Self-Test Units 4-6

1. In human males, the site for spermatogenesis (sperm production) and the site for the storage
of the sperm to mature and await ejaculation are, respectively:

a. epididymis, interstitial cells

b. epididymis, ductus deferens
c. seminiferous tubules, interstitial cells
d. seminiferous tubules, epididymis

2. Which row below identifies the structures in the human male that secrete alkaline fluid to
protect the sperm from the acidic environment of the female reproductive tract?

Row Structure Structure

a. Sertoli cells ductus deferens
b. prostate gland Cowper’s gland
c. seminal vesicle epididymis
d. urethra ureter

3. Which row below correctly identifies a primary and a secondary sexual characteristic of a
female?

Row Primary Sexual Characteristic Secondary Sexual Characteristic

a. oviducts breasts
b. oviducts uterus
c. higher voice less obvious muscle development
d. cervix vagina

4. Which row below completes the following statement?

Statement: ‘‘After the ovum is released, the mature follicle develops into the _i__ that
secretes _ii_ and some __iii__.’’

Row i ii iii
a. secondary follicle luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)
b. corpus luteum progesterone estrogen
c. secondary follicle estrogen progesterone
d. corpus luteum luteinizing hormone (LH) follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)

5. The rows below identify reproductive structures of males and females. Which row below
shows the male and female reproductive structures that are LEAST similar in function?

Row Male Female

a. testes ovaries
b. ductus deferens oviducts
c. sperm eggs
d. epididymis uterus
6. Which row below identifies a viral and a bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI),
 respectively?

Row Viral STI Bacterial STI

a. hepatitis C chlamydia
b. genital herpes HIV/AIDS
c. chlamydia gonorrhea
d. syphilis genital herpes

7. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is released from the hypothalamus in both males
and females. This hormone stimulates the release of which two hormones from the anterior
pituitary gland?

a. estrogen and progesterone

b. testosterone and inhibin
c. estrogen and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
d. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)

8. Which of the following hormones is responsible for the production of sperm in the testes?

a. inhibin
b. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
c. testosterone
d. luteinizing hormone (LH)

9. Which two anterior pituitary gland hormones are described by the following statement?
‘‘These hormones are released from the anterior pituitary, travel to the ovaries, and stimulate
oogenesis, ovulation, and the production of hormones responsible for the development of
secondary sexual characteristics in humans.’’

a. estrogen and progesterone

b. progesterone and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
c. gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
d. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

10. The hormone that is directly responsible for ovulation is

a. luteinizing hormone (LH).

b. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
c. estrogen.
d. progesterone.

Use the following diagram to answer the next two questions

11. Identify the structures that contribute the liquid component of the semen.

a. 1, 5, and 3
b. 11, 10, and 9
c. 6, 7, and 8
d. 10, 7, and 2

12. The structure that stores sperm while it matures is labeled number _____ and is called the
____.

a. 7, prostrate gland
b. 2, ductus deferens
c. 9, epididymis
d. 11, scrotum

Use the diagram below to answer the next two questions

13. The corpus luteum forms in the structure numbered _____ and known as the ____.

a. 1, oviduct
b. 2, ovary
c. 3, uterus
d. 5, vagina

14. When a woman becomes pregnant, the fertilized egg (zygote) implants in the structure
numbered__ and labeled the ___.

a. 1, oviduct
b. 2, ovary
c. 3, uterus
d. 5, vagina

15. Which event marks the completion of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle?

a. ovulation
b. menstruation
c. pregnancy
d. child birth

Use the diagram below to answer the next three questions

16. The hormone labeled number 1 on this diagram is

a. estrogen.
b. progesterone.
c. follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).
d. luteinizing hormone (LH).

17. The hormone estrogen on this diagram is represented by number ____ on this diagram.

a. 1
b. 2
c. 8
d. 7
18. Unlike most human organs, this endocrine gland is not a permanent structure. This endocrine
gland is called the
 a. hypothalamus.
b. corpus luteum.
c. testes.
d. anterior pituitary.

19. The decline of testosterone production in males and the end of the menstrual cycle in females
are known, respectively as

a. andropause and menopause.

b. follicular stage and luteal stage.
c. testosterone stage and endometrial stage.
d. prostatitis and hormone replacement therapy.

Use the following information to answer the next question.

Erectile Dysfunction Medication

In males, sexual stimulation causes cells and nerve endings in the erectile tissue of the penis to
release a substance called nitric oxide. The nitric oxide activates a dormant enzyme, which
produces an important signaling molecule called cyclic GMP (cGMP). This molecule is a
vasodilator-----it relaxes the smooth muscles surrounding the blood vessels at the base of the
penis, allowing stronger blood flow and leading to an erection. However, there is another
enzyme called phosphodiesterase whose function is to break down cGMP. Men with erectile
dysfunction often produce too little nitric oxide, which means not enough cGMP is made. The
little that is made is rapidly broken down by phosphodiesterase, and blood flow is reduced,
resulting in erectile failure. Viagra is a substance that mimics the shape of cGMP, the natural
substrate of the enzyme phosphodiesterase. All enzymes possess what is known as an active site,
which is where the chemical reaction controlled by the enzyme actually takes place. If that site is
blocked somehow, for example by inserting a molecule that has a similar shape to the normal
substrate but which cannot be broken down, then the enzyme is unable to work..
BLM 14.4.1
When Viagra binds to phosphodiesterase, the enzyme is unable to break down cGMP, allowing it
to accumulate in the blood. As Viagra targets one of the final steps in the pathway of erectile
function, it can be used regardless of the underlying cause of the disorder (such as injury,
surgery, disease, or depression).
Source: http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/doc_WTD020941.html

20. Viagra could be prescribed to treat erectile dysfunction in males with

a. normal levels of cyclic GMP but low levels of phosphodiesterase.

b. low levels of cyclic GMP but normal levels of phosphodiesterase.
c. high levels of cyclic GMP but normal levels of phosphodiesterase.
d. normal levels of cyclic GMP but normal levels of phosphodiesterase

Use the following diagram to answer the next two questions

21. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone are labeled ____ and _____ ,
respectively in this diagram.

a. 7 and 6
b. 1 and 2
c. 9 and 3
d. 4 and 5

22. The hormones estrogen and progesterone are labeled _____ and _____ in this diagram.

a. 7 and 6
b. 1 and 2
c. 9 and 3
d. 4 and 5
23. The metabolism of activated sperm is maintained by substances produced in

A. W
B. V
C. T
D. S

24. At puberty, a human female’s sexual organs begin to increase in size, and fat storage
increases in the thighs and buttocks. These changes occur because of the direct influence
of
A. progesterone
B. estrogen
C. FSH
D. LH

25. Ingesting prescribed quantities of estrogen and progesterone during the first half of a
menstrual cycle can prevent ovulation by

A. inhibiting the secretion of FSH and LH by the pituitary

B. stimulating the secretion of FSH and LH by the pituitary
C. inhibiting the secretion of oxytocin and relaxin by the pituitary
D. stimulating the secretion of oxytocin and relaxin by the pituitary

26. If a viral infection destroys the endocrine tissue of both testes in a human male, there will
be an increase in

A. ovarian tissue
B. skeletal muscle mass
C. the level of LH (ICSH) in the blood
D. the level of testosterone in the blood

27. In the human male, seminal vesicles function to

A. store sperm
B. synthesize and secrete testosterone
 C. secrete substances into the urethra
D. secrete fructose into the seminal fluid

28. The development of an ovarian follicle is initiated by:

A. progesterone
B. estrogen
C. FSH
D. LH
29.

If hormone X is FSH, it could

A. stimulate spermatogenesis
B. inhibit the release of testosterone
C. stimulate the development of the uterine lining
D. inhibit the development of male secondary sex characters

30. Arrange the following stages into the correct sequence. (1) oogonium (2) ootid (3)
primary ooocyte (4) secondary oocyte (5) ovum

A. 2,1,3,4,5
B. 5 ,1 , 3 , 4 , 2
C. 4,3,1,2,5
D. 1,4,3,2,5
E. 1,3,4,2,5

31. One structural feature of a human sperm that enables it to move toward an egg is a

A. large number of mitochondria

B. membrane impermeable to urea
C. membrane sensitive to a high pH
D. cytoplasm containing a large quantity of sugar

32. Sperm cells released from the seminiferous tubules of testes mature in the

A. vasa deferentia (pl.)

B. epididymides (pl.)
C. seminal vesicles
 D. prostate gland

33. The change in testosterone levels in males between the ages of 13 and 18 can be
accounted for by:

A. increased production of gonadotropic hormones by the pituitary

B. decreased production of gonadotropic hormones by the pituitary
C. decreased stimulation of the reproductive system by the sympathetic nervous
system
D. increased stimulation of the reproductive system by the parasympathetic nervous
system

34. The structure labeled 1 produces

A. the next egg to mature

B. progesterone
C. FSH
D. LH

35. During the menstrual cycle, a drop in progesterone levels results in

A. formation of the corpus luteum

B. formation of a follicle
C. menstruation
D. ovulation

Use this diagram to answer the next question:

36. Which statement is correct?

A. The process labeled 1 causes secretion estrogen

B. The structure labeled 2 secretes progesterone.
C. The process labeled 3 occurs in response to increasing levels of progesterone.
D. The structure labeled 4 secretes increased amounts of FSH
37. A young male develops chest hair and his voice changes because of an increase in secretion
of

A. FSH followed by testosterone

B. FSH followed by growth hormone
C. LH (ICSH) followed by testosterone
D. LH (ICSH) followed by growth hormone

38.

Stage T represents which phase of the ovarian cycle?

A. Ovulation
B. Implantation
C. Follicle development
D. Corpus luteum development

Use this diagram to answer the next question.

39. Thickening of endometrium is associated with which point on the diagram?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Research on the effect of cocaine on blood flow in the brain revealed that males and females
react differently to the drug. Men who use cocaine have a 20% decrease in blood flow in the
brain. Women who use cocaine have no change in blood flow in the brain at the beginning of
their menstrual cycle.
-----Kaufman, Marc J., Jonathan M. Levin, Luis C. Maas, Thellea J. Kukes, Rosemond
A. Villafuerte, Kerstin Dostal, Scott E. Lukas, Jack H. Mendelson, Bruce M. Cohen,
and Perry F. Renshaw. 2001. Cocaine-induced cerebral vasoconstriction differs as a
function of sex and menstrual cycle phase. Biological Psychiatry 49: 774---781.

40. Which of the following hormones most likely play a role in reducing the effects
of cocaine on blood flow in a woman’s brain at the beginning of the woman’s
menstrual cycle?
A. FSH and progesterone
B. LH and progesterone
C. FSH and estrogen
D. LH and estrogen

Researchers found that the timing of breast cancer surgery in a woman’s menstrual cycle
affects the outcome of the surgery. Surgery to remove a cancerous tumor is most successful
during a woman’s luteal phase, partly because the hormone that has the highest concentration
in the luteal phase seems to cause the tissue surrounding the tumor to compress the tumor.

41. According to the findings, on which day or days of a woman’s menstrual cycle
would it be best to perform surgery to remove a cancerous breast tumor?
A. Days 1 to 5
B. Days 6 to 13
C. Day 14
D. Days 15 to 28

42. The hormone that has a high concentration only during the luteal phase and,
therefore, that probably contributes to the success of breast cancer tumor removal at this stage is
A. LH
B. FSH
C. estrogen
D. progesterone

Numerical Response
Use the following information to answer the next question.

Structures of the Female Reproductive System

1. cervix
2. oviduct
 3. uterus
4. fimbriae
5. vagina

1. The order of the structures that an egg would travel through after ovulation is _____, _____,
_____, _____, and _____.

Use the following information to answer the next question

2. In the diagram above, match the hormones numbered 1, 2, 3, and 4 to their names.

Numbers: __________ __________ __________ __________

Hormones: LH inhibin FSH GnRH

3.
Random Order of Events During the Menstrual Cycle
1. The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to decrease
FSH production and increase LH production.
2. The corpus luteum breaks down.
3. The pituitary releases FSH and LH into the bloodstream.
4. The ovary produces estrogen.
 5. The corpus luteum releases estrogen and progesterone.

What is the correct order of these events?

_________ _________ _________ _________ _________

4. Some Structures of the Male Reproductive System

1. Urethra
2. Vas Deferens
3. Seminiferous tubules
4. Epididymis

The correct order through which a sperm cell travels is:

______ ______ ______ ______

5. Some of the events and phases involved in the menstrual cycle are given below. The correct
order in which the events occur during the menstrual cycle, starting from the first day of the
cycle is ______, ______, ______, and ______.

1. ovulation
2. luteal phase
3. follicular phase
4. breakdown of endometrium

Written Answer:
Various wildlife management methods are used to control the size of deer populations, including fertility
control. One method of fertility control is a prostaglandin implant that causes the degeneration of the
corpus luteum. White-tailed deer and humans have reproductive systems that are similar in both structure
and function.
- based on DeNicola et al., 1997
1. Hypothesize the effect on a deer’s fertility through this type of implant. Indicate what should
happen and why.
2. Sketch a flowchart that illustrates the hormonal control of ovulation and of the
development of the corpus luteum in the human female reproductive system. On your
flowchart, identify three structures and the hormones produced by them.
3. Indicate on the flow chart, where the normal sequence of events would be disrupted due to the
prostaglandin implant.
Self –Test Answers:
 1.D 11.C 21.C 31.A 41.D
2.B 12.C 22.A 32.B 42.D
3.A 13.B 23.C 33.A NR1:42315
4.B 14.C 24.B 34.B NR2: 3421
5.D 15.A 25.A 35.C NR3: 34152
6.A 16.C 26.C 36.A NR4:3421
7.D 17.D 27.D 37.C NR5:4312
8.B 18.B 28.C 38.D
9.D 19.A 29.A 39.B
10.A 20.B 30.E 40.C

Written Answer:

1. With this type of implant a deer’s fertility will decrease because the corpus luteum degenerates
too quickly. This means that progesterone levels will lower. Because progesterone causes the
thickening of the endometrium, the endometrium will be thinner than it is supposed to be. So
if the deer gets pregnant, the embryo will not be able to get enough nutrients from the
endometrium to survive.

2. There is no single method of drawing a flowchart, but one must list all of the related glands
and hormones.

Hypothalamus  secretes GnRH  Causes Anterior pituitary gland to secrete FSH 

Causes follicle to matures and secretes estrogen  ant. Pituitary and causes release of 

LH goes to follicle and causes ovulation  remaining follicle transforms into corpus luteum
which secretes progesterone

Implant disrupts here