E3S Web of Conferences 505, 02004 (2024) https://doi.org/10.

1051/e3sconf/202450502004
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A Review on Next-Generation Solar Solutions: Pioneering

Materials and Designs for Sustainable Energy Harvesting
K Praveena1, Alok Jain2, Vanya Arun3*, Gopal Kaliyaperumal4, Irfan Khan5, Shilpa Pahwa6, Mohammed Ayad
Alkhafaji7

1
Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Dundigal, Hyderabad, India
2
Lovely Professional University, Phagwara
3
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, IILM University, Greater Noida
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Horizon College of Engineering, Bangalore
5
Lloyd Institute of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306
6
Lloyd Institute of Management and Technology, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India-201306
7
National University of Science and Technology, Dhi qar, Iraq
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. As an essential initial step towards clean and sustainable energy, this research
focuses on innovative materials and structural designs for maximizing solar energy conversion
and harvesting. Modern solar thermal and photovoltaic system technologies and supplies are
examined to show how alternative electricity has become less expensive and more
sustainable. The primary focus is on complex ideas like multiple junctions and tandem solar
cells, which increase the efficiency of single-junction systems. The review paper investigates
innovative solar power storage solutions, involving battery technology and energy storage
materials, to meet the increasing need for secure and easily available sources of clean energy.
The research paper explores the technology and uses of flat plate collectors, tube collectors,
and solar power plants and how those are used in residential and commercial solar thermal
systems. Solar energy conversion efficiency and sustainability will improve with innovations in
materials and architecture. Building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) is one of the easiest solar
system architectures that can be integrated into any residential or commercial
building. Quantum dot solar cells, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy frameworks, such as CIGS
thin-film solar cells, and organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Organic photovoltaics are portable and
lightweight but have a low energy conversion rate, whereas quantum dot solar cells have a
high energy conversion rate but face fabrication challenges.

Keywords: Clean Energy, Solar power, Energy storage systems, Advance Materials, Sustainability, Renewable
energy, Photovoltaic cell (PV).

1. Introduction

The need to reduce the adverse effects of climate change and decrease the dependency on the
limited availability of fossil fuels contributes to the crucial to explore the environmentally friendly
and sustainable power sources that are accessible in the modern world. Among the various forms
of renewable energy, solar energy is considered to be a remarkable and easily accessible alternative
for clean power. The ability of solar energy conversion methods, for example as photovoltaic (PV)
& solar thermal systems, to use the sun's vast energy supply generates a lot of attention. [1]. Clean
solar energy serves an important role in the global efforts to bring down climate change simply
because it can provide both energy and heat without releasing greenhouse gases. Solar power's
general availability and constant advances in materials & designs for architecture offer the
potential to improve its efficiency & affordability. The investigation of new materials and novel
design concepts within the framework of solar energy generation is extremely significant. A

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E3S Web of Conferences 505, 02004 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450502004
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variety of accessible sources of energy can be obtained, as shown in Fig 1. This includes biomass,
wind, solar energy, hydroelectric energy, & fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.
Variations can be seen in the flow of electricity generation utilizing these resources globally. With
over 80% of all energy generated, fossil fuels continue to be the main source of energy. Currently
representing 20% of total energy output, green sources of energy are growing more and more
popular [3]. As the globe shifts to energy solutions which are more beneficial to the environment,
the amount is expected to increase in the upcoming years. Due in significant part to environmental
concerns and an ongoing decrease in the cost of solar panels and related parts, the adoption of solar
power systems is increasing worldwide. Since fossil fuels must be divided and their associated
emissions of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, must occur in order to create
an environmentally sustainable future, the usage of renewable energy sources is driven by this
realization [4].

This study aims to provide an in-depth investigation of the most recent developments in material
& architectural design utilized for converting solar energy, with the objective of driving up the
incorporation of solar power within the renewable energy system. The current study is going to
concentrate on the photovoltaic part of solar energy conversion, investigating the most recent
developments in the materials which make up solar panels' core [5]. sunlight thermal power plants
and photovoltaics have different approaches to collecting sun energy. Solar thermal panels capture
solar energy as heat, and photovoltaics change sunlight into electricity. The heat that is produced
is useful for many objectives, such as electricity production and other thermal purposes. In order
to apply the technique of concentrating solar power (CSP), it requires the use of lens or mirrors to
direct sunlight into a small surface area and generate high temperatures, this investigation explores
new designs and materials [7]. Major advancements in the study and creation of novel materials
for solar power projects have been made by previous researchers. Thin-film solar cells, perovskite
solar cells, and newly developed compositions which improve solar absorption and conversion
rate are a few of them. In recent years, major study has been directed on researching new solar
technologies for achieving clean and green energy solutions. The present research attempts to offer
an in-depth examination of the most recent materials and designs framework that have recently
emerged in the field of sustainable energy harvesting. S Saxena et al., 2022 conducted novel
studies showing the outstanding light-absorbing characteristics of perovskite materials, which
resulted in an important advancement in the development of excellent and inexpensive solar
panels. In recent years, research has focused on investigating thin-film solar cells. Vasiliev et al.'s
2019 which highlighted the possible uses of thin-film technology in increasing solar absorption
and conversion rates.

Within the field of solar thermal systems, concentrated solar power (CSP) is becoming a promising
technology. The efficacy of focusing sunlight using lenses or mirrors to produce increased
temperatures for numerous purposes, include electricity production, has been verified through
research carried out by Fu. Huide et al., 2017. Researchers such as S. Baljit et al. (2016) performed
influential work that shows the global trend into renewable energy sources, particularly solar. It
provided essential knowledge into the environmental and financial effects of the increasing global
use of solar energy technological advances through assessments. The environmental issues related
to conventional energy sources have been covered by Kylili et al. (2018). It pointed out the crucial
need for green energy options for addressing climate change, which has driven the further study
of new solar technology.

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Fig.1 Sustainable and clean energy resources

2. Solar Energy Technologies

Sustainable manufacturing and recycling methods are essential for the adverse environmental
impacts of solar cells production and waste. The manufacturing of solar cells demands the usage
of limited resources, thus stressing the requirement to build an effective supply chain that ensures
the sustainable viability for this technology. The increasing popularity of perovskite solar panels
has resulted to a major increase in understanding regarding its inexpensive, feasibility as an
alternate to traditional silicon-based solar energy generation systems [9]. Perovskites are
representing an exclusive class of elements that exhibit a distinctive crystal structure, allowing
efficient absorption of light and the separation of charges. Generally, the solar cells used make use
of a hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite material. The material solar cells have exhibited
significant potential in achieving considerable conversion of energy efficiencies, that are
equivalent to, and in certain cases, exceed that of traditional silicon-based cells.

The possible presence of lead in specific perovskite materials has raised worries over its potential
environmental and human health effects. The shift from laboratory-scale concepts to large-scale
commercial production presents a complex problem in terms of scaling. Organic photovoltaics,
frequently referred to as organic solar cells, are a form of photovoltaic devices that utilize organic
materials as the layer that is responsible for converting sunlight into electricity [10]-[13]. Organic
photovoltaics (OPVs) are based on the utilization of carbon-based materials, in lieu of inorganic
substitutes like silicon. Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) exhibit an essential attribute of flexibility,
as they exhibit the capacity to be generated in a manner that is simultaneously portable and
lightweight. This characteristic enables the investigation of innovative and adaptable uses for
organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Organic photovoltaics exhibit relatively lower energy conversion
efficiencies when compared with silicon-based solar cells, hence restricting their suitability to
specific high-efficiency applications. From fig.2, the conventional solar cells usually demonstrate
enhanced strength and stability in compared to other different forms, especially when exposed to
external and severe environmental circumstances. The process of organic material degradation can

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be linked to extended periods of being exposed to light, oxygen, and moisture. Quantum dot solar
cells represent a specific category of photovoltaic devices that employ quantum dots as their main
component for the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy. Quantum dot solar cells are
an upcoming technological advancement that uses semiconductor particles called quantum dots to
absorb and convert solar energy into electrical power. The capability to change the band gaps of
quantum dots enables exact modification of their light absorption characteristics, hence increasing
their capacity in collecting light energy [14]. Quantum dot solar cells demonstrate considerable
potential in achieving substantial levels of energy conversion efficiency. The production of these
photovoltaic cells can be achieved by solution-based techniques, that have the potential to lead to
a cut in production expenses.

Fig.2 Solar panel array

The issue of durability is of significance in relation to quantum dots, as their actions can be
influenced by a range of environmental factors. As such, the task of ensuring their continued
functioning poses a basic challenge. Quantum dot materials include elements, such as cadmium,
that exhibit hazardous characteristics, hence generating concerns potential environmental impact.
The shift from laboratory-scale prototypes to large-scale manufacturing is an intricate undertaking.
Solar technologies provide significant possibilities for the upcoming era on sustainable energy
[15]. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems provide an affordable and ecologically sustainable way to
generate electricity for rural regions and communities that are not connected to the main power
grid. Storage of energy solutions are frequently integrated with these systems in order to improve
their efficiency. Solar cells have been extensively used in space applications, serving an essential
part as an energy source for a variety of satellites and spacecraft, thus fulfilling the fundamental
energy needs in the vacuum that exists in outer space. The utilization of solar panels for generating
pumping water within rural and agricultural settings is known to significantly increase agricultural
productivity by allowing improved access to irrigation. Despite the considerable progress achieved
in conventional photovoltaic technology, it remains to encounter several challenges and limitations
[16, 17]. The widespread use of perovskite solar cells has received significant interest as a
promising alternative to conventional silicon-based photovoltaic systems. Assessment and
comparison of various solar energy materials require efficiency accurate measurements. They
usually include:

 PCE: The most common metric for evaluating photovoltaic (PV) materials is PCE.

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 Fill Factor (FF): the maximum electrical power divided by the voltage of an open circuit
and short-circuit current.
 External Quantum Efficiency (EQE): the number of percent of solar cell photons that
transform into electrons.
 Incident Photon to Current Efficiency (IPCE): This demonstrates how photons of various
wavelengths influence electrical current.
 Energy Payback Time (EPBT): The time it requires a solar panel to create the same amount
of energy it utilized to produce.

The models and frameworks used for assessing the viability, efficacy, and efficiency of the solar
energy systems under consideration usually involve an extensive number of parameters.
Solar technologies is assessed using different efficiency criteria. Solar cells are examined
according to parameters such as load factor, spectral adaptability, and conversion efficiency of
photovoltaic materials to assess their capacity to convert sunlight into electricity. The stability and
efficiency of power conversion of perovskite & thin-film solar cells frequently become the primary
objectives of evaluations. Cost-effectiveness assessments evaluate all costs associated to the
adoption of solar technology, such as initial setup expenditures, operational costs, system
durability, and energy unit pricing. By using these models, the financial viability and
competitiveness of next-generation solar materials as well as designs are shown. In order to
evaluate the feasibility of solar advances in technology, it combines technical and economic
considerations. Technological aspects like material performance, manufacturing processes, and
setup of the system are evaluated, together with financial factors like material costs, labour costs
of energy, and return on investment (ROI).
3. Advance Materials Solar Energy Technologies

The acceptance and implementation of solar energy has shown significant development as a
sustainable and green power source over the span of history. The key factor that has played a role
in the achievement and broad acceptance of solar energy is the creation of advanced materials that
have improved the effectiveness, durability, and flexibility of solar cells and other elements inside
photovoltaic systems [18]. The development of advanced materials has played an integral part in
the development of solar energy technology. These materials have exhibited the capability to
increase the efficacy of solar cells, resulting in enhanced efficiency, reduced expenditures, and
enhanced flexibility for a variety of applications. The progress made in the area of advanced
materials has resulted in significant enhancements in the functionality of crystalline silicon solar
cells, which are recognized as the current technology within the photovoltaic sector. Silicon
wafers, typically utilized as the primary material for solar cells, are now using nanoscale
engineering techniques that enhance their light absorption characteristics, reduce reflection, and
eventually boost their overall efficiency.

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Fig 3. Key Considerations in selection of material.

The incorporation of advanced materials, such as silicon nitride, in the fabrication of anti-reflective
coatings has gained significant traction, leading to a reduction in the absorption of incoming
sunlight. Also, the incorporation of innovative materials such as amorphous silicon, coated and
transparent conductive oxides in silicon heterojunction solar cells have resulted in substantial gains
in efficiency. Thin-film solar cells, well-known for their amazing flexibility and lightweight
design, have successfully incorporated novel materials to enhance their overall efficiency in fig.3.
Materials engineering approaches have been applied to improve the effectiveness and durability
of solar cells made from cadmium telluride (CdTe), as well as reduce concerns over their toxicity.
Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film solar cells incorporate novel materials to
enhance their efficiency and durability, such as translucent back links, buffer layers, and anti-
reflective coatings. Finally, significant improvements were made in the field of lightweight and
flexible solar technology through the use of complicated organic compounds in organic
photovoltaics (OPVs). Perovskite solar cells are considered by many as a pioneering advance
within the area of solar technology [19]. The cells utilize a perovskite structure, typically made up
of organic-inorganic hybrid materials. This architecture has favorable attributes, including
elevated coefficients of absorption as well as improved charge transport properties. Perovskite
solar cells consist of a variety of intricate components, including perovskite compositions,
elements accountable for electron and hole transportation, and layers designed for encapsulation.
The reason for advances in perovskite compositions, such as the investigation of lead-free
alternatives, arises from concerns regarding the environment and toxicology. The incorporation of
specific materials, such as mesoporous titania, spiro-MeOTAD, and low-temperature electron
transport layers, is of crucial significance in achieving heightened levels of performance in
perovskite solar cells [20]. The worldwide growth of solar energy technologies is showing an
ongoing increase, driven by ecological concerns and the declining costs linked to solar panels and
their corresponding components [21]. The use of solar power is fueled by the realization that
achieving a sustainable future requires a shift away from fossil fuels and the associated emission
of carbon dioxide, methane, and other greenhouse gases. Solar energy conversion technologies are
essential in helping to facilitate this shift by providing a sustainable and renewable power source
that is ecologically sound and unlimited in its availability. The chance for significant developments
in energy storage abilities lies within emerging energy storage materials, such as next-generation
supercapacitors and solid-state batteries [22]. After that, a significant aspect of solar energy
conversion, specifically solar thermal systems, will be thoroughly investigated. Solar thermal

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systems and photovoltaics are distinct in their approach to harnessing solar energy. While
photovoltaics transform sunlight into electricity, solar heating systems absorb the sun's energy as
heat. This heat can be utilized for various purposes, including electricity generation or other
thermal uses. In this investigation, we will examine novel designs and materials utilized
in concentrating solar power (CSP) [23]-[26].

4. Architectural Innovations in Solar Energy

Solar tracking systems represent a significant architectural advancement with the potential to
improve the efficiency of solar energy harvesting significantly. Early stationary solar panels
usually lie at a fixed inclination relative to the celestial position of the sun. Solar tracking systems
were developed with the particular goal of monitoring the sun's path, constantly changing the
orientation of solar panels to attain a most favorable alignment with the sun's rays. There are two
main kinds of solar tracking systems, specifically single-axis and dual-axis. Single-axis trackers
have been designed to monitor and change their position to correspond with the sun's
movement from east to west [27]. The trackers modify the tilt angle of the photovoltaic cells to
enhance the effectiveness of solar energy capture. On the other hand, dual-axis trackers can change
the placement of solar panels according to the changing position of the sun in the celestial
circle. These systems have the potential to significantly improve energy generation, with the level
of enhancement depending on variables such as geographical location, climate conditions, and the
kind of tracking mechanism used [28]. The extremes of temperature produce thermal stress and
fatigue, whereas low temperatures establish brittleness. UV light can photodegrade and destroy
materials. Water may cause corrosion, delamination, and additional damage that degrades solar
cell electrical properties. Solar arrays and large-scale rooftop solar installations possess the
capacity to integrate various technologies, increasing energy collection and optimizing their return
on investment. With the utilization of these tracking methods, we'll be able not only to increase
the efficiency of energy generation but also connect with the architectural goal of creating
buildings that naturally blend with their environment [29]. The theory of Building-Integrated
Photovoltaics (BIPV) relates to integrating photovoltaic (PV) systems into the architectural layout
and structural elements of buildings. The combination of solar energy with architectural design is
shown by building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV). Unique ways have been developed to easily
incorporate solar panels into the architectural components of a structure, such as windows, facades,
and roofing materials, with a view of accomplishing integration. Building-integrated photovoltaic
(BIPV) systems have been designed to produce electrical energy while simultaneously functioning
as essential components of a building's structure [30]-[34]. These approaches provide a double
benefit by improving the visual impact of the system while promoting sustainable practices. The
utilization of Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) can be demonstrated in several setups. To
provide an example, the incorporation of solar cells into window glass provides for the continuous
utilization of sunlight for energy generation and a source of natural daylighting. Solar panels and
tiles can function as practical replacements for traditional roofing systems due to their significant
similarity to conventional roofing materials and their easy incorporation potential into pre-existing
structures. Building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) solutions involve the integration of solar
modules onto the facades of buildings, facilitating the perfect setup of solar technology into the
external structure [35].

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Fig.4 Graphical representation of solar panel array

As shown in fig.4, an array of solar cell has been placed to collect the solar light efficiently in grid
form. Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plants provide the inherent capability to store heat energy,
hence enabling the creation of power during periods of solar unavailability. Tower and Parabolic
Trough designs are significant architectural breakthroughs within the field of Concentrated Solar
Power (CSP). Tower systems, illustrated by the renowned Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located in
California, employ an array of mirrors which redirect solar radiation into a central tower [36].
Often, these towers are fitted with molten salt or alternative heat transfer fluids, which act as
repositories for thermal energy. Parabolic trough systems are comprised of elongated and curved
mirrors which successfully focus solar radiation onto a receiver tube situated along the focal line.
Such concentrated light then heats a heat transfer fluid in the receiver tube. These architectural
developments provide an efficient method for power generation and present advantages in terms
of energy storage, thus establishing Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) as a reliable and sustainable
source of clean energy [37]. Solar Thermal Power Plants have experienced architectural
developments, such as the integration of Fresnel reflectors and solar ponds, in addition to the
Tower and Parabolic Trough designs. Fresnel reflectors employ planar mirrors in a manner that
allows for precise solar tracking and concentration, hence increasing the efficiency of sunlight
capture. On the other hand, solar ponds utilize saltwater reservoirs as a means of conserving
thermal energy and have the potential to generate both power and freshwater through a technique
known as solar desalination. The introduction of these architectural advancements serves to
broaden the range of applications for solar thermal systems while simultaneously improving their
overall efficiency and sustainability. The has also been significant progress in sun concentrator
systems within the field of solar energy. These systems employ a combination of mirrors or lenses
that direct sunlight onto a smaller surface area, usually a solar cell, so as to increase its efficiency
[38, 39].

Also, there has been an increasing focus on the architectural design of Solar Tracking Systems in
recent years. The introduction of solar panels equipped with sun-tracking mechanisms has been
shown to produce considerable increases in energy absorption [40]-[43]. These systems are
available in several configurations, including single-axis and dual-axis trackers, each offering
varying degrees of tracking accuracy. The advancements in architectural techniques pertaining to

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solarsolar
tracking
tracking
systems
systems
havehaveled led
to the
to the
creation
creation
of tracking
of tracking
solutions
solutions
that that
are are
characterized
characterizedby by
enhanced
enhanced reliability,
reliability,
durability,
durability,
and and
costcost
efficiency.
efficiency.
TheTheimplementation
implementation of this
of this
technology
technologyis is
promising
promisingfor enhancing
for enhancing the electrical
the electrical
output
output
of solar
of solar
panels,
panels,
hencehence
increasing
increasing
the efficiency
the efficiency
and and
productivity
productivityof solar
of solar
installations.
installations.
TheThe
Floating
Floating
Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic
(FPV)(FPV)
systems
systems
havehave
become
become
knownknown
as aasnotable
a notable
design
design
breakthrough,
breakthrough, especially
especially
in areas
in areas
wherewhere
landland
assets
assets
are constrained.
are constrained.Floating
Floating
photovoltaic
photovoltaic (FPV)(FPV)
systems
systemsinvolve
involve
the the
installation
installation
of solar
of solar
panels
panels
on aquatic
on aquatic
surfaces,
surfaces,
suchsuch
as lakes,
as lakes,
reservoirs,
reservoirs,
and and
wastewater
wastewater
treatment
treatment
ponds.
ponds.
TheseThese
systems
systems
offeroffer
the advantage
the advantageof surface
of surface
conservation
conservation and and
alsoalso
leverage
leverage
on the
on the
cooling
cooling
properties
properties
that that
water
water
has has
in order
in order
to enhance
to enhance
the the
efficiency
efficiency
of solar
of solar
panels
panels
[44]-[46].
[44]-[46].

5. Conclusion
5. Conclusion

ThisThis
studystudy
examines
examineshowhow innovations
innovations in technology
in technology contributed
contributed to solar
to solar technology's
technology's
effectiveness,
effectiveness,
accessibility,
accessibility,
and and
adaptability.
adaptability.
TheyTheycouldcould
transform
transform
the energy
the energyinfrastructure
infrastructureand and
assist
assist
in addressing
in addressing
global
global
warming
warming whilewhile
safeguarding
safeguardingfuturefuture
energy
energy
sources.
sources.
 Organic
 Organic photovoltaics
photovoltaicsand andperovskite
perovskitesolarsolar
cellscells
are are
major
major
advances
advances in solar
in solar
energy.
energy.
Modern
Modernmaterials
materials
enhance
enhancesolarsolar
energy
energyconversion
conversion efficiency,
efficiency,
reducereduce the the
costcost
of of
manufacturing,
manufacturing,and and
increase
increase
solarsolar
panel panel
design
design
flexibility,
flexibility,
enabling
enablingmoremore photovoltaic
photovoltaic
applications.
applications.
 Complex
 Complex battery
battery
technologies
technologies and and
newnew energy
energy
storage
storage
materials
materials
willwill
make makesolarsolar
powerpower
moremore
reliable
reliable
and and
consistent.
consistent.
In addition,
In addition,single
single
& dual-axis
& dual-axistracking
tracking
systems
systemsenhance
enhance
sunshine
sunshine
exposure,
exposure,
increasing
increasingsolarsolar
panel panel
performance.
performance.
 Concentrated
 Concentrated Solar
Solar
Power,
Power,
alsoalso
knownknownas CSP,
as CSP,
systems
systems
require
require
methods
methodsof monitoring
of monitoring to to
maximize
maximizethe sun's
the sun's
energy
energycapture
capture
& generation.
& generation. However,
However,silicone-based
silicone-based solarsolar
cells,cells,
that that
are affordable
are affordable
and and
efficient,
efficient,
are still
are still
usedused
in applications
in applications
involving
involving
solarsolar
energyenergy
due due
to their
to their
longevity.
longevity.
 Organic
 Organic photovoltaic
photovoltaic
cellscells
transform
transform
solarsolar
powerpower
technologies
technologiesbecause
because
of their
of their
lightweight,
lightweight,
adaptable,
adaptable,and and
semi-transparent
semi-transparent qualities,
qualities,
whichwhichmake makethemthem perfect
perfectfor for
building
building
integration.
integration.
Because
Becauseof quantum
of quantumdots'dots'
distinctive
distinctive
characteristics,
characteristics,
quantum
quantum dot dot
solarsolar
cellscells
can can
establish
establish
newnew
solarsolar
technological
technological standards
standards
for energy
for energy
conversion
conversion
efficiency.
efficiency.
6. References
6. References

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