UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN (UTAR)

LEE KONG CHIAN FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE (LKCFES)

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND SUSTAINABILITY DESIGN

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) ARCHITECTURE

TRIMESTER JUN

202401 SESSION

UEBA2813 BUILDING SCIENCE II

PROJECT 2:

ANALYSIS OF SUNLIGHT EFFECTS OF ‘CURRENT STUDIO PROJECT’ + IMPROVEMENT OF

ITS DESIGN

LECTURE: DR. WONG YEE CHOONG

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 29 APRIL 2024

PREPARED BY:

SOO ZHI YI

2202376
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2

2.0 PROJECT INFORMATION

2.1 PROJECT BRIEF 4

2.2 SUN ANALYSIS OF NANSHA WETLAND PARK IN 8

GUANGZHOU, CHINA

3.0 METHODOLOGY 10

4.0 RESULTS 12

4.1 21st JUNE 14

4.2 21st MARCH/ SEPTEMBER 16

4.3 21st DECEMBER 18

5.0 OBSERVATIONS& ANALYSIS

5.1 SHADOW POSITION 20

5.2 SHADOW LENGTH 23

5.3 DAYLIGHT TO SHADOW RATIO 24

6.0 DISCUSSION AND SOLUTION

6.1 SYNTHESIS OF PROBLEM 30

6.2 ANALYSIS OF THE SOLUTION PROPOSED 33

7.0 CONCLUSION 36

REFERENCES 37
 ABSTRACT
The experiment investigated on how sunlight impacts on the model within the context of solar
geometry simulation. It aims to observe how sunlight affects a studio project and to offer design
solutions to enhance practically through the application of natural lighting. The study focused on
assessing the quality of natural light and the shadows cast on the building model using a Sun
Emulator Heliodon. Results will be taken to identify design issues, leading to discussions and
proposed solutions on the existing design. A better design consideration to maximize the usage of
optimum natural lighting while preventing the excessive solar gain such as glare and heat through
effective shading strategies. The goal is to enhance user comfort and experience within the designed
space.

1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Sunlight is an important design element in architecture. Its constantly changing features allow
the composing of various kinds of shade and shadow that brings out the true nature of form and
texture in architecture (Seidler, 1959). Solar responsive design refers to the utilisation of sun energy
to heat up or cool down a space without applying any substantial use of mechanical and electrical
devices. A complete passive solar responsive design comprises five elements which are
aperture/collector, absorber, thermal mass, distribution, and control (Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 Five Elements of Passive Solar Design

Source: https://sustainability.williams.edu/green-building-basics/passive-solar-design/

Sustainability which is the main point to achieve in most of the architecture design, the first
thing to aim is reduce every conserve in daily uses, hence thousands of design feature as the solution
to answering the topic. Sun orientation is the basic consideration that would affect natural lighting,
shading, user comfort, thermal comfort of a building. During typical design process, the building is
implanted some passive design elements, like clerestory, skylight, louvre, and light wells. All of these
elements are to provide natural lighting, but some of the design elements (E.g., Clerestory) is not
working in some equator due to the sunlight direction (Figure 1.2). Sun study is to study the
workability of different design feature and how and why some of the feature’s design is not works as
expected. To simulate the sun orientation on design building, the functionality of some passive design
can be known clearly. This report clarifies the different effect of different aspect in sun orientation and
clarify the method on reading the solar pattern diagram (Figure 1.3). Among the simulation it would
visualize the effectiveness of the design feature, and through the sun simulation design element
would be further modified to fit in the local sun orientation and discover more solar responsive system

2
that functioning in respective region. Besides that, this project also intended to identify the pros and
cons of the design response to solar and consequently provide ample solutions to improve the
shading effects of the building.

Figure 1.2 Different Sun Pattern in Equator

Source: https://www.autodesk.com/akn-aknsite-ckeditor-image-uploads/1c330f79-29b5-450d-92fe-
7861ccd8e571.jpg

Figure 1.3 Typical Behaviour for the Sun Path

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Typical-behavior-for-the-sun-path-The-real-sun-path-in-
Jerusalem-Latitude-310-o-has_fig2_239840189

3
2.0 PROJECT INFORMATION
2.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
Project: The Luna (Bamboo Swing Game Competition project)

Site Location: Nansha Bird Park, Guangzhou, China

Coordinate: 3.0423361,101.7865766 (3° 2' 32.41'' N, 101° 47' 11.675''E)

Function: Swing

Materials: Bamboo

Height of Building: 4.5 m

Figure 2.1.1 Location Plan

Figure 2.1.2 Site Plan

4
 Figure 2.1.3 Plan

Figure 2.1.4 Front Elevation

5
Figure 2.1.5 Right Elevation

Figure 2.1.6 Left Elevation

6
Figure 2.1.7 Back Elevation

Figure 2.1.8 Section A-A

7
2.2 SUN ANALYSIS OF NANSHA BIRD WETLAND PARK IN GUANGZHOU, CHINA

Based on Weather Spark (2024), the data of the average monthly sunshine and daylight hours in
Nansha, Guangzhou, China is tabulated in below, the data of the examined months in the experiment
are labelled in red while the noticeable data are highlighted in Yellow:

Month Average Daylight Hrs Sunny and Cloudy Sun altitude angle at
(Hours) Percentage Ratio (%) solar noon on the 21st
day (Degree)
JAN 10.52 32:68 46.8
FEB 11.20 25:75 56
MAR 11.58 27:73 66.9
78.6APR 12.40 41:59 78.6
MAY 13.14 61:39 86.8
JUN 13.31 84:16 89.6
JULY 12.24 87:13 86.9
AUG 12.54 83:17 78.9
SEP 12.14 67:33 67.5
OCT 11.33 48:52 55.9
NOV 10.59 33:67 46.8
DEC 10.43 31:69 43.4
ANNUAL 12.00 51.6:48.4 67

Table 2.2.1 The Average Daylight Hours in Nansha Bird Wetland Park in Guangzhou, China

Source: https://weatherspark.com/y/114350/Average-Weather-in-Nansha-China-Year-Round

Overall, the data is compatible with the introduction of Nansha, Guangzhou, China climate
which mentioned in the beginning of the report. The sunlight hour in Nansha, Guangzhou, China is
range between on relatively, the annual average sunlight hour is . The average longest day of the year
is 13 hour 31 minutes long in June and the shortest day is 10 hours 43 minutes in December, with a
noticeable difference of 2 hours 58 minutes. Meanwhile the average annual daylight hours per day is
12 hours. By comparing the annual average sunny to cloudy weather of the daylight hours in a day,
the sunny occupied 51.6 % of a day while the remaining 48.4 % of the daylight hours are cloudy with
low sun intensity. Observing the midday sun during 12pm noon, the average sun altitude angle is 67
degrees above the horizon of Nansha, Guangzhou, China. For reference, on June 21, the longest
day of the year, the Sun rises at 6:23 AM and sets 13 hours, 34 minutes later, at 7:57 PM, while
on December 21, the shortest day of the year, it rises at 7:45 AM and sets 10 hours, 43 minutes later,
at 6:28 PM.

The sun path chart of the site location on the examined data is shown as below:

8
Date Sun Path Chart
21st March

21st June

21st September

21st December

Table 2.2.2 Sun Path Chart in Nansha Wetland, Guangzhou, China

9
3.0 METHODOLOGY
A. Aims
1. To investigate the effects on the sun path based on the shadow casted on the building model
by using the Sun Emulator Heliodon Device.
2. To determine and study the solar responsive design which suitable to the selected building
with the consideration of the solar and location factors.
3. To spot the design problems of the existing project building while providing a practical solution
to produce a comprehensive passive solar design.

B. Hypothesis

i. The light quality of the interior is affected by the solar angle which related to the months and
time of the day.
ii. The energy demand and sunlight amount is depend on the type and location of the opening
and shading device on the building facades.
iii. The coverage and depth of the shadow produced representing the light quality of the building
interior and determining either the existing of the problems of overshadowed or overused of
natural lighting or optimal application of the passive solar design.

C. Variables

Fixed Variables:

(1) Model Orientation: North- South Orientation

(2) Location and Time Zone: Northern sphere region
(3) Building Height

Manipulated Variables:

(1) Date of the year: 21st of June (Summer Solstice), 21st of March/ September (Equinoxes), 21st
of December (Winter Solstice)
(2) Time of the day/ Solar Altitude Angle: 7am, 9am, 12pm, 3pm, 5pm

Responding Variables:

(1) Shadow Angle from North point (degree)

(2) Shadow Length (mm)
(3) Shadow Depth (Light/ Medium/ Dark)
(4) Shadow Percentage (%)

D. Apparatus

i. Site Model (1:100)

10
 The site model is constructed by using the rattan stick as structural support, brown textile
pieces to create the roofing part, wood pieces used as the base of the model.
ii. Solar Emulator Heliodon
Based on Lechner and Marusich (2017), the Sun Emulator Heliodon device is an intuitive and
conceptually clear solar geometry teaching tool to imitate the solar circulation of various
locations, dates and times. There is 7 rotatable rings representing the sun path of 21st of
each month due to the annual symmetry of the months with similar Azimuth angle, including
21st January with November, 21st February with October, 21st March and September, 21st
April with August, 21st May with July, 21st June and 21st December. Meanwhile the lamp on
the rings represents the sun, and the lamp location of the rotatable rings represent the times
of the day resulting in various Altitude angle. The cradle supports the rotation of rings up to 90
degrees to simulate all the latitudes from equator (0-degree latitude) to the poles.
iii. Camera Settings
To capture the plan view and perspective view of the model for reference purpose
iv. Measuring Tools: Pencil, Ruler and Compass
To measure and record the result of the experiment.

E. Procedures

Step 1: Physical model was placed on the centre point of the Sun Emulator Heliodon for observations.

Step 2: Adjust the latitude respectively for analysis.

Step 3: Simulate the sun path on model via Sun Emulator Heliodon.

Step 4: Data Collection using Sun Emulator Heliodon by manipulating the month and time respectively.

Month: March/ September, June, December

Time: 7am, 9am, 12pm, 3pm, 5pm

Step 5: Calculate the sunlight covered area:

Percentage of sunlight + area of ground that illuminated by sunlight/ total area of space *100%

Step 6: Observe and analyse the simulated shadows.

11
4.0 RESULTS
The experiment was taken with the constant data of:
Building Height: 4.5m
Building Orientation: North-south orientation/ East-west orientation

The analysis was observed in two main orientation which are the north-south orientation
(where the main roof covering facing to the north-south orientation) and the east-west orientation
(where the main roof covering not facing to east-west orientation). The effects of the sunlight on the
models are observed in plan view and perspective view and photos are captured for reference
purpose. The shadow angle is measured anti-clockwise from the x-Axis in each Quadrants (Quad-1:
NE, Quad-2: NW, Quad-3: SW, Quad-4: SE) on the spot by using the projector. Due to the relatively
large scale of the site model, the shadow length is unable to be measured on the spot as most of the
shadow casted out of the base. As solution the digital solar simulation of Sun Calc (2024) is used to
determine the actual shadow length and shadow angle of the 4.5m building which compatible to the
project building. The actual Altitude sun angle (α) and Azimuth Angle (β) (clockwise from North Point)
are provided by using Sun Calc (2024) as well with the compatible time and date settings in the year
of 2024. The shadow depth and percentage were observed and determined by using raw eyes on the
spot of the experiment.
The tabulated data were plotted into graph for better visualization and analysis. The shadow
angles of the months are plotted in one scattered graph which showing the Position, Angle and
Length to show the direction and movement of shadow of each month which related to the movement
and position of the sun as well. Meanwhile, the shadow length of the months was plotted separately in
one clustered bar graph for better understanding of its regulation and related it with the sun height in
sky. The daylight to shadow ratio of the building interior were plotted into different stacked column
graph for each month respectively to show the details of the light quality in different date and time.
Lastly, to analysis the comparison of the suitable orientation of the model, the shadow depth of the
month of December are plotted separately in one clustered bar graph for better understanding of the
relationship of orientation with the sun coverage. At the same time, the error of the experiment can be
spotted when a data is out of the range of the pattern of graph while the cause was explained to
prevent the mistake in the future experiment.

General Data Collection

According to Sun Calc, the Sun's location in the sky (the Sun’s position) can be expressed using two
values, its elevation (altitude angle) and azimuth angles, which closely relate to spherical
coordinates. The sun angle calculator uses the following convention:

• The elevation (α) measures the Sun's height relative to the horizon line. It ranges from -
90° to 90°. The positive values denote the Sun is above the horizon, while negative ones
mean it's below. The Sun reaches the maximal angle in the zenith – directly above your head.

12
 • The azimuth (β) tells you how much you should turn clockwise to look directly at the Sun.
The reference direction is usually north, and the azimuth angle spans 0° and 360°. Following
this convention, the most common bearings are North (0°), East (90°), South (180°), and
West (270°).

Figure 2.3.1 Diagram shows the Sun Elevation (α) and Azimuth (β)

Source: https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/sun-angle

Time Zone: GMT+8

Geographic coordinates: 3° 2' 32.41'' N, 101° 47' 11.675''E

21st of March. June, September, and December are taken as reference for data collection.

Time 21 March 2024 21 June 2024 21 September 2024 21 December 2024

0700 α/β: 6.40/ 92.28 α/β: 70.75/ 85.15 α/β: 6.40/ 92.28 α/β: -0.60/ 114.97
Shadow Length: Shadow Length: Shadow Length: Shadow Length: n/a
40.15 15.82 40.15

0900 α/β: 33.59/ 105.69 α/β: 42.45/ 78.42 α/β: 33.59/ 105.69 α/β: 22.22/ 129.58
Shadow Length: Shadow Length: Shadow Length: Shadow Length:
6.77 42.45 6.77 11.02

1200 α/β: 66.22/ 158.96 α/β: 83.52/ 82.78 α/β: 66.22/ 158.96 α/β: 43.42/ 172.31
Shadow Length: Shadow Length: Shadow Length: Shadow Length:
1.98 0.51 1.98 4.76

1500 α/β: 47.96/ 243.10 α/β: 55.17/ 278.74 α/β: 47.96/ 243.10 α/β: 30.31/ 221.85
Shadow Length: Shadow Length: Shadow Length: Shadow Length:
4.06 55.17 4.06 7.70

1700 α/β: 21.64/ 261.04 α/β:28.14/ 285.35 α/β: 21.64/ 261.04 α/β: 8.77/ 239.97
Shadow Length: Shadow Length: Shadow Length: Shadow Length:
11.34 28.14 11.34 29.19

Table 4.0.1 Solar Simulation Data

13
4.1 21st JUNE (SUMMER SOLSTICE)
North-South Orientation
Graphical result Shad. Angle, ° Daylighting to
Time Shad Depth
Plan Perspective (Position) Shad Ratio, %

70
0700 Quad-3 Light 70:30
(SW)

45
0900 Quad-3 Dark 55:45
(SW)

90
1200 Quad-4 Medium 35:65
(S)

45
1500 Quad-4 Dark 80:20
(SE)

70
1700 Quad-4 Light 50:50
(SE)

Table 4.1.1 Results of 21st June (Summer Solstice) for North-South Orientation

East-West Orientation
Graphical result Shad. Angle, ° Daylighting to
Time Shad Depth
Plan Perspective (Position) Shad Ratio, %

70
0700 Quad-3 Medium 85:15
(SW)

45
0900 Quad-3 Light 70:30
(SW)

90
1200 Quad-4 Medium 50:50
(S)

14
 45
1500 Quad-4 Dark 60:40
(SE)

70
1700 Quad-4 Very Dark 85:15
(SE)

Table 4.1.1 Results of 21st June (Summer Solstice) for East-West Orientation

15
4.2 21st MARCH/ SEPTEMBER (EQUINOXES)
North-south Orientation
Graphical result Shad. Angle, ° Daylighting to
Time Shad Depth
Plan Perspective (Position) Shad Ratio, %

25
0700 Quad-3 Medium 55:45
(SW)

45
0900 Quad-3 Very Dark 50:50
(SW)

90
1200 Quad-4 Dark 50:50
(S)

15
1500 Quad-4 Very Dark 45:55
(SE)

35
1700 Quad-4 Medium 35:65
(SE)

Table 4.2.1 Results of 21st March/ September (Equinoxes) for North-South Orientation

East-West Orientation
Graphical result Shad. Angle, ° Daylighting to
Time Shad Depth
Plan Perspective (Position) Shad Ratio, %

25
0700 Quad-3 Light 40:60
(SW)

45
0900 Quad-3 Medium 15:85
(SW)

16
 90
1200 Quad-4 Dark 95:5
(S)

15
1500 Quad-4 Dark 70:30
(SE)

35
1700 Quad-4 Medium 55:45
(SE)

Table 4.2.1 Results of 21st March/ September (Equinoxes) for East-West Orientation

17
4.3 21st DECEMBER (WINTER SOLSTICE)
North-South Orientation
Graphical result Shad. Angle, ° Daylighting to
Time Shad Depth
Plan Perspective (Position) Shad Ratio, %

45
0700 Quad-2 Light 30:70
(NW)

30
0900 Quad-2 Medium 75:25
(NW)

90
1200 Quad-1 Dark 55:45
(N)

30
1500 Quad-1 Medium 85:15
(NE)

45
1700 Quad-1 Medium 45:55
(NE)

Table 4.3.1 Results of 21st December (Winter Solstice) for North-South Orientation

East-West Orientation
Graphical result Shad. Angle, ° Daylighting to
Time Shad Depth
Plan Perspective (Position) Shad Ratio, %

45
0700 Quad-2 Light 10:90
(NW)

30
0900 Quad-2 Dark 45:55
(NW)

18
 90
1200 Quad-1 Very Dark 60:40
(N)

30
1500 Quad-1 Medium 50:50
(NE)

45
1700 Quad-1 Light 35:65
(NE)

Table 4.3.2 Results of 21st December (Winter Solstice) for East-West Orientation

19
5.0 OBSERVATIONS AND ANALYSIS
5.1 SHADOW POSITION
The scattered graph below interprets the Shadow Position of the site model under the
Heliodon device during 21st June (Summer Solstice), 21st March/ September (Equinoxes) and 21st
December (Winter Solstice). Based on the table beside the graph, the angle measured on the
Heliodon device, and the R, actual shadow length of a 4.5m building (SunCal, 2024) were used to
produce the coordination by using the trigonometry formula. The dashed line moved from West to
East along the x axis representing the direction of the shadow moving, while the 5 dots of each
months representing the observed time of 7am, 9am, 12pm, 3pm, and 5pm from West to East. The
shadow length will be discussed in the next content with more detailed interpretation of data.

Figure 5.1.1 Scattered Graph of the Shadow Position during June, March/ September, and December

Quadrant Angle R X Y
June
0700 Q3 70 15.88 -14.92 -5.43
0900 Q3 45 4.92 -3.48 -3.48
1200 Q3 90 0.51 -0.04 -0.51
1500 Q4 45 3.13 2.21 -2.21
1700 Q4 70 8.41 2.88 -7.90
Mar/ Sept
0700 Q3 25 40.15 -36.39 -16.97
0900 Q3 45 6.77 -4.79 -4.79

20
 1200 Q4 90 1.98 0.17 -1.97
1500 Q3 15 4.06 3.92 -1.05
1700 Q3 35 11.34 9.29 -6.50
December
0700 Q2 45 n/a -31.82 31.82
0900 Q2 30 11.02 -9.54 5.51
1200 Q1 90 4.76 0.41 4.74
1500 Q1 30 7.70 6.69 3.85
1700 Q1 45 29.19 20.64 20.64

Table 5.1.1 Table of the Shadow Position during June, March/ September, and December
*Notes: Quadrant 1- NE, Quadrant 2- NW, Quadrant 3- SW, Quadrant 4- SE

Based on the graph above, during 21st June (Summer Solstice), the shadow position was
moving from SW (South-West) direction during sun rise (7am) to SE (South-East) direction during sun
set (5pm) which was opposing the solar position (lamp) of the Heliodon device which moved from NE
(North-East) to NW (North-West). Meanwhile the graph showed the pattern of longest Shadow length
at 7am and decrease in a rapid fall of the shadow length on 12pm and reach the minimum point with
steep angle. The shadow was then directing Northeast side with increasing shadow length until 5pm,
showing the second longest shadow length.
During 21st March/September (Equinoxes), the shadow position was start moving from
South-West (almost to the West) during sun rise (7am) to East (5pm) direction which was opposing
the solar position (lamp) of the Heliodon device which moved from North- East to North-West. The
shadow length and moving pattern is the same with the June data.
During December (Winter Solstice), the shadow position was moving from NW direction
during sun rise (7am) to NE direction during sun set (5pm) which was opposing the solar position
(lamp) of the Heliodon device which moved from South- East to South- West. The shadow length and
moving pattern is exactly the same with the June data.
Based on the data provided regarding solar shadow movement and sun path variation across
different seasons, it is found that the angle of the solar azimuth directly influences the direction and
length of shadows cast by objects throughout the day and across different times of the year.

Results:
Summer Solstice (21st June): Shadows move from SW at sunrise to SE at sunset, with the longest
shadow length observed early in the morning and a rapid decrease around noon.
Equinoxes (21st March/September): Similar shadow movement patterns as during the Summer
Solstice but with slight variations in the sun's path due to the equinox position.
Winter Solstice (21st December): Shadows move from NW at sunrise to NE at sunset, mirroring the
pattern observed during the Summer Solstice.

21
 The Azimuth angle (SunCal, 2024) inclination to the horizon leads to noticeable changes in
the length and position of the sun's arc above the horizon, known as the sun path. During Summer
Solstice in June and the Winter Solstice in December, the Azimuth angle deviates from 90°, indicating
a more pronounced tilt of the sun's path. This tilt directs the June sun path towards the Northern side
and the December sun path towards the Southern side, impacting the sun's trajectory and the angle
at which sunlight reaches a given location. In contrast, during the Equinoxes in March and September,
the Azimuth angle approximates 90°, resulting in the sun path aligning closer to the celestial equator.
This alignment places the March/September sun path on the celestial axis. Importantly, the direction
of the sun path corresponds directly to the solar Azimuth angle, influencing the position and
movement of shadows cast by objects on the Earth's surface.

22
5.2 SHADOW LENGTH

The clustered column graph (Figure 5.2.1) below shows the actual shadow length (SunCalc,
2024) during 21st June, 21st March/ September and 21st December. The longest shadow length
projected is at 7am on 21st March/ September 2024 while the shortest shadow length at 12pm on 21st
June 2024. Based on the line graph showing average shadow length of the 3 observed date, the
shadow length is the longest at 7am with average of 32.01m and gradually decreased the length in
the following hours until 12pm which reach the minimum point of 2.42m, and then slowly increase in
the shadow length again until 5pm which reach the second longest shadow length of 16.31m. Based
on Figure 5.2.1, the higher the sun (light ray) height, the higher solar altitude angle, the lesser sunlight
getting blocked by the building (object), the smaller or shorter the size of the shadow.
By observing the shadow height during 12pm, the theory is compatible with the altitude angle
of the months, which the highest is during June (83.52°) with shortest shadow of 0.51m, following with
March/ September (66.22°) with 1.98m shadow length and lastly with December (43.42°) with shadow
length of 4.76m.
Hence, the higher the solar altitude angle, the higher the sun height in sky, the lesser light
getting blocked by the building, the shorter the shadow length.

Shadow Length of June, March/ September & December

45
40
35
Shadow length, m

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
7:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 17:00
June 15.88 4.92 0.51 3.13 8.41
March/ September 40.15 6.77 1.98 4.06 11.34
December 40.00 11.02 4.76 7.7 29.19
Average 32.01 7.57 2.42 4.96 16.31

June March/ September December Average

Figure 5.2.1 Clustered Column Graph of the Shadow Length during June, March/ September and
December

23
5.3 DAYLIGHT TO SHADOW RATIO
21st June
Based on the Stack bar graph below (Figure 5.3.1 & 5.3.2), the Heliodon device of
March/September sun on the North-East axis creates a high exposure of daylight which most of the
time have more than 50% exposure throughout the day while the highest percentage of 85% was
reached during the morning of 7am of east-west orientation.
In the morning of 7am and 9 am, high exposure of the sunlight from East direction with 70%
and 55% (for north-south orientation) and 85% and 70% (for east- west orientation) was spotted. At
Noon around 12pm and 3pm, the hot noon sun was not well-shaded when it is positioned east-west
with the daylight exposure of 50% and 60% respectively which might cause the thermal discomfort of
the user with hot and humid environment. While for the north-south orientation, the building provides a
relatively better shading effect from the Southern part with only 35% of the daylight exposure
Meanwhile, the evening sun on 3pm penetrated in the building with 80% (north-south orientation) and
60% (east-west orientation) daylight. Based on the data in Figure 5.3.1, the glare of the bright East
and West sun during 7am and 9am as well as 3pm respectively due to the uneven and insufficient
side shadings of the East and West building facades. From Figure 5.3.2, the sun exposure is evenly
higher as the main biggest shading of the roof is positioned at the Southern part, which is relatively
inverted with the sun direction.
The only biggest roof structure seems hard to cover the whole floor plan, lack of overlapping
of the roof structure (the roof leaves are at the different direction, front and back of the building) and
lack of side coverage caused the hot sunlight reflected and entered the interior via the roof angle.

Daylight to Shadow Ratio (June)

100%
90% 20
30
80% 45 50
70% 65
Percentage

60%
50%
40% 80
70
30% 55 50
20% 35
10%
0%
7:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 17:00
Shadow 30 45 65 20 50
Daylight 70 55 35 80 50

Daylight Shadow

Figure 5.3.1 Stack Graph of the Daylight to Shadow Ratio during 21st June for North-South
Orientation

24
 Daylight to Shadow Ratio (June)
100%
90% 15 15
30
80% 40
50
70%
Percentage

60%
50%
40% 85 85
70
30% 60
50
20%
10%
0%
7:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 17:00
Shadow 15 30 50 40 15
Daylight 85 70 50 60 85

Daylight Shadow

Figure 5.3.2 Stack Graph of the Daylight to Shadow Ratio during 21st June for East-West Orientation

21st March/ September

Based on the stack bar graph below (Figure 5.3.3 & 5.3.4), there is a huge difference result
for both orientations. The Heliodon device of March/ September sun when the building is at north-
south orientation creating an evenly moderate exposure with average 47% from East façade and
West façade of the building from 7am to 5pm while the highest percentage of 55% is at 7am of the
morning due to the larger area of the roof structure is positioned south, shade the exterior south part
of the building, however the interior of the building was exposed.
Compare with the north-south orientation, building facing to the east-west creates a higher
exposure of daylight which most of the time have more than 50% exposure from 12pm to 5pm while
the highest percentage of 95% was reached during the hottest noon sun 12pm. The sun positioned
right to the top of the building; however, it shaded only the exterior of the building. Therefore, the
building roof angle were focused to be improved in terms of the shading purpose in the following
content. Although the two roof leaves seems to cover the whole floor plan, lack of overlapping and the
improper angle of roof rotate caused the hot sunlight reflected and entered the interior via the roof
vent.
By observing the average sun exposure for both orientation of the building, the theory is
compatible with the position of the roof structure, which the most moderate sunlight is 47% during
north-south orientation (the roof structure is placed north and south), while the highest sun exposure
is 95 % at 12pm when the roof structure is placed east-west.

25
 Daylight to Shadow Ratio (March/ September)
100%
90%
80% 45 50 50 55
70% 65
Percentage

60%
50%
40%
30% 55 50 50 45
20% 35
10%
0%
7:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 17:00
Shadow 45 50 50 55 65
Daylight 55 50 50 45 35

Daylight Shadow

Figure 5.3.3 Stack Graph of the Daylight to Shadow Ratio during 21st March/ September for North-
South Orientation

Daylight to Shadow Ratio (March/ September)

100% 5
90% 15
30
80%
70% 60
Percentage

60% 85
50% 95
40% 55
70
30%
20% 40
10% 15
0%
7:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 17:00
Shadow 60 85 5 30 15
Daylight 40 15 95 70 55

Daylight Shadow

Figure 5.3.4 Stack Graph of the Daylight to Shadow Ratio during 21st March/ September for East-
West Orientation

26
21st December
Based on the Stack bar graph below (Figure 5.3.5), the Heliodon device of December sun
from Northern part creates a huge exposure of daylight which more than 50% exposure throughout
the day while the highest percentage of 85% was reached during the evening of 3pm. In the morning
of 9 am, high exposure of the sunlight from NE direction with 75% was spotted. At noon around 12pm,
the hot noon sun was not shaded properly with the daylight exposure of 55% respectively. Meanwhile,
the even higher exposure of 85% of daylight is spotted during 3pm relatively due to evening sun from
NW direction. Based on the diagrams in Table 4.3.1, the front part of the deck was exposed to the
sunlight throughout the day and only a small area of the inner resting area was shaded which proven
that the North opening was too wide which received the excess solar gain from Northern sun.

While based on the Stack bar graph (Figure 5.3.6), the east-west orientation is not suitable for
winter sun, as the exposure of sunlight is important during the winter, however, the average daylight
exposure is only 38%, which is not inefficient during the winter.

Daylight to Shadow Ratio (December)

100%
90% 15
25
80% 45
70% 65
70
Percentage

60%
50%
40% 85
75
30% 55
20% 45
30
10%
0%
7:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 17:00
Shadow 70 25 45 15 65
Daylight 30 75 55 85 45

Daylight Shadow

Figure 5.3.5 Stack Graph of the Daylight to Shadow Ratio during 21st December for North-South
Orientation

27
 Daylight to Shadow Ratio (December)
100%
90%
80% 40
55 50 45
70%
Percentage

60%
90
50%
40%
30% 60
45 50 35
20%
10%
10
0%
7:00 9:00 12:00 15:00 17:00
Shadow 90 55 40 50 45
Daylight 10 45 60 50 35

Daylight Shadow

Figure 5.3.6 Stack Graph of the Daylight to Shadow Ratio during 21st December for East-West
Orientation

Summary
Building orientation plays a crucial role in determining the amount of sunlight a building
receives throughout the year. In regions with distinct seasons, the orientation of a building can
significantly impacts its energy efficiency and overall comfort.
Based on the stack graphs above, the data presented in the stack bar graphs for different
orientations and months provides valuable insights into the solar responsiveness of buildings in the
site across different seasons. The orientation of the model design plays a crucial role in its solar
responsiveness. For example, during March/September, the north-south orientation showed a more
even and moderate exposure to daylight throughout the day compared to the east-west orientation.
This indicates that buildings oriented in the north-south direction can achieve better daylight
distribution and shading effectiveness.
The data reveals fluctuations in sunlight exposure at different times of the day. For instance,
mornings and evenings generally had higher sunlight exposure percentages, while midday (around
12pm) showed reduced shading effectiveness, especially for east-west oriented buildings. This
highlights the importance of considering daily sun paths and angles when designing shading
strategies.
The data for December shows significant differences in sunlight exposure compared to
March/September. The north-south orientation still maintains a relatively higher exposure to daylight
throughout the day, but the overall exposure percentages are influenced by the sun's position during
winter months. East-west orientation during winter (December) is noted to be less efficient in terms of
sunlight exposure, emphasizing the need for adaptive design strategies based on seasonal changes.

28
 The stack graphs above also point out challenges related to shading effectiveness, such as
insufficient side shadings for east-west oriented buildings and the impact of roof angles on interior
sunlight penetration. These challenges underscore the importance of implementing effective shading
devices, roof designs, and building configurations to optimize solar responsiveness and mitigate
thermal discomfort.
In summary, it's evident that the north-south orientation is superior for solar responsiveness
compared to east-west orientation in the context of building design for the site.

Orientation

North-South East-West

Pros Cons Pros Cons

Even and High solar Limited direct Uneven and

balances exposure solar exposure inconsistent
sunlight sunlight
distribution Potential for Potential for distribution
passive solar passive solar
Better shading heating heating in Challenge with
effectiveness winter shading
effectiveness.
Consistent
performance Seasonal
across seasons variability

Figure 5.3.7 Solar responsiveness based on suitable orientation.

1. The stack bar graphs consistently show that buildings with a north-south orientation achieve more
even and balanced sunlight distribution throughout the day.
2. North-south oriented buildings demonstrate a relatively better shading effect, especially during
peak sun hours such as midday.
3. The data comparisons between different months (March/September, December) reveal that the
north-south orientation maintains a consistent level of solar responsiveness across seasons. In
contrast, east-west orientation shows variations in sunlight exposure efficiency, particularly during
winter months when the sun's angle is lower.

29
 6.0 DISCUSSION AND SOLUTIONS
6.1 Synthesis of Problem
From last chapter, it is observed that north-south orientation is more suitable for the proposed
building design, hence the north-south orientation of the model was focused to be discussed the
improvement in terms of the shading purpose in this chapter.
The red labelled representing the weakness while the green labelled representing the
strength of the model. In the solution proposed, the weakness will be solved without removing the
strength part of the model or even enhancing it.

Sea Breeze during

Large Openings allow
daytime improve
more direct sunlight into
thermal comfort by
the building, leading to
impede the cross
increase solar heat
ventilation from the
gain, especially during
openings.
hot and sunny days
common in Guangzhou. Roof vents get rid of
the hot air inside the
building

Lack of existing trees

to protect the building
from hot sun solar
radiation

Roof design challenge

to shadthe building
throughout the years
of different months

Figure 6.1 Weakness and Strength of the Site Building based on the Passive Solar Design
Source: Soo Zhi Yi, 2024

30
Façade/ Part Strength Weakness Solution
North Façade - Provides relatively - Limited direct solar Improve the position of
better shading exposure, which roof
effect during peak can impact natural
sun hours. lighting and passive
- Maintains solar heating
consistent
performance in
terms of solar
responsiveness
across seasons
South Façade - Offers good solar - Lack of existing Plantation on
exposure trees to shade the surrounding as natural
throughout the day. building during hot shading.
- Optimized for solar summer seasons.
panel installation to - Large opening
harness solar caused excess
energy solar gain/
overheating
East Façade Receives direct Large opening caused Improve the position
sunlight in the morning, excess solar gain of roof
beneficial for natural
lighting
West Facade Receives direct Large opening caused Improve the position
sunlight in the excess solar gain of roof
afternoon
Roof Structure - Stack ventilation. Excess solar gain / Modify the roof
- Roof vents overheating during design, implementing
introduce natural specific times of the wind driven
daylight. year due to the mechanism to ensure
improper roof the roof shade each
orientation and angle part of the building in
design different seasons and
times.

Table 6.1 Table of Weakness and Strength of the Selected Model based on the Passive Solar Design

31
1. Vegetation at the south
facade

2. Implementing wind driven

mechanism to the roof system

Figure 6.2 Improvement Design Photo

Source: Soo Zhi Yi, 2024

32
6.2 Analysis of the Proposed Solutions
Landscape Strategy
Natural shadings provided by surrounding vegetation offer several benefits that
contribute to improving thermal comfort and energy efficiency in buildings. The process of plant
transpiration plays a vital role in enhancing the cooling effect by absorbing heat from the surrounding
environment. As plants release water vapor through their leaves, it helps lower the ambient
temperature and creates a more comfortable microclimate around the building.
Furthermore, vegetation helps minimize the direct solar radiation of harsh sunlight, acting as a
natural barrier that reduces heat gain inside the building. This shading effect not only keeps indoor
spaces cooler but also provides ambient reflected light.
One of the key advantages of natural shadings is that they can still allow for cross
ventilation between the East and West facades without necessitating the creation of solid
walls solely for shading purposes. This promotes airflow and natural cooling within the
building, enhancing indoor air quality and occupant comfort.

Figure 6.2.1 Vegetation as a Shading Device for Seasonal Countries

Source: https://nzeb.in/knowledge-centre/passive-design/vegetation/

33
Roof Design- Wind Driven Mechanism

By modifying roof design to incorporate a wind-driven mechanism, the building can

significantly enhance the building's passive cooling and shading capabilities throughout different
seasons and times of the day. By integrating adjustable elements or mechanisms driven by prevailing
winds, such as movable roof “leaves”, the roof can dynamically shade specific parts of the building
based on the sun's position and seasonal variations.
During hotter seasons or times of the day when the sun's angle is high, the wind-driven
mechanism can orient the shading elements to block direct sunlight, reducing solar heat gain and
maintaining cooler indoor temperatures. Conversely, in colder seasons or when the sun's angle is
lower, the mechanism can adjust to allow more sunlight to penetrate and contribute to passive solar
heating, thus optimizing energy efficiency.
This approach not only promotes thermal comfort inside the building but also aligns with
sustainable design principles by leveraging natural elements like wind to passively regulate
environmental conditions. By ensuring that each part of the building receives appropriate shading
based on prevailing conditions, the modified roof design enhances occupant comfort, reduces
reliance on mechanical cooling and heating systems, and fosters a more energy-efficient and eco-
friendly built environment.

34
Figure 6.2.2 Proposed Bamboo Wind Driven Mechanism Roof System
Source: Soo Zhi Yi, 2024

35
7.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the experiments have validated the hypothesis, emphasizing the critical role of
solar angles, building facades' features, and shadow management in shaping light quality, energy
efficiency, and overall occupant comfort in buildings. These findings underscore the significance of
solar-responsive design strategies and the need for thoughtful consideration of building elements.
The comprehensive analysis of solar dynamics, shadow movements, and sun path variations
provides valuable insights into the intricate relationship between solar geometry and environmental
conditions. The data from observations during different seasons, including the Summer Solstice,
Equinoxes, and Winter Solstice, reveals distinct patterns in shadow direction, length, and sun path
orientation.
The solar azimuth angle (SunCal, 2024) significantly influences the trajectory of the sun's
path above the horizon. This inclination to the horizon results in changes in the arc length of the sun's
path throughout the year, affecting the distribution of sunlight and shadow patterns.
The proposed solutions, such as incorporating natural shadings through surrounding
vegetation and implementing a wind-driven mechanism in roof design, directly address the
hypotheses and identified weaknesses in the building's design. These strategies not only improve
thermal performance and energy conservation but also contribute to a more sustainable and eco-
friendlier built environment, enhancing the overall quality of the building design and user experience.
Therefore, the experiment hypothesis regarding the impact of solar angles on light
quality, energy demand, and shadow coverage is supported by the observed data and analysis.

36
 REFERENCES
3b.html. (n.d.). https://www.meted.ucar.edu/ams/wim_2014/3b.html

Figure 5: Typical behavior for the sun path The real sun path in. . . (n.d.). ResearchGate.

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Typical-behavior-for-the-sun-path-The-real-sun-path-in-

Jerusalem-Latitude-310-o-has_fig2_239840189

[email protected]. (n.d.). Calculation of sun’s position in the sky for each location on the earth

at any time of day. https://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php

Nansha Climate, Weather by month, Average temperature (China) - Weather Spark. (n.d.). Weather

Spark. https://weatherspark.com/y/114350/Average-Weather-in-Nansha-China-Year-Round

Passive Solar design. (n.d.-a). Sustainability. https://sustainability.williams.edu/green-building-

basics/passive-solar-design/

Passive Solar design. (n.d.-b). Sustainability. https://sustainability.williams.edu/green-building-

basics/passive-solar-design/

Sas, W. (2024, January 18). Sun Angle Calculator. https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/sun-angle

SunCalc sun position- und sun phases calculator. (n.d.). https://www.suncalc.org/#/27.6936,-

97.5195,3/2024.04.06/19:21/1/3

Vegetation - NZEB. (2023, October 20). NZEB. https://nzeb.in/knowledge-centre/passive-

design/vegetation/

37