sell structure

eukaryotic cells -
cells that contain Recognize organelles found in eukaryotic cells and outline the structures and functions.

a nucleus and organelles enclosed

by a plasma membrane A. NUCLEUS, NUCLEAR ENVELOPE & NUCLEOLUS

perforated -

pierced with holes -Nucleus is the largest organelle (6Mm(

- clearly visible
conspicuous -
Nuclear envelope is a double membrane -> separates nucleus from
cytoplasm

↑
heredity -
characteristics passed -

perforated with conspicuous pores (nuclear pores) 80-100 Um

from the
↑ with reticulum
one generation to connected the endoplasmic
-

↑
next via -consists of phospholipids that form lipid bilayer
genes a

1) NA-deoxy-ribonucleic acid -
Outer membrane is continuous with R.E.R
surrounded
notby a membrane

RNA-ribonucleic acid -
Nucleolus is a dark, densely stained structure in the nucleus

chromosomes -

structures within

the cells that contain DNA protein

chromatin -
the material of

chromosomes (DNA+ protein

↑IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS conromation, chromosomes

F
cm -
centimeter ·
Nucleus stores heredity material as DNA strands

mm -
millimeter ·maintains cellular metabolism through controlling synthesis of particular enzymes

m -

micrometer ·
stores proteins and RNA in the nucleolus
T

·
nm- nanometer produces ribosomes

1cm 10mm
=

1 mm = 1000 m

lum = 1000 nm

1 mm 1
= 000 000nm

& rganelle
-
A small structure in a cell that is surrounded by a membrane and has a specific function

Cell structure -
Not enclosed by a membrane
Reticulum -
net-like structure B. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM & SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

cisternae -

long flattened sac -

like structure R E. R -
5. E. R

C reticulum )

E. M -
electron micrograph
-

system of membrane Very extensive -

system of membrane

( cisternae ) ( cisternae )
vesicle -
A small sac formed -

contains stacked flattened membrane sac -

tubular membrane bound sac
,

filled lines through cytoplasm [ E. M ) ribosomes

-

by membrane and parallel

-

a seen as no

R E. R
with liquid
-
-

covered with ribosomes

Golgi -
A stack of small -
flat

sacs formed by membranes

inside the cytoplasm

lipid base
( hormones )
transport made formation of steroids
•

protein on ribosomes •
no lipid base
^

the forms channel lipid

• •
receptor a
storage

•
protein enters through cisternae •
lipid base molecules

extensively modified
•
breakdowns toxins
•
^

•
packed into vesicles

sent Golgi apparatus

•
to
nucleic acid -

polymer
rRNA -
ribosomal RNA C RIBOSOMES

small > 20hm

mRNA
messenger RNA organelles
- -

Large

tRNA -
transfer RNA -

2 subunits small

-
made up of protein and rRNA

located R E. R free in the

cytoplasm
-

on .
,

-
chain of ribosomes poly Somes

FUNCTIONS :

•
site for protein synthesis

•
receive info from DNA in the form of RNA

•
then use the instructions stored to make proteins
involved in
mRNA ( carry DNA information )
•
protein synthesis )
ribosome > site for all molecules amino acid )
\ tRNA [ carry
t amino acid
another
perfectly positioned
•
to one on the ribosome

/ protein

ribosomes

,,i mRNA

<

* protein gets longer as

it receives more information

?⃝
 GOLGI APPARATUS

curved cisternae ( away from the )

lysosome membrane nucleus
- - -

closed organelles that -

smaller vesicles enter and leave

cis region
contain an
array of -
2 regions trans region

enzymes capable of -
cis region near the nucleus

breaking down all -

trans region near the cell membrane

types of biological

polymers

¥
FUNCTIONS

•
completes protein synthesis

•
vesicles from RER sent to Golgi enter and fuse with the cis face
, exporting protein

protein further modified [ sugar / added )

carbohydrates
•
is are

vesicles
•

protein packed into small

•
vesicles pinched off at the trans face

•
E towards the cell
move membrane

[
•

transports protein outside the cell

vesicles that the called lysosomes [ primary lysosome )

•

stay in cell are

endocytosis -
the LYSOSOMES

cells surrounded
process by which an
organelle by a single membrane
-

take in substances -

only found in animal cells (Xplantcells

from outside the cell 0.am in diameter largerthan ribosomes,nuclear pores)

by engulfing them in
a no structure inside

vessicle variety of inside

contains hydrolytic
-

a enzymes

lysosome => transparent

not (grey/black)
exocytosis -
the transport -
in electron micrograph
golgi transparent
and fusion of secretary

vesicles the
with

plasma membrane and

the extracellular space

FUNCTIONS

①
Food vacuoles

large particles are taken into the cell by endocytosis

they are packed into vesicles

lysosomes fuse with

the vesicles to form food vacuole

enzymes in the lysosome will

digest

in
-

the soluble,wanted products => absorbed the cytoplasm

unwanted products =>

the insoluble, removed by the cell by exocytosis
-

② Autophagic vacuole

wor n out organelle cell structure

-

-
Isurrounded by a membrane from SER membranes

surrounds structure to form vesicle

⑤

lysosomes fuse with

the vesicles to form autophagic vacuole

enzymes in the lysosome will

digest

in
-

the soluble,wanted products => absorbed the cytoplasm

unwanted products =>

the insoluble, removed by the cell by exocytosis
-
 -
organelle stoma
membrace
lysosomes

only found in animal cells

ribosome

-
8.5 m in diameter bigger than nuclear pores lysosome not transparent (greyblack
glolgi -
transparent
~
no inside
structure

contains a
variety hydroly??enzymes
of

Release oncol
⑬
surrounded by single membrane
lysosome
a
-
organelle ->

cell
Yost with
-inside My so some ->
hydonytic enzyme menyand

release
-

0.61m
·

enzyme
outside the Cell
animal plantall
~

only found in
cells, in
not

notgo on
·to digestwhatever
- does ofthe cell-primary
Outside the cell
lysosome

into
taken
eg, remodelling
formation of largeparticles broken bones
food
① vacuole the cell by endocytosis
·
large particle in vesicle
⑨ autophagic ·

lysosome face with reside

④ Antolysis

anyonea
vacuole
to form food
·

vacuole ·
lysosome will

lyso. Ezyme will digest open up

③ of inside
·

release
outside
enzyme cell
the and
cell
of the
digest

autolysis verything
④ inside
cell
the

~setdestruct
eg. tadpole tail
eg. tadpole tail

cell

of
organelle structure
worn out
old M
membranefromstreare
·

surrounded by
~

crovince Fo

acrophagia vacu

repeatof
-
autolysis
-
the
enzymatic & Release of enzymes outside the
of cell

digestion of cells by -

lysosome fuse cell

with membrane

I
the of releases outside the cell
action its own enzymes
-

is outside cell
-

to the
enzymes digestwhatever

bones
eg. remodelling broken

④Autolysis

lysosome will up inside the cell

-

open

then digests everything inside the cell

-

-
"Self-destruct"

eg. tadpole tail

 MITOCHONDRIA

-
0.5um-10nm
-

organelle bigall
surrounded by
-
2 membrane, separated by an intermenbrace space
outer
-

outside membrace is smooth

inner membrane is highly folded

to form projections => cristance

-
on
liste,
the stalk
particles
are embedded

ground
he substance

area inside the cistal,ada

max matrix
-
-
has enzymes, ribosomes, DNA

between the membraces is called intermembrane

area space
-

⑫sonrmeni
↑ a n reason
DNA

ribosome

manix
loalie
own
mitochondria ⑤

ribosome
mitochondra
our
DNA
 MITOCHONDRIA

0.5nm-10um

-
an organelle which can be big or small

surrounded by a membranes (separated by intermembrane space)

outer membrane is smooth

-

inner membrane folded to form projections => cristat

is
highly
-

-
on the cristae, stalk particles are embedded

is called matrix
the ground substance area inside the cristat
-

matrix
has
enzymes,ribosomes,DNA
-

⑳:
cristal outer membrane

intermembrane

I
space

ribosome

Stalk
DNA particles

matrix