Anyayahan, Anne Gabrielle L.

CONTEMPORARY WORLD / MIDTERM

I. STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION forum for nation-states to air their differences and try
1) GLOBAL ECONOMY to resolve them.
2) MARKET INTEGRATION 4) The fourth effect is the rise of transnational activism
3) GLOBAL INTERSTATES SYSTEM (TNA). Such happens when activist groups of nation-
4) CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL states connect with their counterparts in other states.
 For example, an advocacy-based organization in the
II. GLOBAL INTERSTATES SYSTEM
Philippines may connect itself with and get support
 Only the modern world system has become a global from other human rights groups in Europe to pressure
(Earth-wide) system composed of national societies the Philippine government to realign its stance and
and their states. It is a single global economy actions in upholding human rights.
composed of international trade and capital flows,
IV. INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN
transnational corporations that produce products on
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
several continents, as well as all the economic
transactions that occur within countries and at local  There are several international organizations that
levels. governments of countries around the world and
 The whole world-system is more than just individuals participate in. In order to facilitate
international relations. It is the whole system of connections among nation-states, intergovernmental
human interactions. The world economy is now all the organizations (IGOs) were established. Their aim is
economic interactions of all the people on Earth, not to foster strong economic, political, cultural,
just international trade and investment. educational, and technical intergovernmental
 The modern world-system is structured politically as relationships. There are also nongovernmental
an interstate system – a system of competing organizations promoting social and economic growth.
and allying states. Political Scientists commonly call 1) PEACE TREATIES AND MILITARY ALLIANCES:
this the international system, and it is the focus of the THE UN AND NATO
field of International Relations.  Global politics entails relationship of countries and
 The world is composed of many states having different governments and non- governmental
different forms of government. It has been one of organizations, The United Nations (UN) is one of
the major subjects of scholars of political disciplines the leading political organizations in the world where
because it is viewed as the institution that sets policies nation- states meet and deliberate. However, it
for the country. remains as an independent actor in global politics.
 The study of international relations is becoming more Generally, it functions in four areas: military issues,
imperative since it is an attempt to explain behavior economic issues, environmental issues, and human
that occurs across the boundaries of states, the protection. It is made up of close to 200 countries
broader relationships of which such behavior is a part, from around the world, 193 member states to be
and the institutions (private, state, nongovernmental, exact. (United Nations, 2011)
and intergovernmental) that oversee those UNITED NATIONS
interactions.  The main objectives of the United Nations are the
III. EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO maintenance of international peace and security, the
GOVERNMENTS promotion of the well-being of the peoples of the
 One of the key aspects of state sovereignty is the world, and international cooperation to these ends.
government. It is a group of people who have the  The UN's Membership has grown from the
ultimate authority to act on behalf of a state. original 51 Member States in 1945 to the
 Each state has its own right to self- determination and current 193 Member States.
that other country should not intervene in the affairs NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO)
of that state unless there are extraordinary reasons to  North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),
do so. Globalization has, in a way reshaped the role military alliance established by the North Atlantic
and functions of nation-states as governing bodies in Treaty (also called the Washington Treaty) of April 4,
their particular territories. 1949, which sought to create a counterweight to
1) First, globalization is seen to impose a forced choice Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern
upon nation-states. Either they conform to the neo- Europe after World War II.
liberal ideas and free-market principles of  Its original members were Belgium, Canada,
deregulation, privatization, and free trade or run the Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
risk of being left behind in terms of development. Of Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom,
course, nation-states, in this contemporary age, are and the United States.
forced to submit themselves to the demands of NATO Purpose
globally accepted free-market principles.  NATO's essential and enduring purpose is to
2) Second is the establishment of economic and political safeguard the freedom and security of all its members
integrations. by political and military means. Collective defense is
 One good example is the European Union (EU) and the at the heart of the Alliance and creates a spirit of
North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). EU has solidarity and cohesion among its members.
a single currency and monetary system, parliament  Joining the original signatories were Greece and
with legislative powers, with common citizens’ rights Turkey (1952); West Germany (1955; from
to live, work, vote and run for office. The statehood of 1990 as Germany); Spain (1982);
the members is not dissolved, what has changed is the Czech Republic, Hungary, and
only how the nation-states function, in terms of Poland (1999); Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania,
economy and politics, as part of a whole. Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia (2004); Albania and
3) The third effect of globalization is the establishment Croatia (2009); Montenegro (2017); and North
of international laws and principles. This is observable Macedonia (2020).
in the establishment of the UN that operates as a

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 Anyayahan, Anne Gabrielle L.
CONTEMPORARY WORLD / MIDTERM
 France withdrew from the integrated military discrimination; promote scientific and technological
command of NATO in 1966 but remained a member of progress; enhance economic; social and territorial
the organization; it resumed its position in NATO’s cohesion among member countries; respect cultural
military command in 2009. Finland and Sweden, and linguistic diversity; and establish an economic and
two long-neutral countries, were formally invited to monetary union.
join NATO in 2022. 4) NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (NGOS)
CLARIFICATION:  Another example of an international organization that
 NATO membership is open to European states was developed out of war is the Red Cross (Red
that can contribute to the security of the North Crescent in Muslim countries). NGOs are not tied to
Atlantic. any country.
2) GLOBAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS: THE WTO  This allows them to operate freely throughout the
AND NAFTA world. They provide emergency relief such as food,
 The next group is an economic association: water, and medical supplies for those whose homes or
 WTO which was created with the goal of increasing towns have been destroyed by disaster or war. They
free trade. Countries, therefore, can buy and sell also monitor the treatment of prisoner of wars and go
goods from one another without placing takes on to conflicts to make sure that no war crimes are taking
imports or tariffs. In addition, tariffs are used to place. In fact, the Red Cross began as an organization
protect businesses and companies inside their to help those who were wounded during wars.
country. V. GLOBAL INSTERSATES SYSTEM
 Another famous economic organization is NAFTA. 1) PEACE TREATIES AND MILITARY ALLIANCES:
This is an economic treaty between the United States, THE UN AND NATO
Canada, and Mexico in which the three countries trade 2) GLOBAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS: THE WTO
freely without taxing each other. AND NAFTA
 Some American autoworkers protested against NAFTA 3) ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS
as several car companies moved their factories to (ASEAN)
Mexico in search for cheaper labor. NAFTA, like WTO, 4) EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
represents the challenge in America of keeping 5) NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS (NGOS)
manufacturing factories. Q: When we speak about global governance, what exactly
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN) does “global governance” mean?
 Established in 1967, now has 10 member states. Its NGOs
aims are to accelerate economic growth, social
progress and cultural development in the region;
promote regional progression; advance peace and
sustainability; promote active and beneficial
cooperation and mutual assistance on matters of
common interest in the economic, technical, cultural,
administrative and scientific fields.

 A government is a formal body that is solely

responsible for governance of specific institutions
within a jurisdiction. Governance on the other hand
typically refers to rules, institutions, and officials that
have the power to shape the behavior of actors in a
system.
 For example, the enforcement of laws and regulations
as well as the provision of safety and services. It
should be clear then, that achieving governance with
a global scale or impact doesn’t necessitate a single
global government. There is a continuum from
negotiation between nations to broad-impact treaties
and agreements to trade/customs unions to political
unions. These exist from a transnational all the way
up to a global scale.
VI. CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 Governance Global Governance as a subject
3) EUROPEAN UNION (EU) field entails an interdisciplinary examination of
 An IGO (Intergovernmental organization) with power and authority in the global arena and examines
27- state members was established in 1993. Its the variety of actors, institutions, ideas, rules, and
goals are to promote peace, its values, and well-being processes that contribute to the management
of its citizens; offer freedom, security and justice of global society, exploring their origins, their
without internal borders; uphold sustainable evolving roles, as well as their political, economic,
development; combat social exclusion and social, environmental, and ethical consequences.
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 Today, global governance makes world affairs 1949, 59: Israel
systematic, secured and formulaic. Weiss & Thakur 1950, 60: Indonesia
(2014) describe global governance as the totality of 1955, 76: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Ceylon,
norms, laws, policies, and bodies that define, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Laos, Libya, Nepal,
comprise, and facilitate transnational relations Portugal, Romania, Spain
between citizens, states, cultures, intergovernmental 1956, 80: Japan, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia
and non-governmental organizations. Rules and 1957, 82: Ghana, Federation of Malaya
norms put everything in order. 1958, 83: Guinea
 Though global governance is rule-based, it has no 1960, 99: Cameroun, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo
central authority. However, there are systems for (Brazzaville), Congo (Leopoldville), Cyprus, Dahomey, Gabon,
international relationships that bind the states, people Ivory Coast, Malagasy Republic, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal,
and society together. Since the United Nations (UN) Somalia, Togo, Upper Volta
has the most number of members among the 1961, 104: Mauritania, Mongolia, Sierra Leone, Tanganyika
established global systems, this section discusses its 1962, 110: Algeria, Burundi, Jamaica, Rwanda, Trinidad and
organs, roles and functions. Tobago, Uganda
THE ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS TO GLOBAL 1963, 113: Kenya, Kuwait, Zanzibar
GOVERNANCE 1964, 115: Malawi, Malta, Zambia
 The United Nations governing body and its 1965, 117: The Gambia, Maldive Islands, Singapore
institutions constitute a framework that allows for 1966, 122: Barbados, Botswana, Guyana, Lesotho
global governance. It fits the definition because it 1967, 123: Yemen
allows for a democratic framework of voting on 1968, 126: Equatorial Guinea, Mauritius, Swaziland
regulations that apply globally, it provides a safety net 1970, 127: Fiji
to prevent or respond to wars and humanitarian 1971, 132: Bahrain, Bhutan, Oman, Qatar, United Arab
crises, and is funded by nations which are a part of it. Emirates
This structure allows for an array of institutions and 1973, 135: Bahamas, Federal Republic of Germany, German
services that provide everything from consulting, Democratic Republic
advisory, justice, humanitarian aid, education, 1974, 138: Bangladesh, Grenada, Guinea-Bissau
information, and so on. In theory, it could provide 1975, 144: Cape Verde, Comoros, Mozambique, Papua New
much more, and on a global scale. Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Suriname
 In fact, the United Nations (UN) is the closest thing we 1976, 147: Angola, Samoa, Seychelles
have to a global government. Today, it contains the 1977, 149: Djibouti, Viet Nam
closest approximations that the world has to a 1978, 151: Dominica, Solomon Islands
constitution (the Universal Declaration of Human 1979, 152: Saint Lucia
Rights); a set of deliberative lawmaking bodies (the 1980, 154: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Zimbabwe
General Assembly and Councils); a police system 1981, 157: Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Vanuatu
among nations (the Security Council); and an 1983, 158: Saint Christopher and Nevis
executive branch (the UN bureaucracies) 1984, 159: Brunei Darussalam
A. The United Nations, with 1990, 159: Liechtenstein, Namibia
headquarters in New York 1991, 166: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Estonia,
City, is an international Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands, Federated States of
organization founded in Micronesia, Republic of Korea
1945. It is currently made 1992, 179: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
up of 193 Member States. Croatia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova,
The mission and work of the San Marino, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
United Nations are guided by 1993, 184: Andorra, Czech Republic, Eritrea, Monaco,
the purposes and principles Slovakia, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
contained in its founding 1994, 185: Palau
Charter. 1999, 188: Kiribati, Nauru, Tonga
B. The UN's Chief Administrative Officer is the 2000, 189: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Tuvalu
Secretary-General. 2002, 191: Switzerland, Timor-Leste
C. 2020 marks the 75th anniversary of the United 2006, 192: Montenegro
Nations. 2011, 193: South Sudan
UN MEMBERSHIP—FROM 51 TO 193 THE SIX ORGANS OF THE UNITED NATIONS (UN)
 1945, Original 51 Members: Argentina, Australia, 1) General Assembly is the central deliberative and the
Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist only organ where all member-states have equal
Republic, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, representation in discussion and consideration, and
Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, policymaking
Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, France, Greece, 2) Security Council is the organ which has the
Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, India, Iran, Iraq, commitment to preserve peace and security.
Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, 3) Economic and Social Council is the main organ for
New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, cooperation, policy reviews, policy dialogue, and
Peru, Philippine Republic, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Syria, advice on social, economic and environmental issues.
Turkey, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Union of 4) Trusteeship Council is the organ tasked to
South Africa, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, administer international oversight for 11 trust
United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, territories and to make sure that adequate procedures
Yugoslavia are taken for independence and self-government.
1946, 55: Afghanistan, Iceland, Siam, Sweden 5) International Court of Justice is UN’s prime judicial
1947, 57: Pakistan, Yemen organ.
1948, 58: Burma
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6) Secretariat is the organ tasked to execute the daily 10. Reduce inequality within and among countries
activities as assigned by the other organs. 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
 Aside from maintaining international peace and resilient and sustainable
security and protecting human rights, UN also carries 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production
the functions of delivering humanitarian aid, patterns
promoting sustainable development, and upholding 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its
international law. impacts (in line with the United Nations Framework
 The organization utilizes good offices, diplomacy, and Convention on Climate Change)
mediation. It does peacekeeping processes in 14. Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and
countries with domestic conflicts and peace- building marine resources for sustainable development
tasks in countries freed from conflict, lessening the 15. Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of
risk of reversing into conflict and setting the ground terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
work for sustainable peace and development. combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
 In order to protect human rights, UN scrutinizes degradation and halt biodiversity loss
situations and issues reported to them and oversee 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for
the exercise of international human rights sustainable development, provide access to justice for
agreements. In delivering humanitarian aid, UN is all and build effective, accountable and inclusive
responsible for coordinating responses to emergencies institutions at all levels
and supports rapid humanitarian response for people 17. Strengthen the means of implementation and
affected by natural disasters and armed conflict. revitalize the global partnership for sustainable
 The Millennium Development Goals was set to development
promote sustainable development. In 2015, this was  Despite the establishment of global norms and
changed into the Sustainable Development Goals international laws that nation-states should follow,
(SDGs). These goals are the blueprint to achieve a the nation- states are still relevant for there will be
better and more sustainable future for all. This no intergovernmental organization without them.
collection of 17 global goals covers social and Also, international and multinational agreements are
economic issues including poverty, hunger, health, designed by the states and propelled by the
education, global warming, gender equality, water initiatives that they undertake.
sanitation, energy urbanization, environment and  To conclude, contemporary global governance defines
social justice. political scope of globalization. Cooperation among
MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS nation-states is the only way to reform and advance
 MDGs are eight goals with measurable targets the roles and functions of interstate relationships
and clear deadlines for improving the lives of the despite real challenges being faced by United
world's poorest people. To meet these goals and Nations.
eradicate poverty, leaders of 189 countries signed the
historic millennium declaration at the United Nations
Millennium Summit in 2000. At that time, eight goals
that range from providing universal primary education
to avoiding child and maternal mortality were set with
a target achievement date of 2015.
EIGHT MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 2015
1) Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger;
2) Achieve universal primary education;
3) Promote gender equality and empower women;
4) Reduce child mortality;
5) Improve maternal health;
6) Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases;
7) Ensure environmental sustainability; and
8) Develop a global partnership for development.
17 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS FOR 2015-2030
1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at
all ages
4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and
promote life-long learning opportunities for all
5. Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls
6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of
water and sanitation for all
7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and
modern energy for all
8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable
economic growth, full and productive employment and
decent work for all
9. Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.