Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 103 (2018) 1456–1463

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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

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Phytochemical and pharmacological status of indigenous medicinal plant T

Pedalium murex L.—A review
Devanesan Arul Anantha,c,d, Zipora Tietela, G. Smilin Bell Aseervathamb,d, Deviram Garlapatic,
⁎
Thilagar Sivasudhad,
a
Department of Food Quality and Safety, Gilat Research Center, Agricultural Research Organization, M.P. Negev - 85280, Israel
b
Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College, Tiruchirappalli, 620 002, Tamil Nadu, India
c
National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
d
Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Purpose: Pedalium murex is a fruit-bearing annual herb, native to South India, Mexico and tropical Africa. The
P. murex plant is widely used to treat numerous diseases including gastric ulcer, asthma, heart problems, anti in-
Medicinal plants flammatory activity and particularly urinary disorders. Traditional medicine has become a skilled approach by
Phytochemistry means of rational values in handling a variety of diseases and developing an affordable phytotherapy. It is
Pharmacology
proclaimed that P.murex is an expensive source of unique bioactive compounds for the development of natural
medicines against various diseases.
Conclusion: This review provides the details of ethno pharmacological importance of P. murex, as well as its
composition of phytochemicals, biological activities and traditional usage. Also provides a source for future
studies such as isolation of bioactive components and mechanism of action of this plant extract.

1. Introduction synthesize and preserve variety of biochemical products, many of which

are extractable and used as chemical feedstocks or as raw material for
Medicinal plants are used as a remedy for various diseases in their various scientific investigations. Many secondary metabolites of plant
day to day practice. Plants are naturally gifted for their ability to syn- origin are commercially essential and find use in some pharmaceutical
thesize various medicinal and bioactive compounds. Plant based drugs applications. Some of the useful plant drugs include vinblastine, vin-
have been used worldwide in traditional medicines for the treatment of cristine, taxol, podophyllotoxin, codeine, camptothecin, digitoxigenin,
multiple diseases and India is the largest producer of medicinal herbs gitoxigenin, digoxigenin, tubocurarine, morphine, aspirin, atropine,
globally [1]. Around 70,000 plant species were used for different pilocarpine, capsaicin, allicin, curcumin, artemisinin and ephedrine
therapeutic purposes throughout the world. Particularly in India, more among others. In some cases, the crude extract of medicinal plants can
than 2500 plant species have medicinal value; Sri Lanka around 1400 also be used for therapeutic purposes. In Indian traditional medical
and Nepal around 700 plant species are proved to have medicinal value systems such as Ayurveda and Siddha, a considerable number of nature-
[2]. According to a survey in 1993, World Health Organization (WHO) based medicines and plant products were described. Also, the phar-
revealed that 80% of the population living in the developing countries macological and morphological properties were determined, with their
uses medicinal plants as traditional medicine for their primary health active mode of action. However, a vast number of medicinal plants lack
care needs [3]. The recognized medicinal plants such as Sida acuta, details related to phytoconstituents and pharmacological properties
Pergularia daemia, Cardiospermum halicacabum, Cassia fistula, Curcuma including P. murex. It is the most common therapeutic plant found
longa etc., are used for the treatment of various alignments in South throughout India. Plant parts such as root, leaves, and fruits possess
East Asia. Practice of a traditional system of medicine cures about 80% medicinal properties against cough, asthma, skin diseases, heart trou-
of patients in India, 85% in Burma and 90% in Bangladesh [4,5]. bles, piles, ulcers, gonorrhea and urinary disorders. Few reports of P.
Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and Folk (tribal) medicines are the major murex have studied phytomedical aspects of it. Present review in-
systems of indigenous medicines. Among these methods, Ayurveda is corporates with the biology, distribution, phytochemicals, medicinal
the most developed and widely practiced method in India. Green plants and therapeutic values of P. murex as one of the potential source of

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: [email protected] (S. Thilagar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.177
Received 20 January 2018; Received in revised form 24 April 2018; Accepted 24 April 2018
0753-3322/ © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
A.A. Devanesan et al. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 103 (2018) 1456–1463

alternative medicine. Table 1

Phytochemical screening of P. murex leaves, fruit and root extracts
[17,73,76,92,95].
2. Description of P. murex
Leaves Fruit Root
P. murex belongs to the family Pedalieaceae, commonly known as
AE ME ME CE PEE ME CE PEE ACE
land caltrops (English), anai nerinji, peru nerunji (Tamil), bara gokhru,
kadvagokhru, faridbuti (Hindi), kathenerinmil, kakka mullu, ana ner- Alkaloids + + + + – + – – +
innil, kattu nerinjal (Malayalam), gokshur (Sanskrit), enugupalleru, Flavonoids + – + – – + + – +
pedda paleru, enuga palleru mulla, yenugapalleru (Telugu), annegalu – Saponins + + + – + – – – –
Glycosides + + + + + + + – +
gida, aneneggilu, doddaneggilu (Kannada), motto ghokru, mother
Charbohydrates + + NA NA NA – – – –
ghokharu, hatti charatte, karonathia (Marathi), kadvaghokru, motha- Tannins + + + – + – + + –
ghokru, mothangokharu, mottoghokru, ubbaghokru (Gujarathi), motto Phenols NA NA + + – + – – +
ghokru, baraghokhu, mothar ghokru (Bengali), gokshura, gokara Steroids + + + + + – – – –
(Oriya), gokrukalan (Punjabi), khasake kabir (Arabic), sulegi Proteins – – NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Terpenoids + – + + + NA NA NA NA
(Burmese), ati neranchi (Singapore), khasake kalan (Persian). P. murex
Gum + + NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
is a branched succulent herb grows up to 40 cm in height. Leaves is Resins NA NA – – – – – – –
simple, opposite, fleshy, serrate or crenate; flowers is bright yellow,
solitary and axillary; 2.5–3 cm long, pedicel short, calyx 5 – partile, AE: Aqueous Extract, ME: Methanol Extract, CE: Chloroform Extract.
corolla – gamopetalous, lobes 5, round, spreading, stamens 4, didyna- PEE: Petroleum Ether Extract, ACE: Acetone Extract.
mous, ovules 5 celled, style – stigma 2 lobed, fruits 4 angled with + :presence, - : absence, NA: not analyzed.
horizontal spines from the angles. Fruits are indehiscent hard drupe,
pyramidal, ovoid, color pale yellowish brown, mucilaginous and Sastry, [8,14,15]. In addition steroids such as β- sitosterol, sapogenins,
somewhat sweet in taste (Fig. 1) [6,7]. and diosgenin were also present in the extract. Lipids, phenolic acids
such as caffeic acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid and
amino acids such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and histidine are the
2.1. Geographical distribution
other phytoconstituents present in P. murex [16] (Fig. 3 and Table 2).
Some important flavonoids isolated from the P. murex fruits are 2, 4, 5-
P. murex is distributed in tropical Africa, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan,
trihydroxy-5, 7-dimethoxyflavone and triacontanyl dotriacontanoate.
and Mexico. It is a common herb scattered throughout the western and
The other minor constituents are luteolin, rubusic acid, and non-
coromandel coasts of India as a weed of waste. It is also widely dis-
acosane. GC–MS analysis revealed that P. murex ethanol extract consists
tributed in Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Rajasthan, Punjab, Gujarat and Deccan
of three major compounds such as phenol, 2-(5, 6-dimethyl pyrazinyl)
Peninsula [8,9].
methyl, O-Terphenyl-13C and 3, 3A, 4, 9B Tetrahydro- 2H-Furo (3, 2C)
(1) Benzopyran GC–MS [17,18]. Total phenolic and flavonoid content
3. Phytochemicals
of P. murex fruit extracts were in the range from 3.3 to 490 mg/g re-
spectively (Tables 3a and 3b) [17,75]. This plant extracts showed to
Srinivasarao et al. [10] in the year 1999 confirmed the presence of
have a rich source of chemical constituents and secondary metabolites
reducing sugars, phenolic compounds, saponins, xanthoprotein, alka-
that act as antioxidants [19,20].
loids, triterpenoids, tannins and flavonoids. The fruit and root extracts
consist of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, steroids and phe-
nols (Table 1). P. murex contains several alkaloids like pedalitin, dios- 4. Medicinal and pharmacological properties
metin, dinatin, pedalin dinatin-7-glucuronide. Fruits are rich in flavo-
noids, sapogenin (diosgenin-0.06%) and soluble proteins (20.14 mg/g) According to Unani and Ayurveda, P. murex is used as a cooling
[11]. Ananthakrishnan, [12] suggested that the plant powder was dis- tonic, aphrodisiac, improves appetite and valuable in strangury, vesi-
solved in ethanol which yield most of the bioactive secondary meta- cular calculi, cough, asthma, pain, cures skin diseases and heart trou-
bolites due to its high polarity. Phytochemical investigations on the bles, piles, leprosy. Traditionally the juice from the leaves have been
plant revealed the presence of pedalitin and pedalin along with dios- applied to treat ulcer [21], it purifies the blood, act as diuretic, removes
metin, dinatin, dinatin-7 glucoronide, quercetin, and quercetin-7- glu- the stones in the bladder. It cures gleet, gonorrhea, lumbago, enriches
corhamnoside [13]. Triterpenoids such as α- amyrin acetate, rubusic the blood, increases menstrual flow, good gargles for mouth troubles
acid, ursolic acid and lupeol acetate was also reported by Prasad and and painful gums, stomachache, appetizer, etc., [22,23]. The extract

Fig. 1. P. murex plant parts.

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Table 2
Amino acids, hydrocarbons and fatty acids identified in P. murex fruits [8,9,13,26,80].
Sl. No. Amino acid Hydrocarbon Vitamin Fatty acid others

1 Arginine Nonacosane Ascorbic acid Alpha tocopherol Heptatriacontan-4-one

2 Aspartic acid Tritriacontane Triacontanoic acid Tetratriacontanyl octacosanoate
3 Glutamic acid Pentatriacontane Hexatriacontanoic acid
4 Glycine Hentriacontanoic acid
5 Histidine
6 Threonine
7 Tyrosine

Table 3a prepared from the leaves, stems and fruits in cold water were reported
Flavonoids and phytosterols content in different parts of P. murex [17,75]. to possess demulcent, diuretic property and were found to be useful in
Leaves (mg/g) Fruit (mg/g) Root (mg/g) Shoot (mg/g)
the treatment of disorders of urinary system such as dysuria, sperma-
torrhoea and incontinence of urine. However, the juice is used in
Quercetin 0.08 0.1 NA NA puerperal diseases and to promote lochial discharge [24] (Fig. 2). The
Kaempferol 3.6 3.2 NA NA acute toxicity studies of P. murex plant were reported to be safe in the
Total Flavonoid 3.68 3.3 NA NA
Sitostereol NA 1.32 1.04 1.26
doses up to 3000 mg/kg body weight orally in rats. Mhaskar et al. [25]
Stigmasterol NA 0.72 0.69 0.48 studied the fruits, leaves and stem produce milk mucilage when agi-
Total Sterol NA 2.04 1.73 1.74 tated, and it is recommended as a treatment for gonorrhea. Mucilage
from leaves and young shoots is used as an aphrodisiac in seminal de-
NA : not analysed. bility [26]. Aqueous extract of the whole plant was found to possess
analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties [27]. It has been evaluated
Table 3b for its antipyretic activity and the fruit extract act as anti – hyperlipi-
Total phenol content in different fractions of P. murex fruits. demic properties in high-fat diet fed rats [28]. The high < ATF >
Extract Total phenol content (mg/g) degree of efficacy and safety with herbal medicines make them more
acceptable compared to other therapeutic intervention (Table 4) [29].
Petroleum Ether 67.83 ± 0.74
Chloroform 96.89 ± 1.34
Ethyl Acetate 298.72 ± 2.09 4.1. Antioxidant activity
Aqueous 183.07 ± 2.55
Methanol 490 ± 0.00 Antioxidants are the agents that are capable of effectively neu-
tralizing the deleterious effects of free radicals [69]. Antioxidants can
NA : not analysed.
interfere with the oxidation process by reacting with free radicals,
chelation and catalyzation of metals which acts as oxygen scavengers
[70,71]. It was noticed that recently there is a keen interest in plants as

Fig. 2. Traditional and pharmaceutical applications of P. murex.

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Fig. 3. Phytocompounds identified from P. murex.

pharmaceuticals, especially from edible plant parts, due to the presence present in the edible plants had promoted as food additives since be-
of highly valuable bioactive compounds that plays a vital role in cause they display little or no toxic side effects [73].
quenching the free radical induced by various diseases such as cancer A study by Patel et al. [74], on a comparative antioxidant activity of
and atherosclerosis [72]. In recent times the antioxidant compounds its different fractions in P. murex fruits, demonstrated that the ethyl

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Table 4
Pharmacological activity of phytocompounds present in P. murex reported in other medicinal plants.
Sl.No Plant part Compound Group Pharmacological activity Reference

1 Fruits Diosgenin Steroid sapogenin Neuroprotective, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-cancer & Anti-proliferative [30–33]
2 Fruits β-Sitosterol Phytosterol Anti-inflammatory, Anti-cancer & Antimicrobial [34–36]
3 Leaves & Fruits Diosmetin Flavone Anti-inflammatory, Anti-cancer, Oestrogenic, Antimicrobial & Antioxidant [37]
4 Leaves, Stem & Pedalitin Flavone Antioxidant [38]
Fruits
5 Leaves & Fruits Pedalin Flavone Antimicrobial [39]
6 Leaves, Stem, & Dinatin or Hispidulin Flavone Hepatoprotective, Anti-inflammatory Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Neuroprotective & Anti- [37]
Flowers cancer
7 Flowers Quercetin Favonoid Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-cancer, Antimicrobial & Hapatoprotectivity [38,40–43]
8 Fruits Luetolin Flavone Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-cancer, Antimicrobial & Anti pyritic [44,45]
9 Fruits Isatin Indole derivative Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Anticonvulsant & Anti-cancer [46]
10 Fruits α-amyrin acetate Triterpene Analgesic & Anti-inflammatory [47]
11 Fruits Lupeol acetate Triterpene Hepatoprotective, Anti-arthritis, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Anti-proliferative, [48]
Antiprotozoal, Antimicrobial, Anti-tumour & Anti-cancer
12 Fruits Rubusic acid Triterpene Anti-inflammatory, Anti-ulcer & Antioxidant [49]
13 Fruits Ursolic acid Triterpene Anti-inflammatory & Antimicrobial [50]
14 Leaves Caffeic acid Phenolic acid Anti-inflammatory, Anti-cancer, Antiviral, Neuroprotective & Antioxidant [51,52]
15 Leaves Ferulic acid Phenolic acid Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-cancer, Antimicrobial, Hapatoprotectivity, [53–56]
Neuroprotectivity & Anti-diabetic
16 Leaves Protocatechuic acid Phenolic acid Anti-hypertensive, Hepatoprotective, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Anti-proliferative, [57–60]
Antibacterial, Antiviral, Nephroprotective, Anti-ulcer & Anti-cancer
17 Leaves vanillic acid Phenolic acid Cardio protective, Anti-inflammatory, Hepatoprotective & Gastrointestinal [61,62]
18 Fruits Vanillin Penolic aldehyde Anti mutagenic, Anti invasive, Anti metastatic & Analgesic [63,64]
19 Leaves p-Coumaric acid Phenolic acid Immunomodulatory, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant & Anti-diabetic [65,66]
20 Fruits Ascorbic acid Vitamin Anti-cancer, Anti-inflammatory & Antioxidant [67,68]

Table 5
Antioxidant activities of the different fractions of P. murex [17,19,73,75].
IC 50 values (μg/ml)

Extract DPPH Nitric Oxide Hydrogen peroxide Deoxyribose

Petroleum Ether 367.80 ± 4.18 434.75 ± 18.26 416.94 ± 8.95 446.68 ± 14.03
Chloroform 325.59 ± 6.23 377.82 ± 6.41 389.06 ± 10.01 392.15 ± 4.13
Ethyl Acetate 135.11 ± 2.95 200.57 ± 4.51 217.91 ± 6.12 250.01 ± 4.68
Aqueous 210.8 ± 4.16 300.23 ± 6.63 262.11 ± 6.78 330.88 ± 6.99
Rutin NA NA 87.07 ± 0.51 NA
BHA NA NA NA 123.55 ± 1.61
Ascorbic Acid 77.91 ± 1.93 88.17 ± 3.04 NA NA

NA: Not analyzed.

acetate fraction exhibit the higher antioxidant capacity. High percen- carrageenan induced paw edema principle in albino wistar rats. The
tage of DPPH radical scavenging activity (135.11 ± 2.95 μg/ml), nitric result shows that P. murex exhibit significant anti-inflammatory activity
oxide (200.57 ± 4.51 μg/ml), hydrogen peroxide (217.91 ± 6.12 μg/ than A. indicum. Authors explained that the anti-inflammatory activity
ml) and deoxyribose free radical activity (250.01 ± 4.68 μg/ml) were of aqueous extract of P. murex 400 mg/kg body weight exhibited
observed. Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity reveals that the polar comparable activity with the standard drug indomethacin 10 mg/kg
fraction has better ability to scavenge the highly reactive nitric oxide as body weight at 3 h. They suggest that the aqueous extract of P. murex
compared with the nonpolar ones. The results exhibit that P. murex has exhibits significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity.
extensive property to act as an antioxidant agents [75]. Evaluation of
antioxidant activity of P. murex methanolic extract (fruits) was also
4.3. Anti-ulcer activity
investigated using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) intoxicated rat liver. The
results exhibited a liver protective effect against CCl4 induced hepato-
Banji et al. [79] investigated the antiulcer activity of P. murex. The
toxicity and possessed anti-lipid peroxidative and antioxidant activities.
aqueous leaf extract could be regarded as a favorable anti-ulcerogenic
Recently researchers reported [17,19,76] antioxidant activity of
and H2 receptor antagonizing action which could be attributed to its
ethanol extract of P. murex showed strong antioxidant activity against
content of flavonoids and mucilage. It was thought to enhance the
DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide and deoxyribose free radicals activity. IC50
glutathione content with 200 mg/kg body weight in a single dose im-
values of P. murex extract were assessed using standards such as rutin,
plying that it also functions by countering the free radicals generated by
BHA and ascorbic acid (Table 5).
ethanol. Mucilage in P. murex may carpet the gastro duodenal lining,
thereby abrogating the impact of ulcerogens like ethanol. Giribabu
4.2. Anti-inflammatory activity et al. [80] studied the gastroprotective effect of alcoholic extract of
leaves of P. murex. The extract had shown a substantial and significant
Inflammation is completely a natural process which is a part of the protection against aspirin induced gastric ulcers. At the dose level of
body’s response to any injury that it undergoes. This could be a toxin, a 250 mg/kg and ranitidine 100 mg/kg was found to normalize the gas-
chemical or an infection. P. murex helps in suppressing pain and in- tric pH, free acidity, total acidity, ulcer index and increased % of ulcer
flammation due to its sweet taste [77]. Devi et al. [78] studied the anti- protection. This protective effect might have mediated by both anti-
inflammatory activity of A. indicum and P. murex leaves extract using secretory and cytoprotective mechanisms.

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4.4. Insecticidal activity induced nephrotoxicity. The extract reduced serum creatinine (SC),
blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urinary protein excretion and enhanced
Throughout the world, more than 3000 plant varities have been creatinine clearance (ClCr). They suggested that the fruits of P. murex
reported to have insecticidal properties. The phytotoxins of medicinal exhibited good nephroprotective effect against CdCl2 induced ne-
plants protect the economically important crops from pests and pa- phrotoxicity.
thogens all over the world [81]. Medicinal and weed plants that have
occasionally been attacked by the pests were screened and are being 4.7. Antihyperlipidemic activity
reported to contain bio-pesticidal property [82]. Pedaliaceae family
plants such as Sisymbrium orientale and Schistosoma indicum have been Balasubramanian et al. [96] investigated about antihyperlipidemic
used as insecticidal plant against green gram pulse beetle (C. chinensis potential of the ethanolic extract from fruits of P. murex in high fat diet
and S. oryzae) [83,84]. Crude solvent extracts of certain plants can be fed rats at 200 mg/kg/p.o. to hypercholesterolemia induced animals
utilized for Spodoptira litura management [85]. Compounds such as resulted in a decrease of total cholesterol (20.3%), triglycerides
saponins and their derivatives inhibit the larval growth and develop- (13.18%), LDL-cholesterol (20%)VLDL- cholesterol (13.17%) and an
ment. Tannin with the combination protein inhibits the enzyme activity increase in HDL-cholesterol (3.56%). In 400 mg/kg/p.o. of extract
and reduces the availability haemolymph to insect [86,87]. Larval treatment, a further reduction occurred in total cholesterol (24%), tri-
mortality observed in P. murex might be due to the presence of pedalitin glycerides (15.8%), LDL-cholesterol (23.62%), VLDL- cholesterol
in leaves such as contanic acid, ursolic acid, dinatin and vanillin in (15.81%) and an increase in HDL-cholesterol (6.96%). The ethanol
fruits and stem [88]. Sahayaraj et al. [89] documented that blood urea extract also reduced the body weight of the hypercholesterolemia in-
nitrogen activity of P. murex root ethanol extract on S. litura third, duced animals. Decreasing cholesterol levels in the body under the
fourth and fifth instar larvae. Insecticidal activity of P. murex might be influence of P. murex could have interference of enzymatic activity by a
due to the presence of saponins and tannins present in plant extract. positive feedback mechanism. Antihyperlipidemic activity of P. murex
The larval mortality more than 50 percent at higher concentration ethanol extract was comparable with the effect exhibited by the stan-
(0.8%) was observed in the ethanolic root extract which reduced the dard drugs gemfibrozil and atorvastatin.
growth rate (GR) of S. litura larvae [control (12.46 ± 16.45), neem
gold (11.16 ± 27.27), P. murex L. (9.79 ± 1.21)]. So, P. murex plant 4.8. Antimicrobial activity
parts (leaf, root and fruit) were found to have growth inhibitory effects
on S. litura. The acetone extracts P. murex root and fruits were the most Flavonoids and tannins have been reported to have the antibacterial
efficient parts against S. litura. Therefore, P. murex plant extracts might and microbial activity. Gram positive bacteria were more susceptible
be an alternative source of conventional synthetic insecticides for pests than that of gram negative bacteria in response to the plant extract
[90]. Recently Chitra et al. [91] studied the selected control agent’s leaf which was previously reported by many studies [97–99]. The outer
extract of P. murex and predatory copepod, M. longisetus. The findings peptidoglycan layer of gram positive bacteria is not an effective barrier.
showed significant larvicidal and pupicidal activity of plant extract and The gram negative bacteria have the outer phospholipidic membrane
the combination of predatory cyclopoids on Anopheles culicifacies this that makes the cell wall impermeable to lipophilic solutes, while the
report says P. murex and Mesocyclops longisetusare useful as an alter- porins constitute a selective barrier to hydrophilic solutes with exclu-
native to synthetic insecticides. sion limits of about 600 Da [100]. Shelke et al. [101] investigated the
antimicrobial activity of P. murex aqueous and methanolic extracts
4.5. Aphrodisiac activity against the pathogens using cup and plate method. Aqueous extract of
P. murex showed moderate antimicrobial activity as compared to
Petroleum ether extract of P. murex has the ability to increase standard drug Streptomycin. A report of Anandalakshmi et al. [102],
aphrodisiac activity and to cure ethanol induced germ cell damage and green synthesis of silver nano particles from P. murex extract have ex-
infertility in male rat models. The extract makes this natural herb ideal cellent antibacterial activity against tested organisms (Escherichia coli,
as an aphrodisiac and a potent fertility-enhancing drug. Patel et al. [92] Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mucilaginibacter flavus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
revealed that the extract of P. murex fruit has increased pregnancy rate Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus pumilus and Staphylococcus aureus). Among all
may be due to the healthy viable sperm and enhancement of sexual tested organisms the synthesized nanoparticles significantly showed
desire of the rats. On the otherhand, the fruits of this plant may be used potent antimicrobial activty against gram negative bacteria. In the same
as a good aphrodisiac agent to promote fertility rate. Ethanolic extract way, it was also documented that flavonoids are the prominent phy-
of fruits of P. murex stimulate testosterone production and thereby tocompound that might be responsible for the antimicrobial activity
maintain and improve sexual behavior. Administration of 150 mg/kg [102].
extract orally showed a significantly decrease in mounting latency and
increase in mounting frequency on treated rat groups during 7th and 5. Conclusion
15th days. Their results revealed that the extract improved sexual and
reproductive behavior. Authors suggest that phytochemicals such as The use of plants to heal diseases, including infectious one, has been
steroidal saponins may attribute the aphrodisiac and sexual stimulatory extensively applied by people. P. murex is one of the folk medicinal
properties of the drug [93]. plants. P. murex is a valuable source of medicinally useful compounds
that have been traditionally used for various ailments. Nowadays sci-
4.6. Nephroprotective activity entists and researchers concentrate in this plant due to its potential
medicinal benefits. The functional properties such as antioxidant ac-
Shelke et al. [94] investigated the ethanolic extract of dried fruits of tivity, anti-inflammatory activity, anti ulcer activity, insecticidal ac-
P. murex for nephroprotective activity in cisplatin induced renal da- tivity, aphrodisiac activity, nephrotoxicity, anti hyperlipidemic and
mage in rats. Nephrotoxicity is one of the major side effects of cisplatin antimicrobial activity of the plant parts make the plant more interesting
which is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a number of cancers. for medicinal and pharmaceutical purposes. Literatures reveal the en-
The ethanolic extract of dried fruits of P. murex (250 mg/kg) possesses ormous potential of this plant for therapeutic treatment. Different ex-
good nephroprotective property comparable to cystone. Such an effect tracts (leaf, fruits and root) of this plant showed good source of medi-
of extract may be due to its antioxidant activity due to the presence of cine. Phytochemicals and bioactive compounds isolated from this plant
flavonoids. Adikay et al., [95] studied P. murex ethanol and aqueous are beneficial to the human health. Thus the P. murex can be a potential
extract (600 mg/kg body weight) used against cadmium chloride source of drugs for treating various ailments.

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