, where A has already occurred. PUB,)PIA |B.) ~ P(B)PCA |B,)+ PUB, )PCA |B,)+ PLB, )PLA |B.) Proof. Let S be the sample space of the random experiment. The events B,, By ... B, being exhaustive Sinve the three | PUB, |A) Also P(R}U,) | S=B,UB,U..0B, feacs] PPR Md= PC A=AOS = ANB, UB, UB) “| = (ANB YUAN BU. d(AOB,) [Distributive Lav] = PUA) = PAO B,)+ PAO By) +n PCAOB, = P(B,)P(A | B,)+ P(B,) P(A | By) +... P(B, PCA |B,) = SP, Pu 1B) al t ta The to Sone 1 Now P(A OB,)= P(A )P(B,|A)] PAB) P(B)P(A\B,) PA) SPB, yPLA |B.) = P(B,|A)= [using (1)] mdi —_— — “ a . ‘habiey and Oatrenton Far . 7 M ey oe Pet < “_ 7 < , | ingabout the event A, (2) in chan, ae a edo 4) Wibstlpot tes hetossen eae : : “ scovwarelte oe hea ti ‘hun fom Iftar . inion tt Usthebalisdrwn Gomer ~ ' re ‘Uy :the ball is pe $n Ute tn i ithe ball is drawn from urn I R : the ball is red, We have to find P (UR). py Bayes’ Theorem, PU, \R) =P) PU, )PUR\U,) + PU, PURU) + PU, )PCRIU,) ras already ogc Since the three urns are equally likely to be selected P(U,) = P(Us) = PCY) = 1 a "3 |B, )+ PCB PIA ‘Also P (R|U,) = P (a red ball is ravi from urn 1) < (RU) = P (ated ball is drawn from urn) = P (R\U,) = P (aed ball is drawn from ore M)= ana) + PB, JAB) [ ractre respectively 25%, 35% and C manuf a bolt factory, machines A, Band a ent are defective bolts, A bolt is drawn cat random Wht re ob fc on Pe atthe probe a er ‘manufactured bY Dostibatnes 2 Ans B,) «From (1), we have = PU, |R. a poe rode ‘and is found 10 be defeet¥@- What eae vine BY ; Solution. 14 bolt is manvfactured PY machine A. | B: boltis manufactured by machine B. : " C: bolt is manufactured by ‘machine mn * p(B) = 035: P (O)= )! . oe Pd) = 025 PO putactured by machine 4 isPDa=o4 ‘The probability of drawing a defective 4 = | Introduction to Engineering Mathematics ~ IV a Similarly, P (D(B) = 0.04 and P (DIC) = 0.02 By Bayes’ theorem PUB)P(D\B) P(B|D) = ee) P(A)P(DIA) + P(B)P(DB) + POVPLD . 35% 0.04 © (0.25 0.05) + (0.35 x 0.04) + (0.40 x 0,02 ty RMMMEELE Tie members of a consulting firm rent cars from three rental agen percent from agency 1, 30 percent from agency 2, and 10 percent from agency 3. if 4 net fy The | of the cars from agency | need a tune-up, 20 percent of the cars from agency 2 need 4 o oO and 6 percent of the cars from agency 3 need a tune-up, what is the probability that ay [Ea patton delivered to the firm will need a tune-up? Ifa remai car delivered to the consulting firm needs a tune-up, what is the probably, it came from rental agency 2? Solution. If A is the event that the car needs a tune-up. and B,, B, and By are the ¢, that the car comes from rental agencies 1, 2, or 3, we have P (B,) = 0.60, P (B,) 4 P (B,) = 0.10, P (A | B,) = 0.09, P(A |B. 0, and P (A | B,) = 0.06, Substituting these vain into the formula. PUA) = PUB). PAB) (0.60) (0.09) + (0.30) (0.20) + (0.10) (0.06) 0.12 Thus, 12 percent of all the rental cars delivered to this firm will need a tune-up, PIA) Now we have to find the P(B, | A). that it was dr By Bayes’ Te hia- PB) PAB) Solution @,1A= P(B,)- P(A|B,) + P(By)- P(A|B,) + P(B,)- P(A\B,) 0.30) (0.20) 060 45 PB 1A)= Sa aan om We hav (0.60) (0.09) + (0.30) (0.20) + (0.10) (0.06) 0.121 By Bay Observe that although only 30 percent of the cars delivered to the firm come from agen ~ 50 percent of those requiring a tune-up come from that agency. Since Ina class of 75 student, 15 were considered to be intlligen, 45 as me" and the rest below average. The probability that a very intelligent student fails in a viv examination is 0.005, the medium student failing has a probability of 0.05 and fora below 9° student, it is 0.15. If a student is known to have passed the viva-voice examination, whe! probability that he is below average? i. Solution. Let B,, B., B, are the events that a student is very intelligent, medium a4 * Fr average respectively. Let is the event that a student passes in a viva-voice examination 1s We ki B)= = ae PB) = 3 = 02, oo RE 45 ’ P(B;) = == =06, ~ 75 then 4 / PB) = B =02 15 P(A | B,) = 1 -0.005 = 0.995 - Pie a, Introduction to Engineering Mathematics - IV discrete random variables include the number of children pl of a particular city, the number of students in a school (A) Continuous Random Variable : Defines a set which consists of infix set of values. For example, the age, height or weight of students in a clas random variables. Generally, we can say that random variables represent « continuous random variables represent measured data. For example, Ran, Length, Thickness, Weights and Temperature are called Continuous Variables ru Ey Prosaaiuiry MASS FUNCTION (p.m.f.) th Let us consider a random variable X which assumes the values x,, x, With exs of the variable X, we associate a number - a he a P= PU = XY FVD oe In which is known as the probability of x, and satisfies the following conditions oe () p, = PH =X) 200 = 1,2, on) 2 1) Ep, = Dy * Py + on Dg “ The set of all the possible ordered pairs {x, p(x)}, is called probability distribution 4 robab random variable X, a ‘The probability distribution of a discrete random variable is a list of probabilitie, with each of its possible values, It is also sometimes called the “Probability Function or. JS Mass Function (pmf)”. PME usually define a Discrete Probability Distribution for or Multivariate Random Variables whose domain is di te. PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION (p.d.f.) 5 Let X be a continuous random variable which takes values in the interval fc, d] 1) s J 1 A function f(x) is said to be the probability density function of the continuous = variable X if it satisfies the following properties. 1 (i) [(2)20 Yr €fe,d) (ii) For any two distinct numbers ¢ and d, i dice! Me = X< d) represents the area under the probability curve between the ot VY xe cand x= d. (iii) The total area under the probability curve is 1 ie., Plc 4 vale Show that it is a probability density function, ns 0, x<2 1 Solution. = f'(x)= 7g (2849) 2sx<4 \ 0, x>4 If (3) is a probability density function, then O) J se@arc=1 41 li) 4d . Here J gg ext dar= Bb +31]; = ll6+12-4~6 : a continuous Wo fe)>0ferere Hence, the given function is a probability density function, Proved. The diameter of an electric cable is assumed to be continuous random variate on the onlints® | “th probability-density function: SQ) =6x(I-x), 0x81 (AMLE.T.E,, Dec. 2017) (0 verify that above is a pdf. (ti) find the mean and variance. 5 1 Solution. () J" f(@xjax= fioxa ~xde= [Gx 62 ae ss 0 f = Gxt -22°), =3-221 Secondly f(x) > 0 for 0 [E@=a 2. Elax) = @ E(X), where a is a constant Proof : We Know that, < 0, then the vai , Dec. 2006) 43s E(aX) = 3 ElaX + 6) = aB(X) +b We know that + a (aie) +b) = 7, (@, f fee? wie pas * Mo, *P2* = * PO +b) +p: (a+ )*- = aS px, * OP, tel = ab(xy>b daar + bn) = a8) + 3 +b) We know that ie f ae BY) = Pile + Pafad * Fa Ning toe = apy, * PP © 2 apt + ED ’ —_ ae ec a her On i ation and Varia Pr iapeetion ce in Integra, a as) B68 €OMMUONS nein, te Mean (or Expect ion) (ep | a Mh ry Variance = £ (ay ot Osged Rey vot {008 probabil density feng Saar — the ving) 24 | (1) [0)20 for every value ory © Dlaye, Felgd YE Whe fing ga J SGrde=1 © number g Mn 2 7 Mais oetany @) [ Seae=p, (a0 for2 0 for 0< x <1, Hence the given function is a probal w ity density function, Mean= [" xf(ex fires —aae = fetes 3 (662 )a0¢ (20-34 Variance = Soe Prong a O therwise % Boo find kand mean of x. solution. If £(2) is a probability densi ry ity function, Lad [fear = He [Fx de= 1 la [B ved, “iate (f(s) is a Beta functic oa > k jo B xp (ode) chx"I-aP'de Mean = = kf ade () [YG is Beta function} Putting the v: the value of & and the integral in (1), we eet sean~ 2S Ta [B [a+B41 fa+B ae | Ans. ep erp ot? fy M moe GENERATING FUNCTION OF THE CONTINUOUS BABILITY DISTRIBUTION ABOUT X=4 i ee fends where 7) is pF MO= nerating, function of the exponential dis a ale moment 82 fOF few pers c7 id its mean and SD. sribution Hence fin SL tO P eis tet y GM bog le*221 38 es4aa, ~Treate pati, F122 +60 rep Ws GeTM oO I,.9= 120 eet 1 vag =u Hence, © SD.= i ERE) cuassirication oF DISTRIBUTION On the basis ofthe number of trials or number of tosses an vEMT CaN be clase int tg different types of distributions, ‘mis very lage) Fe 1 iS Very lane FE EXERCISE 8.6 1. The probability density p (2) ofa continuous random variable is given by PW) = yy) FI, mpa4 e Varianc => m=? a Dividing (2) by (1), we get “ ° ma2 yd m+.) mp 4 2 p=l-q : Putting the value of p in (1), we get : 1 n (3) =4 = n=8 (i Probability of r successes ="C, pf g"~’ @ (ii) P (less than 2 successes) = P(0) + P (1) =8C, pogt + 8C, Dla’ 1 ay _ 9 as"*(3)(3) “as r A = P(2)+P(3)+..+P (8) (iid) P (at least 2 pees arte Gy TG) ++ P(8)-PO)-Pt) 9 247 Ans. — P(0)- P(l)=1-[P 0) + PON=1- 5 = 956 wz Fit a Binomial distribution for the following data and compare the theoretical i Frequencies with actual ones : ; aa a 0 ; » | 8] 4 | 20 | 34 | 22 : : (RGPV. Bhopal, Ii Semester, Jane 2000) 5C, (0.568) (0.43 65F 0. 2 7 r aa 3 34 | (102 5C, (0.568¥ (0. 100 = 0.342 4 D | 88 | %C,.s68K 0. 100 « 0.2) : ; 40 | °C, (0.568) (0.3327 = 0.0591 | 100< 005013 Ef = 100 84 Sp=284 => p= =0.568 q= 1-p=1-0.568 = 0.432 Binomial Distribution = 100 (0.432 + 0.568)° Any EEY RECURRENCE RELATION FOR THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION Ly By Binomial distribution, P(r)= "C, p’ ¢” Pr +I)="C, peigne On dividing (2) by (1), we get P(r+t Pr) "C, pigh . (wakes ona} a (n= 1Kn= P(r+)) er)e a | Zee PY) Ca) “ rosy (St} 2 ce is the required recurrence formula, Applying this formula successively, we can find P(1), P(2), P(3), .... if P(0) is known. — { EXERCISE 9.2 = 1. Fita Binomial Distribution tothe following frequency data: 4 ( ¢ ( te 4 Poisson Distribution [BI Poisson bistriBution Poisson distribution isa particular Linn sey small and is big and large enough, While poisson distribution is bee mis the mean oF the distribution Proof. In Binomial distribution, P(r) W form of the Binomial distribution when p (or 4) 1s a PCO preg nm ( since mean = m= np, p =) {since mean vps) (6) Jens (AGPV, Bhepeh Smee } of mean and variance is (mis constant) variance "variance (RG.PU, Bhopal. I Smee vis ir) Nooo (AME Bie >np (nen, gir HOE” "% wo Aas. ance is pial distribution “ ot wer her erect. Proved. Efrs0+e mte “mi Mean = 22, alge Mean =m. AD {10.3 | VARIANSEAND STANDARD DEVIATION OF POISSON DISTRIBUTION p= 7 Successes r Frequency f Productfr_| Prada =r io anime 0 v 4) 1, L fr =0+e".m+2e.m' 43.6 omes Smt Amt mie™| 1+ 2m4 24 Ay. [ 2 3! “= = merle +m ela mem ti (my =m or a= sco istbution are each gual tom, Similarly we can bt Hence mean and variance of Po! wom wea sentm 1 1 Bet, he ieee th ola na q MEAN DEVIATION ‘with unit mean, ‘the mean deviation about the mean is Show that in a Poisson distribution times the standard deviation. ; mei ndsD-= Ym | ' 1112.13 EP(r)|r~ Uateoet rete oa 2.3 r-l . {iro ted tate ot | waa 1 (i 1),(2 s}+(2 x)+( dlla-altlacaltlacg)* 2 WoW) lar 2) ae at ft 2 3 4 1 = ett lese se el 2 a at 1 it lieder th Se * 8 [Ite-e41]= 1 ve 2,2 Wa 28D. Prot e P(r) Let M(t) be the moment generating function, then MQ Yer at x on wer[ime eh (me | 3I ney r! 0 pm grt ae cwewrene 6. pa UMULANTS : : plants are sequence of Numbers, uszaiy = woes inn Simple me a ios F Set Quantities of a Probabulaty Destribunan As caetied wo differentiate Probability [ ae (Cusulant 1s Preferred over ality Theory re cumulant generating function Kinis Biven by KO) = bog, M0) = tog, Now K,=nhcumulant = coefficient of & in K(x) =m " ie. Kemro23,.. J Hence, all the cumulants of the P ‘oisson distribution are equal. In particular, we have RECURRENCE FORMULA FOR POISSON DISTRIBUTION By Poisson distribution L- Per) = ofl) em" Prt (2) By dividing (2) by (1), we get Perth) _ em" Pir) (r+! P(r +t pir) r+1 CO — Cd 7 I/the variance of the Poisson distribution is 2, find the probabilities for r= 1,2, 3.4 from the recurrence relation of the Poisson distribution. Also find P(r 2 4). Solution. —-Variane: Means? m [Recurrence relation] =—Pl P(r+l) eT (r) (m=2) Now ser=et= 01353] 2 —2_ (0.1353) =0.2706 pPO=er=e Ho peo, PID= GPO DH OP” i 0.2706) = 0.2706 de : (0.2706) = 0.1804 ir 0.1804) = 0.0902 P(r24)= P(4) + P(S)* P16) -[P(0) + P(1) + Pi2) + PAS) = 1=[0.1353 + 0.2706 + 0.2706 + 0.1804) =0.143 = 1- 0.8569 = 0.1431 Am, o Assume tha the probability of an mda coal miner being ied ng al acciden during a year is 7. Use appropriate statistical distribution to calculate the Protabie, sal {hatin amine employing 200 miners. ther willbe at leat one fatal accident in yew 1 Solution. ra P (Atleast one) Pilor2orior or 200) PU) * PQ)+ PO) +. + P(200) 1~ PQ) 21-5 o o prs to Ie © =1-092 =0, aah \ “ An eproxin, Suppose 3% of bolts made by a machine are defective, the defects occurring aa | "4°" random during production, {bois are packaged $0 per box. fired (a) exact probability and (bj Poison 5 approximation to it, that a given box will contain ¢ defective bolts Solu Solution. ="C, (0.03)'(0,97)¢ = 0.013074 (Binomial Distribution) m=np=50x 3_ 5 (2) To get Poisson approximation 100~ 1 Requited Poisson approximation = 2°27 _ (1.S)'e"!S 4 a, a= 0.01412 ee . Ifthe number of custo , iat witha mean ity Men ial during any day follows Poisson distri 2 Fandom isles than 29.“ 'M*PrObabilty thatthe tora man he Of customers on two day's select! Solution, aes a : 3 P(r = Som oy P= r! the number of customers on two day. S<2=1or9 SORE eet 8 + 1+5+5]=11e" = 4.994 *10+= 0.0005 See? 1x454= 10° Ans, Using Poisson distribution, Sind tion, the prot eerste cara et oe ha a ates solution. Probability of the ace of spades = p= (atleast once) = P(1) + P(2) + P(3) +. + PLO) 1-0.135 = 0.865 Ans. BOON 12 oern factory producing cycle tyres, there is a small chance of 1 in $00 "be defective. The tyres are supplied in lots of 10. Using Poisson distribution, calculate the ‘qrazinate number of lots containing no defective. one defective and neo defective tyres respectively ignment of 10,000 lots. Cede z (AMIETE, Dec. 2010) tprobabiltyard’/®=* | Solution. P= S.No. Probability of defective ‘Number of lots containing defective 87 (0.02)" _ on 10,000 « 0.9802 = 9802 lots 1 | poy = SO = = 0.9802 o! 22 (9,02)! 2 |Pw=" oe 10,000 » 0.019604 = 196 lots e°"(0.02)" 10,000 0.000196 lots 3, |Pa=—a = 0.9802 « 0.0002 = 0.00019604 laa EITM p(B or more) = P(3) + Pt) + Py = £0025) ; s120+5(0.025)+ .0252) _ 9.9750.000015625%20.1 = SR 000156252011: Solution. Here, p=0.002, n=10 Number of packets = 50000 P(r) 0 30000 * (0.980) = 49000 1 50000 * (0.0196) = 980 a0 (0,02)' 2 | pay == 02 - ooo0196 50000 x (0.000196) = 9.8 2! Hence, number of packets containing no defective razor blades = 49000. number of packets containing one defective razor blade = 980 number of packets containing two defective razor blades = 9.8 = 10 PRIMI S:.pp05e that a book of 600 pages contains 40 printing mistakes. Assume that theseerors ane endomly distributed throughoul the book andx, the umber oferors per page has a Poisson distribution. What is the probability that 10 pages selected at random will be free of errors? Ans. » 401 Solu = 24, n=10, solution. 600 15 2 =np=l0 x b=2 P= manp=10X 75-5 > Ans. Os 51 PO=—~o If there are 3 misprints in a book of 1000 pages. find the probability tha a given Page will contain (i no misprint (i) more thon 2 misprints. (UL, IIT Semester, Dec. 2009) Solution, Total number of pages ~ 1000 No. of misprints =3 a aP, UP eis = « v SRR + rocucton Engen Mate a ?* {000 Poisson distribution 2 (@,003)° Pr) =F o P(r>2)=P) = £°(0.003)" 9 o900000045 Hence (9 the probability that a page will contain no error = 0.997 __Adf the probability that a page will contain more than two misprints = 0,000000004 turer knows that the condensers he makes contain on an averge jy, ob defectives. He neces in boxes of 100, What is the probability that a box picked out qr, will contain 4 or more faulty condensers? odin Solution. p= 1%=0.01, n= 100, P()=e ey et rt rt P (4 or more faulty condensers) = P (4) + P (5) +... + P(100) =1-[P(0)+ P(1)+ P(2) + P(3)] -0.981=0.019 Ans, An insurance company found that only 0.01% of the population is involved ina ceriain type of accident each year. If ts 1000 policy holders were randomly selected fom te Population, what is the probability that not more than two of its clients are involved in suchan aecen next year? (given that e*! = 0.9048) 1 1 1 ‘on. =00I%=—2 x1 1 1999 eetutien FOOT 5" p00" "=! 1 1 = np =(1000)x. —=0. mem 10) = ig = 04 P= rl P (not more than 2) = P (0, 1 and 2) =P(0)+P(1)+P(2) , 10.1) e210 1 ein a or _é (oa +20. HO) en(ieaae) u 2! = 0.9048 x 1.105 = 0.9998 ws PRO Poisson distribution to the set of observations : a 9 | 1 | 2713 [4 f | 127 6 15 2 i in) (RG.PY, Bhopal, II Semester, Dee. 2007, June 20" The mean number = 2/7 Fita Pc Solutio Solution. OS game fear aera Poisson Dstibuton $< g 122 es 1 0 0 a 15 Q 3 2 30 4 1 6 Total 4 a2 2i 300 = 100 Mean = 2 _ 100 20° 2 ody 1 1 | p= — rt ‘Theoretical frequency Given frequency r P 0 ) 0.6065 « 200 = 121.3121 at 2)+P(3)) - =| = I-e fiend } i 03033 « 200 = 60.761 “0 V6 2 019 ‘ re 2 e? 3) _* (2) _ 0.6065 0.0758 x 200 = 15.2=15 1 0.01% of the population ees PQ)=— = = 00758 5 ders were randomly scl fo Jients are involved inswhora 4 PG) 0.0126 x 200=2.5=3 2 |, =1000 — 0000 | % 0.0016 x 200= 0.320 1 10 “An “Asked piston routine wor, kept arecordofmisaes made per dy during 500 working days. sailed Mistakes per day | _0 1 Tz + [3s] 4) 0.) eel No. of days 73 | 90 | #2 | 2 | 9 a [7 | 2! Fita Polson distribution tothe above data and hence calculate the ‘theoretical frequencies. Solution. The mean number of mistakes Las 0) + 90X1+ (422) + (2x3) 4 4) = 300 ) +35) + 1X6) 267 == 0.89 16+36+15+ 9) = 599 —Lo+84+3 300 M Semen, Normal Distribution [5B NORMAL DISTRIBUTION Normal distribution is a continuous distribution gibation for large values of n where potas car eee a Thenormal distribution is piven by the equation = —| @) oie" abere w= mean, = standard deviation, x = 3.14159 PQ 2 and neither p nor Proof. The frequencies for r and (r + 1) successes in binomial distribution are and fHD=NC PG (r +1) successes if SENG PT” “ ‘The frequency of r successes > frequency of £0) forse) = For a! aor A(n-r)! 5 Nera = MC POT Gale=rD! ria-ninip 4 347 aed.) >: = (n-r)P = a7” = rome > the fr y of (t = 1) successes if Aeain,similary the frequency ofr sores frequency forfe-) > Fenn?! nl . 7 rine? 4 ot 7 _ eee eapin-reyi? 4 = De ary pin-r+,, ul gv rq na pn-pr+p>rq => pntp>prear = pntp>r(ptq) > patprr » fvptaet from (1) and (2), we have pntp>r>np-q pn+p+q>r>np npt+l>r>np Since a possible value of r is np, therefore, without loss of generality we can assume that np is an integer as n -> co, Hence the frequency of mp successes can be assumed to be maximum q frequency. Let yy be the frequency of np successes and y., be the frequency of (np +x) successes 4 Then i Y=Sp)=N.°C,, p? gh? [from (1), for r = mp) : al : Y Gpermapyh OT” at oP ot Gpiag? 3) [s g=l-p) and y= a rP8 gates vo" __), @p+ai(ng—0)! 8 (4) by (3), we get 2s __(p)"(ng)! Fj Yo (apt x)ing—ai? 7 For n being | we have o* (5) arze, then according to James Stirling's approximation formula for factorial We Say, em apyr ox ue Yo From (5) bene v a) Fo ptgey We can assume tt ted to be maximun (np + x) successes m (1), forr = "7 , - 2 we (2}=-$ fips Yo 2npq— 2npq Since p < 1, q <1 and so q ~p is very beneglected. (q - p = 0). small as compared with n. Therefore Ist term may 2, @2 = npg, the variance of Binomial distribution) »: x log| — |=- me(2] npg 28" ~ond PF Me = ae worst Ease, SIMs a tenn under 45 and 8% are over 64. Find and jation of the distribution. mid (AMIETE, Dec. 2010, AKTU 2014-15) Solution. Let be the mean and o the SD. Proved. 45- Itx=4s, 2S 4-F Ifx= 64, _—_s 45-* =019 Area = =0.50-0.31 0. between 0 and z= GE ie Pa 66 TG « tntroduction to Engineering Matnemates = _____ [From the table, for the area 0.19, = = 0.496] 45 0.496 0) o OF _95- 008-042 Area between z =Oand 7 = =~ =05 405) (From the table, for area 0.42, 1.405 a Solying (1) and (2) we get ¥ = $0, 0= 10. a Z 1d 10 be normally . sae The income of a group of 10,000 persons was foun ; tributed with mean %. 750 p.m. and standard deviation of %. $0. Show that, of thi group, about 95% had income exceeding €. 668 and only 5% had income exceeding %. 832. Also find the lowest income among the richest 100. Solution. Mean = = 750 (2) Standard deviation = = 50 and ( Ix, = 668, then ate P (x, > 668)= P (2, <— 1.64) = 0.5+P(-1.6452<0) = 0.5+ POS z $1.64) = 0.5 + 0.4495 = 0.9495 +» Percentage of persons having income exceeding & 668 = 94.95% = 95% (approx.) -7 Ate) (i) It's =832, then bc 50 P (x, > 832)= P(e, > 1.64) = 05 ~0.4495 F = 0.0505 0 y= 166 ~: Percentage of persons having income exceeding 8. 832 = 5.05% = 5% (approx.) (Gi) Letx be the lowest income among the richest 100 persons, 100 persons = 1% of 10,000 100 persons represents 1% area under the curve on the right hand side. Thus the area between 0 and z f@) 50.01 =0.49 From the table z for area 0.49 is 2.33 -

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