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MATHEMATICS > Logarithm 113

LOGARITHM
Usually (2-3) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions are based on
fundamental rules of logarithm. It is especially used to solve complicated mathematical calculations.
Applications of square, cube, surds and indices are extremely used here.

DEFINITION
If ‘a’ is a positive real number, other than 1 and ‘b’ is a rational number such that a b = N, then we say
that logarithm of N to base ‘a’ is b or ‘b’ is the logarithm of N to base ‘a’, written as log a N = b
So, a b = N ⇔ log a N = b , e.g. 7 0 = 1 ⇔ log 7 1 = 0, 811/4 = 3 ⇔ log 81 3 = 1 / 4

EXAMPLE 1. Which one of the following has the value of x = 4?

3
a. log2 x = 3 b. log5 x = 3 c. log81 x = d. log 2
x=4
2
Sol. d. a. log 2 x = 3 ⇔ x = 23 = 8 b. log 5 x = 3 ⇔ x = 53 = 125 [by definition]
c. log 81 x = 3 / 2 ⇔ x = (81) 3/ 2
= (3 )4 3/ 2
, ⇔ x = 36 ⇔ x = 729
d. log 2
x = 4 ⇔ x = ( 2) 4, x = ( 21/ 2) 4 = 22 = 4

EXAMPLE 2. If log5 y = x and log 2 z = x, then the value of 20 x in terms of y and z is

a. zy b. z2 y c. xy 2 d. z/y
Sol. b. Given, log 5 y = x and log 2 z = x ⇒ y = 5x and z = 2x …(i)
Now, 20 = ( 2 × 5) = 2
x 2 x 2x
× 5 = (2 ) ⋅ 5 = z ⋅ y
x x 2 x 2
[from Eq. (i)]
∴ 20x = z 2 ⋅ y

Fundamental Rules of Logarithms

Rule 1 If m and n are positive rational number, then log a ( mn) = log a m + log a n
If m1 , m2 , m3 , . . . , mn are positive rational numbers, then
log a ( m1 m2 m3 . . . mn ) = log a m1 + log a m2 + . . . + log a mn
114 CDS Pathfinder

EXAMPLE 3. The value of log10 (15) is Sol. b. log 3 4 ⋅ log 4 5 ⋅ log 5 6 ⋅ log 6 7 ⋅ log 7 8 ⋅ log 8 9
a. log10 2 − log10 5 b. log10 5
log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8 log 9
c. log10 3 + log10 5 d. log10 2 + log10 5 = × × × × ×
log 3 log 4 log 5 log 6 log 7 log 8
Sol. c. log10 15 = log 10 ( 3 × 5) = log10 3 + log10 5
log 9 log 32 2 log 3
= = = =2
Rule 2 If m and n are positive rational numbers, then log 3 log 3 log 3

 m
log a   = log a m − log a n
 n SOME USEFUL RESULTS
logarithm of 1 with any base is always zero i.e.
EXAMPLE 4. The value of x in
l

loga 1 = 0
log x − log (x − 1) = log 3 is
l logarithm of base to itself is always 1 i.e. loga a = 1
a. 2/3 b. 3/2 c. 1/2 d. 1/4
l x > y ⇒ loga x > loga y for a > 1
Sol. b. log x − log ( x − 1) = log 3
l x > y ⇒ loga x < loga y for 0 < a < 1
x x 1
⇒ log = log 3 ⇒ =3 for x > 0, 1 ≠ a > 0, loga n ( x ) = loga x
x−1 x−1
l

n
⇒ x = 3 ( x − 1) ⇒ x = 3x − 3 ⇒ −2x = − 3 l for 1 ≠ a ,b > 0, x > 0, a logb x = x logb a
If ‘a’ is a positive real number and n is a positive
∴ x = 3/ 2 l

rational number, then

Rule 3 If m and n are positive rational numbers, then, x
(i) log y n x = loga n .
log a ( mn ) = n log a m a
y
(ii) a log a n = n
EXAMPLE 5. The value of x in
(iii) loga n = log n 2 = log n 3 = loga m n m
log x 4 + log x 16 + log x 64 = 12 is a2 a3

a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4
Sol. b. log x 4 + log x 16 + log x 64 = 12 Common Logarithm and Natural
⇒ log x 2 + log x 2 + log x 2 = 12
2 4 6
Logarithm
⇒ 2 log x 2 + 4 log x 2 + 6 log x 2 = 12 Logarithm can have any positive base other than 0. But
⇒ 12 log x 2 = 12 ⇒ log x 2 = 1
there are two most important base which are generally used.

∴ x=2
1. Common Logarithm Logarithm to the base ‘10’ is
called common logarithm. It is also called Brigg’s
log 256 logarithm.
EXAMPLE 6. The value of x in = log x is
log 16 e.g. log 100 = log 10 100 = 2
a. 1 b. 10 c. 100 d. 0 log 1000 = log 10 1000 = 3
log 256 log 162 2 log 16 2. Natural Logarithm Logarithm to the base e is
Sol. c. = = =2
log 16 log 16 log 16 called natural logarithm. It is also called Napier
⇒ log x = 2 ⇒ log10 x = 2 [Q log x = log10 x] logarithm. log e x is usually denoted by ln x. e is
∴ x = 10 = 100
2 irrational number between 2 and 3.
Rule 4 If m is a positive rational number and a, b are ln x = y ⇒ e y = x
positive real numbers i.e. a ≠ 1 and b ≠ 1, then

log a m =
log b m ANTILOGARITHM
log b a The positive number ‘a’ is called the antilogarithm of a
EXAMPLE 7. The value of number b, if log a = b. If ‘a’ is antilogarithm of b, it is
log3 4 ⋅ log4 5 ⋅ log5 6 ⋅ log6 7 ⋅ log 7 8 ⋅ log8 9 is written as a = antilog b.
So, a = antilog b ⇔ log a = b
a. 1 b. 2 c. −1 d. None of these
MATHEMATICS > Logarithm 115

Characteristic and Mantissa first significant figures is at nth place, where n is the
characteristic.
of a Logarithm
The logarithm of positive real number ‘n’ consists of EXAMPLE 8. The characteristic of the logarithm of
two parts the number 0.00000014 is
1. The integral part is known as the characteristic. It is a. 1 b. 7
always an integer (positive, negative or zero). c. −7 d. None of these
1
2. The decimal part is called as the mantissa. The Sol. c. 0.00000014 = 1.4 × = 1.4 × 10−7
mantissa is never negative and is always less than 10000000
one. ∴ The characteristic of log 0.00000014 = − 7

To Find the Characteristic EXAMPLE 9. The characteristic of the logarithm of

the number 8.188 is
Case I The characteristic of the log of a number
greater than 1 is positive and numerically one less than a. 2 b. 1
the number of digits to the left of the decimal part. c. −1 d. 0

e.g. Sol. d. 8.188 = 8.188 × 1 = 8.188 × 100

Value Characteristic
∴ The characteristic of log 8.188 = 0
log 3.257 1− 1 = 0
log 32.57 2 −1= 1 EXAMPLE 10. The characteristic of the logarithm of
log 3257
. 3−1= 2 the number 566.37 is
a. 2 b. −2
Case II The characteristic of log of a number less than c. 4 d. None of these
1 is negative and numerically one more than the number Sol. a. 566.37 = 56637
. × 102
of zeroes immediately after the decimal point. It is
represented by bar over the digit. ∴ The characteristic of log 566. 37 = 2
The bar over the characteristic indicates that it is negative. EXAMPLE 11. The characteristic of the logarithm of
e.g. the number 313 is
Value Characteristic
a. 3 b. 2
log 0.3257 − ( 0 + 1) = −1 i.e. 1 c. 1 d. 0
log 0.03257 − (1 + 1) = −2 i.e. 2
Sol. b. 313 = 313
. × 102
log 0.003257 − (2 + 1) = −3 i.e. 3
∴ The characteristic of log 313 = 2

Rules for Inserting Decimal Point

Two rules are used for inserting a decimal point. SOME IMPORTANT POINTS
Rule 5 When the characteristic of the logarithm is 1. The base of a logarithm is never taken as zero and
negative.
positive, we insert the decimal point after the ( n + 1) th 2. Log of negative integers are not defined and also
digit, where n is the characteristic. loge 0 is not defined.
3. Logarithmic function is positive as well as negative
Rule 6 When the characteristic of the logarithm is
but exponential function is always positive.
negative, we insert the decimal point such that the
116 CDS Pathfinder

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. What is the value of log100 0. 1 ? 1 1 1
16. The value of + + is
(a) 1/2 (b) –1/2 (c) –2 (d) 2 logxy ( xyz ) log yz ( xyz ) logzx ( xyz )
(a) xyz (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 1
2. The value of 3 log 3 + 2 log 2 is
(a) log 108 (b) log 106 (c) log 109 (d) None of these 17. The value of
1 1 1
1 + + is
3. If loga 2 = , then the value of a is 1 + logx ( yz ) 1 + log y ( xz ) 1 + logz ( xy )
6
1
(a) ( 2 )6 (b) (6)1/ 2 (c) 3 (d) −6 (a) 1 (b) (c) x = yz (d) 0
xy2
4. If log3 x = − 2, then the value of x is 18. If log4 ( x 2 + x ) − log4 ( x + 1) = 2, then the value of x
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) − (c) (d) − is
9 9 8 8 (a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 1
5. Find the logarithm of 1728 to the base 2 3. 19. If log4 x + log2 x = 6, then the value of x is
(a) 3.124 (b) 3.1732 (c) 6 (d) 5 (a) 16 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
6. What is the value of 20. Given log10 2 = 0.3010, the value of log10 5 is
(log1/ 2 2)(log1/ 3 3)(log1/ 4 4) . . .(log1/ 1000 1000)? (a) 0.6990 (b) 0.6919 (c) 0.6119 (d) 0.7525
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 1 or –1 (d) 0 x y
21. If log + log = log ( x + y ), then
7. What is the value of y x
1 (a) x + y = 1 (b) x − y = 0 (c) x − y = 1 (d) x = y
log 10 25 − 2log 10 3 + log 10 18?
−5
2 22. The characteristic in log 6.7482 × 10 is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0
(a) 6 (b) − 4 (c) 5 (d) − 5
8. What is the value of [log 10 (5 log 10 100)] 2 ?
23. If 10 = 1.73 and log10 1730 = 3. 2380, then x
x
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1
equals to
9. The value of log y x ⋅ logz y ⋅ logx z is (a) 2.380 (b) 0.2380 (c) 2.2380 (d) 1.380
2x + 3 x −1
(a) log xyz (b) xyz (c) 1 (d) 0 24. If 2 =6 , then x equals
10. The value of log3 ( 27 × 9 × 9 ) is 4 3 4 log 2 + log 3 3 log 2 + 2 log 3
(a) (b)
1 1 1 log 3 − log 2 log 3 − 2 log 2
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 4 log 48
3 3 6 (c) (d) None of these
log 7
11. The value of log2 [log2 log2 log2 ( 65536)] is
25. The value of 10log10 m + 2 log10 n + 3 log10 p is
(a) 8 (b) 16 (c) 4 (d) 1
(a) m2 np3 (b) mn2 p3 (c) m3 np2 (d) None of these
12. What is the value of [log 13(10)]/[log 169(10)] ?
26. Given that log10 2 = 0.3010, log10 3 = 0.4771 and
1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) log10 13 108
2 log10 7 = 0.8491, then log10 is equal to
7
13. What is the value of (a) 2.6123 (b) 1.6088 (c) 1.6320 (d) 2.4558
1 
 log 10 125 − 2log 10 4 + log 10 32 + log 10 1 ? 27. If a , b and c are three consecutive integers, then
3 
1 2 log ( ac + 1) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d)
5 5 (a) log (2b ) (b) (log b )2 (c) 2 log b (d) None of these
14. If log r 6 = m and log r 3 = n , then what is 28. If logr p = 2, logr q = 3, then the value of log p q is
log r (r / 2) equal to? 1 2 3
(a) m − n + 1 (b) m + n − 1 (c) 1 − m − n (d) 1 − m + n (a) (b) (c) (d) 6
3 3 2
3 4 5 x log x
15. What log 10   + log 10   + log 10   + L
is 29. If log x 2 y 2 = a and log = b, then is equal to
2 3 4 y log y
upto 8 terms equal to? a − 3b a + 3b a + 2b a − 2b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) log10 5 (d) None of these a + 2b a − 2b a − 2b a + 3b
MATHEMATICS > Logarithm 117

30. If log10 5 = 0.70, then log5 10 is equal to 37. Consider the following statements
(a) 1.35 (b) 1.40 (c) 1.43143 (d) 1.56 I. (log10 0.1)2 + log10 10 ⋅ log10 100 = 3
II. log10log10 10 = 1 III. log10 10 + log10 10 = 1
31. The value of
 1  1  1 Which of the statements given above are correct?
log3 1 +  + log3 1 +  + log3 1 + 
 3  4  5 (a) I and III (b) II and III
 1 (c) I and II (d) All are correct
+ . . . + log3 1 +  is
(a) −1 + 2 log 5
 24 x
) ... ∞
3 (b) 2 38. If y = ( a x )( a , then which one of the following
(c) 3 (d) 4 is correct?
32. If log ( x + y ) = log x + log y and x = 1.1568, then y (a) log y = xy log a (b) log y = x + y log a
is equal to (c) log y = y + x log a (d) log y = ( y + x) log a
(a) 7.3776 (b) 7 .3776 (c) 5.3776 (d) 5.3116
33. If log8 x + log4 x + log2 x = 11. Then, the value of x PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS
is 39. What is the logarithm of 0.0001 with respect to
(a) 128 (b) 16 (c) 32 (d) 64 base 10? e 2012 II
5 2 3 (a) 4 (b) 3 (c) − 4 (d) − 3
34. What is the value of log y x logx y logz z ?
(a) 10 (b) 30 (c) 20 (d) 60 40. If log10 a = p and log10 b = q , then what is the
value of log10( a pbq )? e 2012 II
35. If (log3 x )(log x 2x )(log2x y ) = logx x 2, then what is
p2
the value of y? (a) p2 + q 2 (b) p2 − q 2 (c) p2 q 2 (d) 2
9 q
(a) (b) 9 (c) 18 (d) 27
2 41. What are the possible solutions for x of the
n
equation x x
= x x , where x and n are positive
36. If log10 2, log10( 2 − 1), log10 ( 2 + 3) are three
x x
integers? e 2015 I
consecutive terms of AP, then which one of the (a) 0, n (b) 1, n (c) n, n2 (d) 1, n2
following is correct?
I. x = 1 II. x = log 2 5
1
42. The value of log10 3125 − 4 log10 2 + log10 32 is
(a) Both I and II (b) Only II 5 e 2016 I
(c) Only I (d) None of these (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

ANSWERS
1 b 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 c 6 b 7 c 8 d 9 c 10 d
11 d 12 b 13 c 14 d 15 c 16 b 17 a 18 c 19 a 20 a
21 a 22 d 23 b 24 a 25 b 26 b 27 c 28 c 29 c 30 c
31 a 32 a 33 d 34 b 35 b 36 b 37 a 38 a 39 c 40 a
41 a 42 b

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

0.1 = log  1 2=
1
⇒ a1 / 6 = On comparing both sides, we get x = 6
1. (b) log   3. (a) Q log a 2
100 10 2  10  6
6. (b) (log 2)(log 3)(log 4)
∴ a = ( 2 )6 1/2 1/3 1/4
log   = log ( 10)−1
1 1 1
= . . . (log 1000)
10 
2 10  2 10
4. (a) log x = − 2 ⇒ x = 3 −2 =
1
=
1 1 /1000
 log 2   log 3   log 4 
1 1 3
32 9 =     
= − log 10 = − [Rule 3]  log 1 / 2   log 1 / 3   log 1 / 4 
10
2 2 5. (c) Let log 1728 = x
2 3  
2. (a) 3 log 3 + 2 log 2 = log 33 + log 22  log a 
... 
⇒ ( 2 3 )x = 1728 log 1000 
 log 1/ 1000  Q log b a = log b 
= log 27 + log 4 [Rule 3] Q 1728 = 26 ( 3 )6 = ( 2 3 )6    
= log ( 27 × 4) = log 108 [Rule 1] ( 2 3 )x = ( 2 3 )6 [Rule 4]
118 CDS Pathfinder

 log 2   log 3   log 4  = log 5 − 4 log 2 + 5 log 2 19. (a) Given, log x + log x = 6
=      10 10 10 4 2
 − log 2   − log 3   − log 4  = log 5 + log 2 = log 5 × 2 log x log x
10 10 10 ⇒ + =6
 log 1000  = log 10 = 1 [Rule 1] log 4 log 2
...   10
 − log 1000  14. (d) Given, log r 6 = m and log r 3 = n ⇒
log x
+
log x
=6
Q log r 6 = log r ( 2 × 3) = log r 2 + log r 3 2 log 2 log 2
= ( −1) × ( −1) × ( −1) × . . . × ( −1)
[Q number of terms is odd] ∴ log r 3 + log r 2 = m ⇒ 3 log x = 12 log 2
= −1 ⇒ n + log r 2 = m ⇒ log x = 4 log 2 ⇒ log x = log 24
1 ⇒ log r 2 = m − n ⇒ log x = log 16
7. (c) log 25 − 2 log 3 + log 18
10 10 10 On comparing both sides, we get
2
∴ log r   = log r r − log r 2 [Rule 2]
r
= log 251 / 2 − log 32 + log 18  2 ∴ x = 16
10 10 10
[Rule 3] = 1−m + n 20. (a) log 5 = log
10
10 10
15. (c) log   + log   + log  

= log 5 − log 9 + log 18 3 4 5 2
10 10 10 10   10   10   = log 10 − log 2 = 1 − 0.3010
2 3 4
5 × 18 90 10 10
= log = log + L + 8th term
10
9 10
9 = 0.6990
 n + 2 x y
= log 10 = 1 Q Tn = log   21. (a) Given, log + log = log ( x + y )
10 10  
 n + 1 
y x
8. (d) [log (5 log 100)]2 x y
10 10 ⇒ log ⋅ = log ( x + y )
= [log (5 log 102 )]2  10  y x
10 10 ⇒ T = log  
= [log (10 log 10)]2 8 10  9 ⇒ log 1 = log ( x + y )
10 10
= [log log   + log   + log   ∴ x+ y =1
2 3 4 5
10] [Q log 10 = 1] ∴
10 10
10   10   10  
= 12 = 1 2 3 4 22. (d) The characteristic in
9. (c) log y x ⋅ log z y ⋅ log x z 
+ L + log  
10 log 6.7482 × 10−5 is −5.
10 
log x log y log z 9 23. (b) Given, 10x = 1. 73, x = log 1. 73
= × × =1 10
= log  × × × L ×  [Rule 1]
log y log z log x 3 4 5 10 = log 1730 − log 1000
10 
9
10 10
 log b  2 3 4 = log 1730 − log 103
Q log a b = log a  10 10
= log   = log 5
  10
= 3.2380 − 3 = 0.2380
10 
2 10
10. (d) Let log ( 27 × 4
9× 3
9) = x 24. (a) 22 x + 3
= 6x − 1
3
16. (b) The given expression is
⇒ 3 = 27 ×
x 4
9× 3
9 Taking log on both sides, we get
= log xyz ( xy ) + log xyz ( yz ) + log xyz (zx)
⇒ 3 =3 ×3
x 3 2/4
×3 2/3
( 2x + 3) log 2 = ( x − 1) log 6
= log xyz ( xy ⋅ yz ⋅ zx) [Rule 1]
3x = 325 / 6 ⇒ 2x log 2 + 3 log 2
= log xyz ( xyz )2 = 2 log xyz xyz = 2
On comparing both sides, we get = ( x − 1) (log 2 + log 3)
25 1 ⇒ 2x log 2 + 3 log 2 = x (log 2 + log 3)
⇒ x= =4 17. (a) The given expression is
6 6 1 − log 2 − log 3
=
11. (d) log log log log 216 log x ( yz ) + log x x ⇒ x (log 2 − log 3) = − 4 log 2 − log 3
2 2 2 2
= log log log ( 16) [Q log 2 = 1] 1 4 log 2 + log 3
2 2 2 2
+ ∴ x=
= log log log ( 2 ) = log log ( 4) 4
log y ( xz ) + log y y log 3 − log 2
2 2 2 2 2

= log log ( 22 ) = log ( 2) = 1 1

2 2 2 + 25. (b) 10 log 10 m + 2 log
10
n + 3 log
10
p
log z ( xy ) + log z z 2
log (10) log (10) m + log n + log p3
12. (b) 13 = 13 = 10 log 10 10 10
1 1 1
log
169
(10) log (10) = + + ⇒ 10 log 10 mn 2 p 3
= mn2 p 3 [Q
13 2 log x xyz log y xyz log z xyz
log 10  = p]
log a p
Q log c = log a c 
1 a
= 13
= log xyz x + log xyz y + log xyz z
 
log 10 
1 ab b 108
= log xyz xyz = 1 [Rule 1] 26. (b) log = log 108 − log 7
2 13 10
7 10 10

1
= =2 18. (c) log ( x2 + x) − log ( x + 1) = 2 = log 22 × 33 − log 71 / 2
1/ 2 4 4 10 10
 x2 + x  x2 + x
1 ⇒ log   = 2⇒4 =2
= 2 log 2 + 3 log 3−
1
13. (c) We have, log 125 − 2 log 4 4  
log 7
 x+ 1 x+ 1 10 10 10
3 10 10 2
+ log 32 + log 1 = 2 × (0. 3010) + 3(0.4771)
10 10 ⇒ 16x + 16 = x2 + x
= log (125)1 / 3 − 2 log (2)2 1
10 10 ⇒ x − 15x − 16 = 0
2 − (0.8491)
2
+ log (2)5 + 0 [Q log 1 = 0] ∴ x = 16 or x = − 1 [not possible]
10 10 = 0.6020 + 1.4313 − 0.4245 = 1.6088
MATHEMATICS > Logarithm 119

x ...∞
27. (c) Let first integer be a. 11log x 38. (a) Given, y = ( a x )(a )
⇒ = 11 ⇔ log x = 6 log 2
Then, b = a + 1 and c = a + 2 6 log 2
⇒ x = 26 , ∴ x = 64 ∴ y = ( ax ) y
∴ ac + 1 = a ( a + 2) + 1
34. (b) ∴ log y x5 log x y 2 log z z 3 On taking log both sides, we get
= a 2 + 2a + 1 = ( a + 1 )2
= 5 log y x ⋅ 2 log x y ⋅ 3 log z z log y = y log a x
ac + 1 = b 2
[Qlog a b n = n log a b] ∴ log y = xy log a
So, log ( ac + 1) = log b 2 = 2 log b
28. (c) Given, log r p = 2 and log r q = 3 = 5 log y x ⋅ 2 log x y ⋅ 3 × 1 39. (c) Let, log 0.0001 = x
10
log r q 3 5 log x log y  log b  1
= × 2⋅ × 3 Q log a b = Then, x = log
By relation, log q =
p
= log y log x  log a  10
( 10)4
log r p 2
= 5 × 2 × 3 = 30
= log 1 − log ( 10)4
29. (c) Given, log x2 y 2 = a 35. (b) (log x) (log x 2x) (log y ) = log x x2
10 10
3 2x =0−4=−4
[Q log (mn) = log m + log n] log x log 2x log y log x2
⇒ × × = 40. (a) Given, log a = p and log b = q
∴ log x2 + log y 2 = a log 3 log x log 2x log x 10 10
⇒ 2 log x + 2 log y = a …(i) log ( a p b q ) = log a p + log b q
 log a 
Q log b a = log b 
10 10 10
Also, log x − log y = b …(ii)
  ⇒ log ( a p b q ) = p log a + q log b
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 10 10 10
log y 2 log x ∴ log ( a p b q ) = p × p + q × q
a + 2b a − 2b ⇒ = [Q log a b = b log a ] 10
log x = and log y = log 3 log x
4 4 = p2 + q2
log x a + 2b ⇒ log y = 2 log 3 ⇒ log y = log 32
∴ = [Q log m = log n ⇒ m = n]
log y a − 2b 41. (a) Given, x x
= n
xx , where x and n
log 10 ⇒ log y = log 9 are positive integers.
10 1
30. (c) log 10 = = = 143143
. ∴ y=9 On taking log both sides, we get
5 log 5 0.70
10 36. (b) Given that, log 2, log ( 2x − 1) and
[Q log 10 = 1] 10 10 log x x
= log[ n xx ]
10 log ( 2x + 3) are in AP.
10
⇒ x log x = log( xx )1 / n = log xx/n
31. (a) log  1 +  + log  1 + 1
1
3
  then,
3 3  4 2 log ( 2x − 1) = log 2 + log ( 2x + 3) ⇒
x
x log x = log x
10 10 10
+ log  1 + 1 + . . . + log 1 + 1  ⇒ log ( 2x − 1)2 = log ( 2 x + 1 + 6)
n
   
3  5 3  24 
10 10
⇒
x
x log x − log x = 0
⇒ ( 2x − 1)2 = ( 2x + 1 + 6)
4 5 6 n
= log + log + log + ⇒ 2 + 1 − 2.2x = 2 ⋅ 2x + 6
2x

log x x −  = 0

3 3 3 x
3 4 5 ⇒ 22 x − 4.2x − 5 = 0 ⇒
25  n 
. . . + log ⇒ ( 2 ) − 4 ( 2x ) − 5 = 0
x 2
3
24 log x ≠ 0
⇒ y2 − 4y − 5 = 0
Q
x
= log 4 − log 3 + log 5 − log 4 ∴ y = 5, − 1 ∴ x−
=0
3 3 3 3
n
+ log 6 − log 5 Hence, 2x = −1 or 2x = 5 x
3 3
⇒ x=
+ . . . + log 25 − log 24 ∴ x = log ( −1) is not possible n
3 3 2
or x = log (5) ∴
x
=n
= − log 3 + log 25 = − 1 + 2 log 5 2
3 3 3 Then, x = log ( 5 ) is answer. x
32. (a) Given, log ( x + y ) = log x + log y 2
On squaring both sides, we get
Hence, II is correct.
⇒ log ( x + y ) = log xy x2
37. (a) I. [log (0.1)]2 + log 10 ⋅ log 100 =n
10 10 10
⇒ x + y = xy x
= [ − log 10]2 + log 10 ⋅ log 102
⇒y=
x
=
11568
.
=
11568
. 10 10 10
⇒ x 2 − nx = 0
x − 1 11568
. − 1 0.1568 = ( −1)2 + (1) ⋅ 2 log 10
10 ⇒ x( x − n) = 0
= + 1 + (1) ⋅ 2 = 1 + 2 = 3 ∴ x = 0, x = n
= 7.37755 = 7.3776
Hence, statement I is correct.
33. (d) Given, log x + log x + log x = 11 Hence, the possible solution of x is 0, n.
8 4 2 II. log log 10 = log (1) = 0 ≠ 1
log x log x log x 10 10 10
1
⇒ + + = 11 Hence, statement II is incorrect. 42. (b) log 3125 − 4 log 2 + log 32
10 10 10
log 8 log 4 log 2 III. log 10 + log 10 5
10 10
log x log x log x
1
= log 10 + log 10
1 = log [(5)5 ]1 / 5 − log ( 2)4 + log 32
⇒ + + = 11 2 10
2 10
10 10 10
log 23 log 22 log 2
1 1 = log 5 − log 16 + log 32
log x log x log x = + =1 10 10 10

⇒ + + = 11 2 2
5 × 32 
3 log 2 2 log 2 log 2 Hence, statement III is correct. = log   = log10 = 1
10 
16 