19

MATHEMATICS Set Theory 183

SET THEORY
Usually (1-2) questions have been asked from this chapter. Generally questions are asked
from these topics more results on operations on set.

SET
A well defined collection of objects, is called a set. The objects in a set are called its members or
elements. Sets are usually denoted by the capital letters A, B, C, X, Y and Z etc. And the elements of a set
are denoted by small letters a, b, c etc. If x is an element of set A, we can write x ∈ A , which means that ‘x
belongs to A’ or that x is an element of A.
If x does not belong to A, we can write, x ∉ A . e.g.
• The collection of vowels in English alphabet is a set A containing five elements namely a, e, i, o and u,
where a ∈ A but b ∉ A.
• The collection of first four prime numbers is a set A containing the elements 2, 3, 5 and 7, where 3 ∈ A
but 1 ∉A.

Representation of Sets
Sets are generally represented by following two ways:
1. Roster or Tabular form or listing method In this method, all the elements of a set are listed, within
curly braces { } being separated by commas. e.g.
(i) If A is a set of first eight prime numbers, then A = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
(ii) If B is a set of squares of first five natural numbers, then B = {1, 4, 9, 16, 25}
(iii) If A is a set of vowels of English alphabets, then A = { a, e, i, o, u}
Note The order in which the elements are written in a set makes no difference and also the repeated elements are taken
only once each.

2. Set Builder form or Rule method In this method, instead of listing all the elements of a set, we write
the set by some special property or properties satisfied by all its elements and write it as.
(i) The set B of all even natural numbers can be written as
B = { x : x is a natural number and x = 2n for n ∈ N} or B = { x : x ∈ N, x = 2n, n ∈ N} and neads it as
‘B’ is the set consisting of all elements x such that x has the property of even natural number. The
symbol ‘:’ or ‘1’ stands or such that
(ii) The set A = { 3, 5, 7, 9, 11}, then it is represented as
A = { x : x = 2n + 1 where n ∈ N, n < 6}
184 CDS Pathfinder

(iii) The set A = {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, . . . } can be written as 7. Subsets Let A and B be two sets. If every element
A = { x : x = n 2 , n ∈ Z}, where Z is the set of of A is an element of B, then A is called a subset of B.
integers. If A is subset of B, then we can write A ⊆ B which is
read as ‘A is a subset of B’ or ‘A is contained in B’.
Types of Sets (i) Every set is a subset of itself i.e. A ⊆ A, B ⊆ B.
1. Empty set A set which does not contain any (ii) Empty set is a subset of every set i.e. φ ⊆ A.
element is called an empty set or null set or void set.
e.g. Let A = { 2, 4, 6} and B = {6, 4, 2, 8} .
It is denoted by φ or { }.
Then, A ⊆ B but B ⊆/ A i.e. A is a subset of B but B is
e.g. A = set of all odd numbers divisible by 2
not a subset of A.
and B = { x : x ∈ N and 5 < x < 6}
The sets which have atleast one element are called Note The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n
non void or non-empty set. elements is 2 n.

2. Singleton set A set consisting of a single element is 8. Super set If A is a subset of B, then we say that B is
called a singleton set. e.g.
superset of A and we write B ⊇ A .
(i) The set {5} is a singleton set. e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} ,
(ii) { x | x ∈ W and x + 6 = 6} = {0}
then, B ⊇ A .
which is a singleton set.
9. Comparability of sets Two sets A and B are said to
3. Finite set A set which consists of a definite number
be comparable, if either A ⊂ B or B ⊂ A or A = B,
of elements, is called a finite set. Empty set is also a
finite set. e.g. otherwise A and B are said to be incomparable.
(i) The set {1, 2, 3, 4} is a finite set, because it contains e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 2, 4, 6} and C = {1, 2, 4}
a definite number of elements i.e. only 4 elements. Since, A ⊆/ B and B ⊆/ A.
(ii) B = Set of vowels in English Alphabets So, A and B are incomparable but C ⊂ B and so
= {a, e, i, o, u}; B and C are comparable sets.
(iii) A = Set of even prime natural numbers. 10. Proper subset If A ⊆ B and A ≠ B, then A is called
⇒ A = { 2} a proper subset of B and we write A ⊂ B.
Note The number of distinct elements contained in a set A is e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . . }
called the cardinal number of A and is denoted as n( A ). and B = {. . . , −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . . },
If A = { a, e, i , o, u}, then n ( A ) = 5.
then A ⊂ B.
4. Infinite set A set which consists of infinite number
Note The total number of proper subset of a finite set containing n
of elements is called an infinite set. It is represented elements is (2 n − 1).
by writing a few elements of the set followed by
e.g. 11. Universal set If there are some sets under
(i) Set of square of natural numbers is an infinite set, consideration, then there happens to be a set which is
because natural numbers are infinite and it can be a superset of each one of the given sets. Such a set is
represented as {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ...}. known as the universal set and it is denoted by U.
(ii) Set of all points in a plane. e.g.
5. Equal sets Two sets A and B are said to be equal, if • If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 7 } and
they have exactly the same elements and we write C = { 2, 4, 6, 8}, then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} is a
A = B. Otherwise, two sets are said to be unequal universal set for A, B and C.
and we write A ≠ B.
• For the set of all integers, the universal set can be
e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = { 4, 3, 1, 2}, then A = B
the set of rational numbers or the set of real
because each element of A is in B and vice-versa.
numbers.
6. Equivalent sets Two sets A and B are equivalent, if 12. Power set The collection of all subsets of a set A, is
their cardinal numbers are same i.e. n ( A ) = n ( B) and called power set of A and it is denoted by P ( A ) . In
we write A ↔ B or A ~ B
P ( A ), every element is a set.
e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = { 4, 5, 6},
e.g. Let A = {1, 2, 3}
then n ( A ) = n ( B)
A ↔ B or A ~ B Then, P ( A ) = { φ , {1}, { 2}, { 3}, {1, 2}, { 2, 3}, { 3,1}, {1, 2, 3}}
MATHEMATICS Set Theory 185

Thus, A ∪ B = { x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Properties of Power Sets U
In the given Venn diagram A ∪ B is
1. Each element of a power set is a set.
denoted by the shaded region.
2. If set A has n elements, then P ( A ) has 2n elements. A B
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
3. If A is an empty set φ or { }, then P ( A ) has just one and B = {1 , 2, 3, 5 , 7}, then A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
element i.e. P( A ) = { φ}.
4. If A ⊆ B, then P ( A ) ⊆ P ( B) . Note • x ∈ A ∪ B ⇔ x ∈ A or x ∈ B
• x ∉ A ∪ B ⇔ x ∉ A and x ∉ B • A ⊆ A ∪ B, B ⊆ A ∪ B.
EXAMPLE 1. The set S = {x ∈ N: x + 3 = 3} is a
a. null set b. singleton set 2. Intersection of sets Let A and B be any two sets.
c. infinite set d. None of these The intersection of A and B is the set of all those
elements which belongs to both A and B. It is
Sol. a. Given, S = {x ∈ N : x + 3 = 3} denoted by A ∩ B and read as A intersection B.
∴ S = {} Thus, A ∩ B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B} U
So, S is a null set. A ∩ B is represented by the shaded
region in the given Venn diagram A B
EXAMPLE 2. If A = {x : x is an odd integer} and
B = {x : x 2 − 8x + 15 = 0 }. Then, which one of the e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and
B = {1, 3, 7, 9}, then A ∩ B = {1, 3}.
following is correct. e 2013 I
a. A = B b. A ⊆ B c. B ⊆ A d. A ⊆ B C Note • x ∈ A ∩ B ⇔ x ∈ A and x ∈ B
• x ∉ A ∩ B ⇔ x ∉ A or x ∉ B • A ∩ B ⊆ A and A ∩ B ⊆ B
Sol. c. Given that, A = {x : x is an odd integer}
and B = {x : x2 − 8x + 15 = 0} = {x : x2 − 5x − 3x + 15 = 0} 3. Disjoint sets Two sets A and B U
= {x : x ( x − 5) − 3( x − 5) = 0} are said to be disjoint, if they have
no common element i.e. A B
= {x : ( x − 5)( x − 3) = 0} = {3, 5}
Since, B has two odd elements.
A ∩B=φ
∴ B⊆A e.g. If A = {1, 2, 4}, B = { 3, 5, 6},
then A ∩ B = φ
EXAMPLE 3. If A = {a, b }, then power set of A is So, A and B are disjoint sets.
a. {φ, a , b} b. {φ, a , b , A}
4. Difference of sets Let A and B be two sets. The
c. {φ, a , b , ab} d. {φ, { a }, {b }, A} difference of two sets is the set of all those elements
of A which do not belong to B. It is denoted by
Sol. d. A = {a, b}
A − B and read as A minus B.
The subsets of A are φ, {a}, {b} {a, b}.
∴ A − B = { x : x ∈ A and x ∉B}
∴ P ( A) = {φ , {a}, {b}, {a, b} = {φ , {a}, {b}, A}
U

VENN DIAGRAM A–B

‘Venn diagram’ is the diagrammetic A B
representation of various types of sets U
and operations on sets. The shaded part in the given Venn diagram
A represents A − B.
The universal set is usually
Similarly, the difference B − A is U
represented by a rectangular region
the set of all those elements of B
and other subsets of the universal set
that do not belong to A. B–A
are represented by circles inscribed in it. Each inscribed
circle represents a set (subset of universal set). ∴ B − A = { x : x ∈ B and x ∉ A } A B
The shaded part in the given Venn diagram
Operations on Sets represents B − A .
1. Union of Sets Let A and B be any two sets. The e.g.
union of A and B is the set of all the elements of A and • If A = { 2 , 4, 6, 8, 10} and B = { 2, 4, 6, 12, 14}, then
all the elements of B, the common elements being A − B = {8, 10} and B − A = {12, 14}.
taken only once. It is denoted by A ∪ B and read as ‘A • If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, then A − B = φ.
union B.’
186 CDS Pathfinder

Note The sets A − B, A ∩ B and B − A are mutually disjoint sets i.e.

Symmetric Difference of Two Sets the intersection of any of these two sets is an empty set.
Let A and B be two sets. The U
symmetric difference of sets A and Laws of Algebra of Sets
B is the set ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A ) and is 1. Idempotent laws For any set A, we have
denoted by A ∆ B i.e. it is a set
A–B B–A (i) A ∪ A = A (ii) A ∩ A = A
consisting of all those members of A
which are not in B or all those 2. Identity Laws For any set A,
which are in B but not in A. (i) A ∪ φ = A (ii) A ∩ U = A
i.e. φ and U are identity elements for union and
Thus, A ∆ B = { x : x ∈ A but x ∉ B} ∪ { x : x ∈ B but x ∉ A }
intersection, respectively.
A ∆ B = ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A )
The shaded part in given Venn diagram represents 3. Commutative laws For any two sets A and B, we
A ∆ B. have
e.g. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} and B = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, (i) A ∪ B = B ∪ A (ii) A ∩ B = B ∩ A
∴ A − B = { 2, 4} and B − A = {9}, then A ∆ B = { 2, 4, 9}. 4. Associative laws If A , B and C are any three sets,
then
Complement of a Set (i) ( A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ ( B ∪ C )
Let U be the universal set and A be A’ U (ii) A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∩ C
any set such that A ⊂ U . Then, the 5. Distributive laws If A , B and C are any three sets,
complement of A with respect to U is A
then
the set of all those elements of U
(i) A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C )
which are not in A. It is denoted by
A ′ or A C or U − A (ii) A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C )
Thus, A ′ = { x : x ∈U and x ∉ A } 6. De-Morgan’s laws If A and B are any two sets,
then
The shaded portion in the above Venn diagram shows
the complement of set A. If A is a subset of the (i) ( A ∪ B) ′ = A ′ ∩ B ′ (ii) ( A ∩ B) ′ = A ′ ∪ B ′
universal set U, then its complement A ′ is also a subset
of U. e.g. More Results on
• Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 , 8, …}and A = {1, 3, 5, 7 , . . . } . Operations on Sets
Then, the complement of A is 1. If A , B and C are any three sets, then
A ′ = U − A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . } (i) A − ( B ∩ C ) = ( A − B) ∪ ( A − C )
• If U = { a, b, c, d , e, f } and A = { a, e}, (ii) A − ( B ∪ C ) = ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C )
then A ′ = { b, c, d , f }. (iii) A ∩ ( B − C ) = ( A ∩ B) − ( A ∩ C )
EXAMPLE 4. If A = {0, 1 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 2, 3}, (iv) A ∩ ( B ∆ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∆ ( A ∩ C )
C = {3, 5, 7, 9}, then ( A − B) ∩ (B − C) is (v) ( A − B) ∪ ( B − A ) = ( A ∪ B) − ( A ∩ B)
a. {1, 2} b. { 0 , 4 } c. { 0 , 1, 2, 4 } d. φ 2. If A , B and C are finite sets and U be the finite
Sol. d. Given, A = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}, B = { 1, 2, 3} and C = {3, 5, 7, 9} universal set, then
(i) n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A ) + n ( B) − n ( A ∩ B)
∴ A − B = { 0, 4} and B − C = { 1, 2}
(ii) n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A ) + n ( B) ⇔ A , B are disjoint sets.
∴ ( A − B) ∩ ( B − C ) = φ
(iii) n ( A − B) = n ( A ) − n ( A ∩ B)
Properties of Operations on Sets i.e. n ( A − B) + n ( A ∩ B) = n ( A )
(iv) Number of elements which belong to exactly one
1. (A ′ )′ = A 2. A ∪ A ′ = U
of A or B
3. A ∩A′ = φ 4. φ ′ = U = n ( A ∆ B) = n ( A ) + n ( B) − 2n ( A ∩ B)
5. U′=φ 6. A − B = A ∩ B ′ (v) If A, B and C are finite sets, then
7. B−A = B∩ A′ 8. A − B ⊆ A n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n ( A ) + n ( B) + n (C ) − n ( A ∩ B)
9. B−A ⊆ B 10. A − B ≠ B − A − n (B ∩ C) − n (A ∩ C) + n (A ∩ B ∩ C)
11. A − φ = A and A − A = φ 12. A ⊆ B ⇒ A − B = φ (vi) n ( A ′ ∪ B ′ ) = n (( A ∩ B) ′ ) = n (U ) − n ( A ∩ B)
13. A −B = B−A ⇔A = B (vii) n ( A ′ ∩ B ′ ) = n (( A ∪ B) ′ ) = n (U ) − n ( A ∪ B)
MATHEMATICS Set Theory 187

EXAMPLE 5. If a set A contains 60 elements and ∴ n (E ∪ H ) = n (E) + n (H ) − n (E ∩ H )

another set B contains 70 elements and there are 50 40 = n ( E ) + 22 − 12 ⇒ n ( E ) = 30
elements in common, then how many elements does Number of people who speak English only
A ∪ B contain? = n ( E ) − n ( E ∩ H ) = 30 − 12 = 18
a. 130 b. 100 c. 80 d. 70
Sol. c. Here, n ( A) = 60, n ( B) = 70 and n ( A ∩ B) = 50
Ordered Pairs
An ordered pair consists of two objects or elements in a
Now, n( A ∪ B) = n( A) + n( B) − n( A ∩ B)
given fixed order.
= 60 + 70 − 50 = 130 − 50 = 80
If A and B are two sets and a ∈ A , b ∈ B, then the
EXAMPLE 6. A group of 40 people who speaks either ordered pair of elements a and b is denoted by (a, b).
english or Hindi, out of these 12 speak both English The natural numbers and their squares can be
and Hindi and 22 speak Hindi. How many people represented by ordered pair in the following way.
speak only english not Hindi?
(1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16), ....
a. 30 b. 10 c. 18 d. 28
Two ordered pairs (a, b) and (c, d) will be equal, if and
Sol. c. Let E be the set of students who speak English and H be the set only if a = c and b = d .
of students who speak Hindi.
Given, n ( E ∪ H ) = 40, n ( H ) = 22 and n ( E ∩ H ) = 12 Note { a, b} = { b, a} but ( a, b ) ≠ ( b, a ) .

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. If A = { 5, 6, 7} and B = { 7, 8, 9}, then A ∪ B is 8. The number of non-empty proper subsets of set
equal to A = { 2, 5, 7, 10} is
(a) {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} (b) {7, 8, 9} (c) {5, 6, 7} (d) φ (a) 16 (b) 15 (c) 14 (d) 8

2. Given that A = { 2, 6, 8, 9}, B = { 7, 8, 9, 12}, then 9. Which of the following statements is false for the
B − A is equal to sets A, B and C, where
(a) {7, 8, 9, 12} (b) {7, 12} A = { x|x is letter of the word ‘BOWL’}
(c) {2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12} (d) {2, 6, 8, 9, 12} B = { x|x is a letter of the word ‘ELBOW’}
3. If U is the universal set of all natural numbers C = { x|x is a letter of the word ‘BELLOW’}
and A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, then compute A ∩ U . (a) A ⊂ B (b) B ⊃ C
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4} (b) φ (c) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (d) U (c) B ≠ C (d) B is a proper subset of C

4. The set { 2, 4, 16, 256,... } can be represented as 10. If A and B are two sets, then A ∩ ( A ∪ B) equals
which one of the following? (a) A (b) B
n
(a) {x ∈ N| x = 2 2 , n ∈ N} (c) φ (d) None of these
n
(b) {x ∈ N| x = 2 2 , n = 0, 1, 2,...}
11. The smallest set B such that
(c) {x ∈ N| x = 2 4 n , n = 0, 1, 2,...}
B ∪ { 1, 2} = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 9} is
(d) {x ∈ N| x = 2 2 n , n = 0, 1, 2,...}
(a) {3, 5, 9} (b) {3, 5, 8}
5. If P and Q are any two sets and P ⊂ Q , then (c) {1, 2, 3} (d) None of these
(a) P ∩ Q = φ (b) P ′ ∩ Q = P (c) P ∩ Q = P (d) P ∩ Q = Q 12. If U = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, P = { 0, 1, 2, 3},
6. Which one of the following is a true statement? Q = { 2, 3, 4, 5}, and R = { 4, 5, 6}, then Q ′ ∩ ( P ∪ R )
(a) ( A − B) ∩ (B − A) = φ (b) ( A − B) ∩ (B − A) = A is equal to
(c) ( A − B) ∩ (B − A) = U (d) ( A − B) ∩ (B − A) = B (a) {0, 1, 6} (b) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
7. If P and Q are any two sets, then P ∪ Q = P ∩ Q, if (c) {6, 7, 8, 9} (d) {2, 3}
(a) P is the empty set (b) Q is the empty set 13. If P is a non-empty set, then ( P ′ )′ is equal to
(c) Both P and Q are empty sets
(d) P and Q are non-empty sets (a) φ (b) U (c) U − P (d) P
188 CDS Pathfinder

A U U
14. The shaded region in the adjoining diagram is A
B B
U

(c) (d)
(a) A ∪ A ′ (b) U (c) A ′ (d) A ∩ A ′ 20. Which one of the following is a correct statement?
15. The shaded region in the adjoining diagram (a) φ ∈ φ (b) φ ∉P (φ) (c) φ = P (φ) (d) φ ∈ P (φ)

21. Let A =  3, π , 2 , , − 5, 3 + 7 . The subset of A

represents 2
U
 7 
containing all the elements from it which are
irrational numbers is
A B
(a) 3, , − 5 (b) 3, π, , − 5, 3 + 7 
2 2
(a) ( A ∩ B)′ (b) A ∪ B (c) A − B (d) A ∩ B  7   7 
(c) { π, 2 , 3 + 7} (d) {3, − 5}
16. The shaded portion in the following Venn
diagram represents 22. If U = { x : x ∈ N }, A = { x : x is an odd number },
then A′ is equal to
B (a) {x : x is an even number} (b) {x : x is an odd number}
(c) {x : x is a natural number} (d) {x : x is an integer}

A 23. If two sets are disjoint, then their intersection is

C (a) null set (b) singleton
(c) a infinite set (d) None of these
(a) A ∪ (B ∩ C ) (b) A ∪ (B ∪ C )
(c) ( A ∩ B) ∩ C (d) ( A ∩ B) ∪ C 24. If A and B are two non-empty sets, then
A − ( A − B) equals
17. The shaded region in the adjoining diagram is (a) B (b) A − B (c) A ∩ B (d) A ′ ∩ B′
25. Let two sets A and B have 2n and 4n elements
B respectively, where n is a natural number. What
can be the minimum number of elements in A ∪ B ?
A (a) 2n (b) 3n (c) 4n (d) 6n
C 26. If P = { x : x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0}, Q = { x : x 2 + 4x − 12 = 0},
then P − Q is
(a) A ∩ (B − C ) (b) A − (B ∪ C ) (a) {1, 2} (b) {2} (c) {1} (d) {4, 3}
(c) A ∩ (B ∪ C ) (d) A ∪ (B ∩ C ) 27. If A = {( 2 2n
− 3n − 1)| n ∈ N } and
18. In the Venn diagram below, shaded portion B = { 9 ( n − 1)| n ∈ N }, then which one of the
represents following is correct?
A B C U (a) A ⊂ B (b) A ⊂ A (c) A = B
(d) Neither A is a subset of B nor B is a subset of A
28. If A, B and C are any three sets, then
(a) A − (B ∪ C ) = ( A − B) ∪ ( A − C )
(b) A − (B ∪ C ) = ( A − B) − ( A − C )
(a) A ∪ B ∪ C (b) A ∩ B ∩ C (c) A − (B ∪ C ) = ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C )
(c) ( A ∩ B) ∪ (B ∩ C ) (d) A ∪ B ∩ C (d) A − (B ∪ C ) = ( A ∪ B) − ( A ∪ C )
19. The Venn diagram for A ∪ B when B ⊂ A is 29. If P and Q are two sets such that
U A B U n ( P ) = m , n (Q ) = n and n ( P ∩ Q ) = p, then
B
A n ( P ∪ Q ) is equal to
(a) m + n (b) m + n + p (c) m + n − p (d) m − n − p
30. A and B are two sets such that n ( A) = 17,
n( B) = 23, n ( A ∪ B) = 38. Then, n ( A ∩ B) is
(a) (b) (a) 40 (b) 78 (c) 2 (d) None of these
MATHEMATICS Set Theory 189

31. Let A = { x : x 2 − 6x + 8 = 0} and 42. In an examination, 52% candidates failed in

B = { x : 2x 2 + 3x − 2 = 0}. Then, which one of the English and 42% failed in Mathematics. If 17%
following is correct? candidates failed in both English and
(a) A ⊆ B (b) B ⊆ A
Mathematics, what percentage of candidates
passed in both the subjects?
(c) Neither A ⊆ B nor B ⊆ A (d) A = B
(a) 18% (b) 21% (c) 23% (d) 25%
32. If A = { 1, 2, 3, 4}, B = { 2, 3, 4, 5}, C = { 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, 43. State which of the following statements about
then A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) is equal to sets is/are true?
(a) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} (b) {1, 2, 3, 4} I. Every subset of a finite set is finite.
(c) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (d) φ II. φ is a subset of {0}.
33. Let the set A and B be given by A = { 1, 2, 3, 4} Select the correct answer using the codes given
and B = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10} and the universal set below
U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, then ( A ∪ B)′ is (a) Only I (b) Only II
(a) {2, 4} (b) U (c) Both I and II (d) Neither I nor II
(c) {1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} (d) {5, 7, 9} 44. Which of the following is/are examples of empty
34. What is {[( A ∪ B)′ ∩ A]} − ( A − B) equal to? set?
I. A = { x : x + 3 = 3, x ∈ I }
(a) φ (b) A (c) B (d) B′
II. B = { x : x is a positive even integer and prime}
35. Which one of the following is a correct statement?
III. C = { x : x2 = 16, x is odd integer}
I. { a } ∈ {{ a }, { b}, { c} II. { a } ⊆ {{ a }, b, c}
Select the correct answer using the codes given
III. { a , b} ⊆ {{ a }, b, c} IV. a ⊆ {{ a }, b, c} below
(a) Only I (b) Only II (c) III and IV (d) Only IV (a) Only I (b) I and III (c) Only III (d) I, II and III
36. Which one of the following is an infinite set? 45. Consider the following statements :
(a) {x : x is a whole number less than or equal to 1000} I. A′ ∪ B = ( A ∩ B)′ II. (φ′ )′ = ∪
(b) {x : x is a natural number less than 1000}
III. A ∩ (B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C )
(c) {x : x is a positive integer less than or equal to 1000}
(d) {x : x is an integer and less than 1000} Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
correct?
37. Which one of the following is not correct in (a) Only II (b) I and III (c) Only III (d) II and III
respect of the sets A and B ?
(a) If A ⊆ B, then B ∪ A = B 46. Let P = Set of all integral multiples of 3
(b) If A ⊆ B, then A ∩ ( A − B) = φ Q = Set of all integral multiples of 4
(c) If A ⊆ B, then B ∩ A = A R = Set of all integral multiples of 6
(d) If A ∩ B = φ, then either A = φ or B = φ Consider the following relations
↔ ↔ ↔
38. If R ∈ PQ , S ∉ PQ and S does not lie on PQ I. P ∪ Q = R II. P ⊂ R III. R ⊂ (P ∪ Q )
extended, then
↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ Which of the relation(s) given above is/are correct?
(a) PQ ∩ RS = φ (b) PQ ∩ RS = {R} (a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) II and III
↔ ↔ ↔ ↔
(c) PQ ∩ RS = {S} (d) PQ ∩ RS = {P}
47. Consider the following statements:
39. In a group of 1000 people, there are 750 people I. Set of all points of a given line is a infinite set.
who can speak Hindi and 400 who can speak II. The set of all birds in a zoo is a infinite set.
English. How many can speak Hindi only? III. Good books in a school library is a set.
(a) 600 (b) 150 (c) 300 (d) 500
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
40. In a committee 50 people speak French, 20 speak correct?
Spanish and 10 speak both Spanish and French. (a) Only I (b) Only II (c) Only III (d) All of these
How many speak atleast one of these two languages? 48. Given that the set A = { 0, 1, 2, 3}, which of the
(a) 60 (b) 50 (c) 30 (d) 70
following statements about A are true?
41. Every student in a class of 42 students, studies I. A is a finite set.
atleast one of the subjects, Mathematics, English II. A is a subset of the set of integers.
and Commerce, 14 students study Mathematics, III. {1, 2} is a proper subset of A.
20 Commerce and 24 English. 3 students study IV. A is the null set.
Mathematics and Commerce, 2 English and Select the correct answer using the codes given
Commerce and there is no student who studies below
all the three subjects. The number of students
(a) I, II and III (b) I and IV
who study Mathematics but not Commerce is
(c) I and III (d) All of these
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 12 (d) 11
190 CDS Pathfinder

49. State which of the sets given below are infinite set? 56. Consider the following in respect of the sets A
I. Set of all concentric circles. and B. e 2013 I
II. { x : x is a multiple of 2, x is an integer.} I. ( A ∩ B) ⊆ A II. ( A ∩ B) ⊆ B III. A ⊆ ( A ∪ B)
III. The set of lines which are parallel to X-axis. Which of the statement(s) given above is/are
IV. The set of positive integers greater than 100. correct?
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and III (d) All of these
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below 57. In a school there are 30 teachers who teach
(a) I and II (b) II and III Mathematics or Physics. Of these teachers, 20
(c) Only I (d) All of these teach Mathematics and 15 teach Physics, 5 teach
both Mathematics and Physics. The number of
50. Which of the following sets are equivalent? teachers teaching only Mathematics is e 2013 I
I. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = { 7, 8, 9, 10, 11} (a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) 20
II. A = { x, y, z } B = { p, q}
58. In a class of 110 students, x students take both
III. P = {2, 4, 6, 8}, R = { a , b, c, d } Mathematics and Statistics, x + 20 students take
IV. A = {36, 39, 42, 45} , B = {42, 39, 45, 36} Mathematics and x + 30 students take Statistics.
Select the correct answer using the codes given There are no students who take neither Mathematics
below nor Statistics. What is x equal to? e 2013 II
(a) I, II and IV (b) II, III and IV (a) 15 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 30
(c) I, III and IV (d) None of these 59. If A is a non-empty subset of a set E, then what
is E ∪ ( A ∩ φ ) − ( A − φ ) equal to? e 2014 I
Directions (Q. Nos. 51-52) Answer the questions (a) A (b) Complement of A
based on the following information. (c) φ (d) E
In a survey of 250 students, it was found that 150 play 60. If A and B are any two non-empty subsets of a
cricket, 100 play basketball and 120 play football, set E, then what is A ∪ ( A ∩ B) equal to? e 2014 I
further, 30 of them play both basketball and football, 50
(a) A ∩ B (b) A ∪ B (c) A (d) B
play both cricket and basketball and 60 play both cricket
and football. 61. Out of 105 students taking an examination
English and Mathematics, 80 students pass in
51. The maximum number of students who play all English, 75 students pass in Mathematics, 10
the three sports students fail in both the subjects. How many
(a) 20 (b) 10 (c) 15 (d) None of these students pass in only one subject? e 2014 I

52. If 5 students play none of the three sports then (a) 26 (b) 30 (c) 35 (d) 45
numbers of students who play at least two sports 62. Let A denotes the set of quadrilaterals having
(a) 100 (b) 110 (c) 120 (d) 130 two diagonals equal and bisecting each other.
Let B denotes the set of quadrilaterals having
diagonals bisecting each other at 90°. Then,
PREVIOUS YEARS’ QUESTIONS A ∩ B denotes e 2015 II

53. If A = {x : x is an even natural number}, B = {x : x (a) the set of parallelograms (b) the set of rhombuses
is a natural number and multiple of 5} and C = { (c) the set of squares (d) the set of rectangles
x : x is a natural number and multiple of 10}, 63. Let S be a set of first fourteen natural numbers.
then what is the value of A ∩ ( B ∪ C )? e 2012 I The possible number of pairs ( a , b), where a,
(a) {10, 20, 30,…} (b) {5, 10, 15, 20,…} b ∈ S and a ≠ b such that ab leaves remainder 1
(c) {2, 4, 6,…} (d) {20, 40, 60,…} when divided by 15, is e 2016 I
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 6 (d) None of these
54. Which one of the following is a null set? e 2012 II
(a) A = {x is a real number : x > 1 and x < 1} 64. In a gathering of 100 people, 70 of them can speak
(b) B = {x : x + 3 = 3} Hindi, 60 can speak English and 30 can speak
(c) C = {φ} French. Further, 30 of them can speak both Hindi
(d) D = {x is a real number : x ≥ 1 and x ≤ 1} and English, 20 can speak both Hindi and French.
If x is the number of people who can speak both
55. Let x ∈ {2, 3, 4} and y ∈ {4, 6, 9, 10}. If A be the
English and French, then which one of the following
set of all order pairs (x, y) such that x is a factor
is correct? (Assume that everyone can speak
of y. Then, how many elements does the set A
atleast one of the three languages) e 2016 I
contain? e 2012 II
(a) 12 (b) 10 (c) 7 (d) 6 (a) 10 < x ≤ 30 (b) 0 ≤ x < 8 (c) x = 9 (d) x = 8
MATHEMATICS Set Theory 191

ANSWERS
1 a 2 b 3 c 4 b 5 c 6 a 7 c 8 c 9 a 10 a
11 a 12 a 13 d 14 c 15 c 16 a 17 b 18 c 19 a 20 d
21 c 22 a 23 a 24 c 25 c 26 c 27 a 28 c 29 c 30 c
31 c 32 b 33 d 34 a 35 a 36 d 37 d 38 b 39 a 40 a
41 d 42 c 43 c 44 c 45 c 46 c 47 a 48 a 49 d 50 c
51 a 52 b 53 a 54 a 55 d 56 d 57 c 58 b 59 b 60 c
61 c 62 c 63 d 64 a

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS

1. (a) A ∪ B = {5, 6, 7} ∪ { 7, 8, 9} 9. (a) Given, A = { B , O , W , L } 21. (c) As, π, 2 , 3 + 7 are irrational
= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} B = {B, O, W , L, E } numbers.
So, required set is { π , 2 , 3 + 7 }.
2. (b) B − A = { 7, 8, 9, 12} − { 2, 6, 8, 9} C = {B, O, W , L, E }
22. (a) Here, U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}
= { 7, 12} ∴ A ⊂ B and B = C
and A = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,… }
3. (c) Given, A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and A ⊆ U . 10. (a) Clearly, A ∩ ( A ∪ B ) = A
So, A ′ = U − A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,… }
⇒A ∩ U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ∩ {U } 11. (a) B ∪ { 1, 2} = { 1, 2, 3, 5, 9} ∴ A′ = { x : x is an even number}
= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} ⇒ B = {3, 5, 9} is the required smallest 23. (a) Disjoint sets have no common
set element.
4. (b) Let A = { 2, 4, 16, 256,...}
0 12. (a) Here, ( P ∪ R) = { 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} e.g. A = { 1, 2, 3} , B = { 4, 5, 6}
for n = 0, 22 = 21 = 2
1 Q ′ = U − Q = { 0, 1, 6, 7, 8, 9} ⇒ A∩B=φ
for n = 1, 22 = 22 = 4
2 So, Q ′ ∩ ( P ∪ R) = { 0, 1, 6} 24. (c) A − ( A − B ) = A − ( A ∩ B ′)
for n = 2, 22 = 24 = 16 = A ∩ ( A ∩ B ′) ′ = A ∩ ( A ′ ∪ B )
13. (d) Let U = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and
Thus, = ( A ∩ A ′) ∪ ( A ∩ B )
n P = { 1, 3, 4}
A = { x ∈ N | x = 22 , n = 0, 1, 2,...}
Then, P ′ = U − P = { 2, 5, 6} = φ ∪ ( A ∩ B) = A ∩ B
5. (c) Q P ⊂ Q and ( P ′)′ = U − P ′ = { 1, 3, 4} = P 25. (c) Q n ( A ∩ B ) = 2n,
∴ n ( A ∪ B) = n ( A) + n ( B)
Q U 14. (c) The shaded region is U − A = A ′.
− n ( A ∩ B)
P 15. (c) The shaded region represents the
elements in A and not in B, so it = 2n + 4n − 2n = 4n
represents A − B. Hence, minimum number of elements
16. (a) We have, in A ∪ B is 4n.
(B ∩ C) A ∪ (B ∩ C) 26. (c) Here, P = { x: x2 − 3x + 2 = 0}
So, P ∩ Q = P ⇒ P = { x : ( x − 1) ( x − 2) = 0 }
6. (a) Let x ∈ A − B ⇒ x ∈ A and x ∉B B B
⇒ P = { x : x = 1, x = 2}
⇒ x ∉B − A A A ∴ P = { 1, 2} and
Also, x ∈ B − A ⇒ x ∈ B Q = { x : x2 + 4x − 12 = 0}
and x ∉ A ⇒ x ∉ A − B C C ⇒ Q = { x : ( x + 6) ( x − 2) = 0}
So, ( A − B ) ∩ ( B − A ) = φ ⇒ Q = { − 6, 2}
17. (b) The shaded region represents the
7. (c) Only if P and Q both are empty set or elements in A and not in B or C . So, P − Q = { 1, 2} − { − 6, 2} = { 1}
P and Q have same elements, then
P ∪ Q = P ∩ Q. ∴ A − (B ∪ C ) 27. (a) Given, A = {( 22 n − 3n − 1)| n ∈ N }
18. (c) Clearly, ( A ∩ B ) ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = { 0, 9, 54, 243, … }
8. (c) Number of elements in A = 4
19. (a) Clearly, (a) is correct. and B = { 9 ( n − 1) | n ∈ N }
∴ Total number of non-empty
20. (d) Since, P( φ) = { φ} = { 0, 9, 18, 27,… }
Proper subsets of A = 2 − 2 n

Hence, φ ∈ P( φ) From above, it is clear that A ⊂ B.

= 24 − 2 = 14
192 CDS Pathfinder

↔ ↔
28. (c) ∴ PQ ∩ RS = { R} n ( E ∪ M ) = n( E ) + n( M ) − n ( E ∩ M )
∪ ∪ = 52 + 42 − 17 = 77%
A B A B where R is point of intersection of the
straight lines PQ and RS. ∴ Total candidates passed = ( 100 − 77)
39. (a) Here, H = People, who can speak Hindi = 23%
(A–B)
A–(B ∪ C) C ∩(A–C) C E = People, who can speak English 43. (c) Clearly, both I and II are true.
Given, n ( H ∪ E ) = 1000, n ( H ) = 750, 44. (c) I. A = { 0} II. B = { 2 }
From the above two figures, shaded III. C = { } ; + 4 is not an odd integer
n ( E ) = 400
portion of
A − ( B ∪ C ) = ( A − B) ∩ ( A − C ) n (H ∪ E ) = n (H ) + n (E ) Here, only III is empty set.

29. (c) n ( P ∪ Q ) = n ( P ) + n (Q ) − n (H ∩ E ) 45. (c) By distributive law in sets

− n ( P ∩ Q) 1000 = 750 + 400 − n ( H ∩ E ) A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∪ ( A ∩ C )
∴ n ( P ∪ Q) = m + n − p ⇒ n ( H ∩ E ) = 1150 − 1000 = 150 So, only III is correct.
30. (c) n ( A ∪ B ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) Number of people who can speak Hindi 46. (c) Here, P = {… − 6, − 3, 0, 3, 6,… },
− n ( A ∩ B) only Q = {… − 8, − 4, 0, 4, 8,… } and
∴ n ( A ∩ B) = n ( A) + n ( B) = n (H ) − n (H ∩ E ) R = {… − 12, − 6, 0, 6, 12,… }
− n ( A ∪ B ) = 17 + 23 − 38 = 2 = 750 − 150 = 600 I. P ∪ Q = {… − 8, − 6, − 4, − 3, 0,
31. (c) Given, A = { x : x2 − 6x + 8 = 0} 40. (a) Let S be the set of people who speak 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 ,… } ≠ R
⇒ A = { x :( x – 4)( x − 2)} spanish and F be the set of people who II. P ⊄ R as 3 ∈ P but 3 ∉R.
∴ A = { 4, 2} speak French III. R ⊂ ( P ∪ Q ) is true.
And B = { x : 2x 2 + 3x − 2 = 0} ∴ n ( S ) = 20, n ( F ) Hence, only statement III is correct.
⇒ B = { x:( 2x − 1)( x + 2)} = 50, n ( S ∩ F ) = 10 47. (a) I. There are infinite points lie on a line
B =  , − 2
1 ⇒ n (S ∪ F ) = n (S) + n (F ) segment so, it is an infinite set.
∴
2  − n (S ∩ F ) II. Number of birds in zoo are
Hence, neither A ⊆ B nor B ⊆ A. = 20 + 50 − 10 = 60 countable so, it is a finite set.
32. (b) ( B ∪ C ) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} 41. (d) Here, M = Students who study III. It is not a well-defined set.
∴ A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = { 1, 2, 3, 4} Mathematics Hence, only I is correct.
∩ { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} E = Students who study English 48. (a) I. A is a finite set.
= { 1, 2, 3, 4} C = Students who study Commerce II. As all elements of A are integers, so
∴ n ( M ∪ E ∪ C ) = 42 A is subset of integers.
33. (d) ( A ∪ B ) = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Also, n( M ) = 14, n( E ) = 24, n(C ) = 20, III. { 1, 2} is a proper subset of A.
( A ∪ B )′ = U − ( A ∪ B )
IV. A ≠ φ.
= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} n ( M ∩ C ) = 3, n ( E ∩ C ) = 2
So, I, II and III are true.
− { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10} and n ( M ∩ E ∩ C ) = 0
49. (d) All sets are infinite set.
= {5, 7, 9} 14
) C(20)
M( 3 50. (c) Equivalent sets have same cardinal
34. (a) {( A ∪ B )′ ∩ A } − ( A − B )
0 numbers. Here, cardinal numbers of I,
= {(U − ( A ∪ B )) ∩ A } − ( A − B ) 2
III, IV sets are same.
= {(U ∩ A ) − {( A ∪ B ) ∩ A }}
E(24)
− ( A − B)
From the Venn diagram, it is clear that
Solutions (Q. No. 51-52) Let C,
= { A − A} − ( A − B) = φ − ( A − B) = φ B and F denotes the number of
number of students who study
35. (a) {a} is an element of {{ a },{ b },{ c }}, Mathematics but not Commerce students who play cricket,
subsets of {{ a }, b , c } are φ, {{ a }, { b }, { c }, basketball and football
{{ a }, b }, { b , c }, {{ a }, c }, {{ a }, b , c } = 14 − 3 = 11
respectively.
Hence, only statement I is correct. 42. (c) Let number of failed candidates in
Mathematics and English be M and E, Given, n (C ) = 150, n (B) = 100,
36. (d) {x : x is an integer and less than respectively. n (F) = 120, n (B ∩ F) = 30,
1000} = [..., 998,999] n (C ∩ B) = 50 and n (C ∩ F) = 60
Given, candidates failed in English,
i.e. x ∈ ( − ∞ , 1000) is an infinite set. n( E ) = 52%, Let x be the number of students
37. (d) If A ∩ B = φ, then it is not necessary Candidates failed in Mathematics, who play all the three sports
that either. n( M ) = 42% C B (100)
A = φ or B = φ. 0)
Candidates failed in both English and 5
↔ ↔ (1
38. (b) Since R ∈ PQ i.e R belongs to PQ. Mathematics, x
↔ ↔
n ( E ∩ M ) = 17%
Again S , PQ and S does not lie on PQ
extended Q Total candidates, failed F (120)
MATHEMATICS Set Theory 193

51. (a) n (C ∪ B ∪ F ) = n (C ) + n ( B ) ∴A ∪ ( A ∩ B ) = A ∪ (Shaded portion)

U
+ n ( F ) − n (C ∩ F ) = A
− n (C ∩ B ) − n ( B ∩ F ) + n (C ∩ B ∩ F ) A B If A and B are two non-empty disjoint
⇒ n (C ∪ B ∪ F ) = 150 + 100
sets.
+ 120 − 60 − 50 − 30 + x
then, A ∩B = φ
⇒ n (C ∪ B ∪ F ) = 230 + x
Since, maximum value of n (C ∪ B ∪ F ) (A ∩ B) ∴ A ∪ ( A ∩ B) = A ∪ φ = A
is 250 I. ( A ∩ B ) ⊆ A [true] 61. (c) Let E and M represent the students
Hence, maximum value of II. ( A ∩ B ) ⊆ B [true] pass in English and Mathematics.
x = 250 − 230 = 20 III. A ⊆ ( A ∪ B ) [true] Given, n (U ) = 105, n( E ) = 80,
52. (b) Here, n(C ∪ B ∪ F ) = 250 − 5 = 245 So, all three statements are correct. n( M ) = 75, and n( E ∩ M ) = 10
Shaded region = ( A ∪ B )
∴ 245 = 230 + x ⇒ x = 15 Now, n( E ∪ M ) = n(U ) − n( E ∩ M )
57. (c) Let M and P be the teachers who = 105 − 10 = 95
B (100)
)C teach Mathematics and Physics,
50 Also, n( E ∪ M ) = n( E ) + n( M )
(1 35 respectively.
15
45 15 Given, − n( E ∩ M )
n ( M ∪ P ) = 30, n ( M ) = 20, n ( P ) = 15 ⇒ 95 = 80 + 75 − n( E ∩ M )
F (120) and n ( M ∩ P ) = 5 ⇒ n( E ∩ M ) = 60
Number of students who play atleast ∴ Number of teachers teaching only The number of students who pass in
two sports = 15 + 35 + 45 + 15 = 110 Mathematics is only one subject
n ( only M ) = n ( M ) − n ( M ∩ P ) = n( E ) + n( M ) − 2 n ( E ∩ M )
53. (a) Given, A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ...},
= 20 − 5 = 15 = 80 + 75 − 2 × 60
B = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ...}
and C = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, ...} 58. (b) Venn diagram of given conditions is = 155 − 120 = 35
as shown in figure given below
Now, 62. (c) A = diagonal equal and bisecting each
Students take Students take other.
( B ∪ C ) = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ...} only Mathematics only Statistics
∴ A ∩ ( B ∪ C ) = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, ...} A is square or rectangle. and B diagonal
bisecting each other at 90°.
∩ {5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, ...} So, A ∩ B = the set of squares.
x + 20 x x + 30
= { 10, 20, 30, ...} 63. (d) The possible set of pairs (a, b) such
54. (a) From option (a), A = {x is a real that ab leaves remainder 1 when divided
number : x > 1 and x < 1 }. Students take by 15 are (2, 8), (8, 2) (7, 13)
both Mathematics and Statistics
Since, there is no such element which is and (13, 7).
greater than 1 and less than 1. Total students = Students those take ∴ Number of possible set of pairs = 4
So, A is a null set. only Mathematics + Student those take
64. (a) Let A , B and C be the number of
From option (b), B = {x : x + 3 = 3} = {0} only Statistics + Student those take
people who can speak Hindi, English
= Singleton set both Mathematics and Statistics
and French.
From option (c),C = {φ} = Singleton set Q 110 = x + 20 + x + x + 30
Then, n ( A ) = 70, n ( B ) = 60,
From option (d), D = {x is a real number ⇒ 110 = 3x + 50 ⇒ 3x = 60
: x ≥ 1 and x ≤ 1} n(C ) = 30, n ( A ∩ B ) = 30,
∴ x = 20
= {1} = Singleton set n ( A ∩ C ) = 20, and n ( B ∩ C ) = x
59. (b) E ∪ {( A ∩ φ) − ( A − φ)} n ( A ∪ B ∪ C ) = n ( A ) + n ( B ) + n (C )
55. (d) Given that, x ∈ {2, 3, 4}
= E ∪ φ − A = E − A = A′ −n ( A ∩ B ) − n ( B ∩ C )
and y ∈ {4, 6, 9, 10}
[Q ( A ∩ φ) = φ and ( A − φ) = A] −n ( A ∩ C ) + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
and also A =( x, y ), such that x is a factor
of y. 60. (c) Since, A and B are non-empty subsets ⇒ 100 = 70 + 60 + 30 − 30 − 20
of E.
∴ A = {(2, 4), (2, 6), (2, 10), (3, 6), (3, 9), −x + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
(4, 4)} A B E ⇒ x = 10 + n ( A ∩ B ∩ C )
Hence, A contain 6 elements. Also, n ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) can’t be more than
56. (d) From figure, n ( A ∩C )
⇒ 10 ≤ x ≤ 30