1. Point: A point in geometry is a location. It has no size i.e. no width, no length and no depth. A point is shown by a dot. e ~ Point w 2. Line: A line is defined as a line of points that extends infinitely in two directions. It has one dimension, the length. There are two different kinds of line- 1. Straingt Line: Straight Line 2. Curved Line: Curved Line e Straight line has no end points. @ A line segment has two end points. e Aray has only one end points. Straight Line Line Segmente Straight line has no end points. e A line segment has two end points. e Aray has only one end points. Straight Line Line Segment ——_—_— Ray w . Parallel Lines: Parallel lines are lines in a plane which do not meet; that is, two lines in a plane that do not intersect or touch each other at any point are said to be parallel. They are always the same distance apart. Parallel lines are indicated with the symbol Il. Parallel Straight Lines Parallel Curved Lines1. Angle: When two lines meet at a point, they are said to form an angle. Angle denoted by the symbol z. B c A In the figure, zBCA is an angle. Ww 2. Adjacent Angles: The angles having a common side and a common vertex and lying on the opposite sides of their common side are called the adjacent angles. A Cc B D In the figure, Angle ABC is adjacent to angle CBD. Where,& Angles In the figure, Angle ABC is adjacent to angle CBD. Where, line CB is the Common Side. ¢ Point B is the common vertex. 3. Vertically Opposite Angles: Vertically opposite angles are the angles formed opposite each other when two lines intersect. Vertically opposite angles are always equal. In the figure, za and zb are vertically opposite angles. zc and zd are also vertically opposite angles. So here za = zb and zc = ad. 4. Straight Angle: The angle produced at the common end point of two ravs onnosite to one another Facebook® © Start Exploring Facebook TodayIn the figure, Angle ABC is adjacent to angle CBD. Where, e line CB is the Common Side. e Point B is the common vertex. ti . Vertically Opposite Angles: Vertically opposite angles are the angles formed opposite each other when two lines intersect. Vertically opposite angles are always equal. In the figure, za and zb are vertically opposite angles. zc and zd are also vertically opposite angles. So here za = zb and 2c = zd.4. Straight Angle: The angle produced at the common end point of two rays opposite to one another is called a straight angle. Straight Angle = 180°. i iC D In figure, ACD = Straight Angle = 180°. tt 5. Right Angle: If two adjacent angles standing on the same straight line are equal to one another, then each of two angles is called a right angle. The two sides of right angle are perpendicular to one another. e Aright angle is 90°. © Perpendicular is denoted by L.6. Acute Angle: An angle which is less than a right angle is called an acute angle. a A In figure, zACB=Acute Angle. Practice TY 7. Obtuse Angle: An angle greater than one right angle but less than two right angles is an obtuse angle.8. Reflex Angle: An angle greater than two right angles but less than four right angles is a reflex angle. In figure, ZACB = Reflex Angle. tt 9. Complementary Angles: If sum of two angles measured in degrees is 90°, then the two angles are called complementary angles. In figure, 2ACB and 2BCD are10. Supplimentary Angles: If sum of two angles measured in degrees is 180°, then the two angles are called supplimentary angles. In the figure, ZACB and z BCD are 11. supplimentary angles. Practice Ww Alternate Interior Angles: Alternate Interior Angles are created where a transversal crosses two (usually parallel) lines. Each pair of these angles are inside the parallel lines, and on opposite sides of the transversal.12. Alternate Exterior Angles: Alternate Exterior Angles are created where a transversal crosses two (usually parallel) lines. Each pair of these angles are outside the parallel lines, and on opposite sides of the transversal. In the figure, Angles a and d are alternate exterior angles, as are angles b and c.13. Corresponding Angles: Corresponding angles are created where a transversal crosses other (usually parallel) lines. The corresponding angles are the ones at the same location at each intersection. In the figure, Angles a and d are Corresponding angles, as are angles b and c.1. Triangle: The boundary line of a closed area formed by the parts of the three straight lines is called a triangle. A B C In the figure, ABC is a triangle and is denoted by AABC. w 2. e The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third. That is, AB + AC > BC; AB + BC > AC; AC + BC > AB. The difference between any two sides of a triangle is less than the third. That is, AB - AC AB then 2B > zC then AC > AB. «- The angle opposite to the greater side of atriangle is also greatest angle of the triangle. «- The angles opposite to the equal sides of atriangle are equal. AIn triangle AABC, AB =AC; So, 2B = zC. Ww - # The sum of three angles of a triangle is equal to two right angles. That is, In the triamgle AABC, 2A + 2B + 2C = two right angles = 180°. w- If one side of a triangle be produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles. A B c_ oD In the triangle, Exterior zACD = ZBAC + Z2ABC. «- The sum of any two exterior angles of a triangle is greater than two right angles.3. Congruent Triangles: Triangles are congruent when all corresponding sides and interior angles are congruent. The triangles will have the same shape and size, but one may be a mirror image of the other. A Cc E Two triangles will be congruent if the following three parts of those two triangles are respectively equals- e Two sides and their included angle. e Three sides. e Two angles and one side. e One angle is right angle, hypotenus and one side.4. Similar Triangles: Two triangles are said to be similar if their corresponding angles are congruent and the corresponding sides are in proportion . In other words, similar triangles are the same shape, but not necessarily the same size. A D aA E F The side lengths of two similar triangles are proportional. That is, if AABC is similar to ADEF , then the following equation holds:1. Equilateral Triangle: If three sides of a triangle are equal, then it is called equilateral triangle. A B c In the triangle AABC, AB=BC=CA. So, AABC is equilateral Triangle. @ The three angles of an equilateral triangle are equal to one another and each angle measures 60°. That is, ZA=2B=zC=60°. ¢ If three medians of a triangle are equal to one another, the triangle is an equilateral triangle. e If three perpendiculars drawn from three angular points of a triangle to their opposite sides are equal to one another, the triangle is an equilateral triangle.e The medians of an equilateral triangle is perpendicular to the corresponding sides at middle point. e The triangle formed by joining the middle points of the sides of an equilateral triangle is equilateral. A B E Cc Here, ADEF is also an equilateral triangle which is drawn by joining the middle points of the three sides of AABC.2. Isosceles Triangle: If two sides of a triangle area equal, then the triangle is called an isosceles triangle. A B Cc In the figure, In AABC- AB=AC; So, AABC is an isosceles triangle. Here, BC is the base of the triangle. e If the medians drawn from the extremities of the base of a triangle to the opposite sides are equal, then the triangle is an isosceles triangle. e If the perpendiculars from the end points of the base of a triangle to the opposite sides are equal, then the triangle is an isosceles triangle. e If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle is perpendicular to the base then ite If the bisector of the vertical angle of a triangle is perpendicular to the base then it is an isosceles triangle. tt . Scalene Triangle: The triangle of which the three sides are of different length is called a scalene triangle. A ZN B Cc In the triangle AABC- AB#BC2AC. AABC is a scalene triangle.1. Right Angled Triangle: The triangle of which one of angles is a right angle is called a right angled triangle. perpendicular B base C In the triangle AABC, ZABC=Right angle=90. # The side opposite to the right angle of a right angled triangle is called hypotenuse. @ One of the side adjacent to the right angle is called the base and the other side is called the altitude. e The hypotenus is the greatest side of a right angled triangle. e The other two angles are acute angle. e The acute angles of a right angled triangle are complementary to one another.2. Acute angled Triangle: The triangle of which each angle is an acute angle is called an acute angle triangle. A B Cc In triangle ABC- ZA, ZB and ZC all are acute angle. So, AABC is an acute angled triangle.3. Obtuse angled Triangle: The triangle of which one of the angle is an obtuse angle is called an obtuse angled triangle. A B ra In the triangle ABC- 2B=Obtuse Aangle. So, AABC is an obtuse triangle. e Other two angles are acute angle.1. Area of a triangle when the length of the base and the height known: A L_| D ase In the given triangle AABC- BC=Base of the triangle; AD=Height of the triangle. The area A of AABC can be calculated as- B A = =~ base x height DIR2. Area of a triangle when the lengths of all three sides are known: A B C In the given triangle ABC, the lengths of all the three sides are known as- AB=a, AC=b and BC=c. The area A of AABC can be calculated as- A =vs(s - a\(s - b)(s - c) at+bt+ec Where, s = 73. Area of an Equilateral Triangle: A B a L In the Triangle ABC- the length of each side is same and is denoted by ‘a’. Now we can can calculate the area A of the equilateral triangle as-4. Area of a Right Angled Triangle: height B base C Area of right angled triangle ABC is- Area = 5 x base x height