MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 2023 EXAMINATION
-
Subject Name: Fluid Mechanics & Machinery Subject Code: 22445
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
8) As per the policy decision of Maharashtra State Government, teaching in English/Marathi and Bilingual
(English + Marathi) medium is introduced at first year of AICTE diploma Programme from academic year
2021-2022. Hence if the students write answers in Marathi or bilingual language (English +Marathi), the
Examiner shall consider the same and assess the answer based on matching of concepts with model
answer.

Q. Sub Answer Marking

No. Q. N. Scheme

1 a List different properties of fluid. ½ mark

each
1. Density 2. Viscosity (any 04)
3. Temperature 4. Pressure

5. Specific Volume 6. Specific Weight

7. Specific Gravity 8. Surface Tension

9. Vapour Pressure 10. Capillarity

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1 b For a water column of height 8 m. Calculate

i. Intensity of pressure(KPa)
ii. Pressure in mm of Hg

Solution -
1) Intensity of pressure(KPa)
Given – h = 8m,
1 mark for P

And
P = 78.48 kPa
2) Pressure in mm of Hg 1 mark for
For same pressure corresponding value in terms of height of Hg hg

hg = 0.5882 m of Hg
= 588.2 mm of Hg
OR

Sghg= Swhw

1 c Define the terms:

Hydraulic gradient line: It is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head (p/w)
and datum head (z) of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line OR

it is the line which is obtained by joining the top of all vertical ordinates, showing the
pressure head (p / w) of a flowing fluid in a pipe from the centre of the pipe.
2 marks
Total energy line: It is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure head, datum head
and kinetic head of a flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference line.

OR

It is also defined as the line which is obtained by joining the tops of all vertical ordinates
showing the sum of pressure head and kinetic head from the center of the pipe.

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1 d State the various minor losses in the pipe.

1. Loss of head due to sudden enlargement,

2. Loss of head due to sudden contraction,

3. Loss of head at the entrance of a pipe, ½ mark

each.
4. Loss of head at the exit of a pipe,

5. Loss of head due to an obstruction in a pipe,

6. Loss of head due to bend in the pipe,

7. Loss of head in various pipe fittings.

1 e State the function of draft tube and name any two types of draft tube.

Function of draft tube:

1. It permits a negative head to be established at the outlet of the runner and thereby
increase the net head on the turbine.

2. It converts a large proportion of the kinetic energy (V2/2g) rejected at the outlet
of the turbine into useful pressure energy.
1 mark for
3. Reduce the velocity of the fluid coming out from the exit of the turbine and functions
increases the pressure of the fluid up to the atmospheric level at the tailrace.
1 mark for
4. Converts high-velocity kinetic energy into pressure energy. types.

5. Minimises energy losses at turbine exit.

Types of draft tube:

1. Conical draft tube.

2. Simple elbow draft tube.

3. Moody spreading draft tube.

4. Draft tube with circular inlet and rectangular outlet

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1 f State any two applications of centrifugal pump.

1. Water supply for residential areas. 1 mark for

each
2. Fire protection systems. application.
3. Sewage/slurry disposal.

4. Food and beverage manufacturing.

5. Chemical manufacturing.

6. Oil and gas industrial operations.

1 g Draw indicator diagram for reciprocating pump showing the effect of accelerating
head and frictional head.

2 marks

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2 a Draw sketch of Bourdon tube pressure gauge and state its advantages.

2 marks fig,

2 marks
advantages.

Advantages of Bourdon tube pressure gauge:

1.The construction and operation of the Bourdon tube is quite simple and thus does
not require any skilled operator for its handling.

2.The most unique advantage of Bourdon tube over other types of pressure gauges is
its application at both low as well as high-pressure systems.

3.The Bourdon tube doesn’t require any kind of electrical power for its operations.

4.It also provides you with good accuracy in real-time applications as well.

5.Cost is comparatively on the lower side than other types of pressure gauges and also has
a long life as well.

2 b Rectangular plate 0.6 m wide and 1.2 m deep lies within a water body such that its plane is

Determine the total pressure force on one side of the plate and the location of the centre
of pressure.

1 mark fig

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1 mark force
calculation

2 marks
calculation
of cp.

2 c
Explain pressure and velocity variation in convergent tube, throat and divergent tube
of venturimeter.

Fig, 2 marks

Explanation
2 marks
In convergent cone because of gradual decrease in diameter there is increase in velocity and decrease
in pressure. At the center of venture i.e., Throat, the pressure will be at its lowest value, where neither
the pressure nor the velocity will be changing and in divergent section, decreased pressure is again
increased to its original value and then liquid is reached in the pipe.
In convergent cone velocity of fluid is increased. This acceleration of flowing fluid may be allowed to
take place rapidly in relatively small lengths, without resulting in appreciable loss of energy.
However if decrease in velocity of fluid is allowed to take place rapidly in a small length, then the
flowing fluid will not remain in contact with the boundary of diverging flow passage, flow will
separate from walls and eddies are formed to avoid this, the length of divergent cone is 2 to 3 times
more that of convergent cone.

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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2 d Explain with neat sketch the procedure for measuring velocity in pipe using pitot tube.

The velocity is determined by measuring the rise in the tube. 2 marks fig,

2 marks
procedure.

This is theoretical velocity.

Actual velocity is given by –

Where Cv = coefficient of pitot tube = coefficient of velocity

Velocity at any point, .

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3 a An oil of specific gravity 0.8 is flowing through venturimeter having inlet diameter 35
cm and throat diameter 20 cm. The oil-mercury differential manometer shows a reading
of 30 cm. Calculate discharge of oil through the horizontal venturimeter. Take Cd = 0.98

Given:
d1 = 35 cm = 0.35 m
d2 = 20 cm = 0.20 m
x = 30 cm of Hg = 0.3 m of Hg 1 mark for h
So = 0.8, Cd = 0.98

1 mark for
area a1, a2
h = 4.8 m of water

1 mark for
formula of Q
Discharge of oil –

1 mark for
answer

3
Discharge of oil through the horizontal venturimeter = 0.3159 m /s

3 b Explain the causes of water hammer in pipes and the procedure for reducing its
effect. Causes of water hammer: -
1) Sudden closure of the valve.
2) Length of the pipe is too short.
3) No elastic properties in the pipe
material. Remedies for water hammer: 2 marks
causes
1) Controlling Velocity of flow
2) Use of appropriate length of pipe 2 marks for
3) Select a pipe with good elastic properties. remedy.
4) Provide surge tank before the valve on main pipeline.
5) Provide bypass pipe near the valve.

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3 c

01 mark for
V

01 mark for
‘i'

02 mark for
‘d’

3 d Explain velocity diagram for the jet striking tangentially at the tips of a moving an
unsymmetrical curved vane.

04 marks

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3 e A jet of water strikes on series of cup shaped vanes which defects through 165°. If the
velocity of jet is that corresponding to head of 40 m and velocity of vanes is such that
efficiency is maximum. Find the work done on vane per kg of water.

01 mark for
V

01 mark for
‘u'

02 mark for
‘workdone’

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
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4 a Draw the layout of hydroelectric power plant and classify the turbines used in it.

02 marks for
figure and

02 marks for
classification

1) Based on head and quantity of water-

a) High head turbines e.g. Pelton turbine
b) Medium head turbines e.g. Francis turbine
c) Low head turbines e.g. Kaplan turbine
2) Based on hydraulic action of water-
a) Impulse turbines e.g. Pelton turbine
b) Reaction turbines e.g. Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine
3) Based on direction of flow of water in the runner-
a) Tangential flow turbines e.g. Pelton turbine
b) Radial flow turbines e.g. Old Francis turbine
c) Axial flow turbines e.g. Kaplan turbine
d) Mixed flow turbines e.g. Francis turbine
4) Based on specific speed of turbines-
a) High specific speed turbines e.g. Kaplan turbine
b) Medium specific speed turbines e.g. Francis turbine
c) Low specific speed turbines e.g. Pelton turbine
5) Based on disposition of shaft of runner-
a) Horizontal shaft e.g. Pelton Turbine
b) Vertical shaft e.g. Francis, Kaplan, Propeller Turbine

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4 b Compare Francis turbine with Kaplan turbine.

Francis Turbine Kaplan Turbine

The flow of water in this turbine enters radially In this turbine, water supplies into the
into the runner vanes & exists axially. runner and exists in the axial direction.

Its efficiency is low. Its efficiency is high.

High friction losses. Low friction losses.
Large size Compact size
Its efficiency is low. Its efficiency is high.
High friction losses. Low friction losses.
Large size Compact size
The runner in this turbine contains 16 to 24 The runner in this turbine contains 4 to
04 marks for
runner blades. 8 runner blades.
any 04
The shaft’s direction is vertical or horizontal The shaft’s direction is vertical always
points.
based on the requirement.
It requires a medium size of head that ranges It requires a very low head like 100
from 100 to 600 meters. meters.
Its water flow rate is medium. Its water flow rate is high.
Its specific speed ranges from 60 to 300. Its specific speed ranges from 600 to
1000.
Its governing mechanism is simple. Its governing mechanism is not simple
or complicated
The runner vanes in this turbine are fixed. The runner vanes in this turbine are
adjustable.
The energy loss because of the friction of the The energy loss because of the friction
blades is higher due to a high number of blades. of the blades is low because of the less
number of blades.
It uses a single servomotor for the regulation of It uses different types of servomotors
vanes by rotating runner blades. for the regulation of the vanes by
rotating runner blades.
It is applicable in water pumping sets It is used in mini hydro-power plants for
of irrigation to push water from the earth for generating electricity.
irrigation.

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4 c Draw and explain performance characteristic curves of Pelton turbine.

02 marks for
curve

02 marks for
explanation

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4 d Define submersible pump and jet pump with one application each.

SUBMERSIBLE PUMP: A submersible pump is mechanical equipment that works by

pushing the water toward the surface instead of pulling it. It has a hermetically sealed motor
connected to the pump body that helps to push the fluid toward the surface. It is the most
famous type of centrifugal pump.

A submersible pump mainly uses to pump the water from the wells for irrigation,
Construction of Building, Draining water from flooded areas, fire fighting, Oil Extraction

JET PUMP: A jet pump is a device in which a fluid flows through a driving nozzle
which converts the fluid pressure into a high-velocity jet stream.
Jet Pumps use the discharge of a high velocity jet into a suction chamber to create a
vacuum and educe a fluid into the chamber where it combines with the fluid from the jet.

They are often used in applications where the material that is pumped assists in creating the
motive force needed to move through the pump. For example, in marine applications, jet
pumps are used to transfer seawater. In home applications, they are used to move
wastewater up to the sewer line.

Applications of Jet Pumps:

1. Residential Water Supply: Jet pumps are often used to provide water supply for
homes, especially those with private wells. They can be used to draw water from shallow 2 marks for
or deep wells, depending on the specific needs of the property. submersible
pump and
2. Irrigation: Jet pumps are an excellent choice for irrigation systems, as they can jet pump
provide consistent water flow and pressure for various types of crops and landscapes. each.

3. Pressure Boosting: In some cases, a jet pump can be used to boost water pressure in a
residential or commercial plumbing system. This can be particularly useful in situations where the
existing water pressure is insufficient for proper appliance operation or other needs.

4. Water Treatment: Jet pumps can be used in water treatment systems, such as
those that require water to be aerated, mixed, or otherwise treated before use.

5. Industrial Applications: In industrial settings, jet pumps can be used for various
tasks, such as cooling, cleaning, and fluid transfer.

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4 e Discuss the factors considered for selection of pump.

i. The capacity and efficiency of the pump.

ii. Maximum and minimum lift of the pump. 1 mark each

iii. The head of the pump.

iv. Reliability of the pump.

v. Initial cost of the pump.

vi. Maintenance of the pump

vii. The power consumption of the pump

5 a An orifice meter with 150 mm diameter is inserted in a pipe of 350 mm. The pressure
difference measured by a mercury oil differential manometer gives reading of 400 mm of Hg
(mercury). Find the rate of flow of oil of specific gravity 0.98 and coefficient of discharge =
0.64.

Given:

do=150 mm = 0.15 m

d1 = 350 mm = 0.35 m

x= 400 mm of Hg = 0.4 m of Hg

So= 0.98, Cd = 0.64

Calculation
of h 2 marks

h = 5.151 m of water Area

calculation 2
marks

Discharge
Discharge / rate of flow of oil –
calculation 2
marks

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5 b Explain the terms involved in Darcy's equation, Chezy's equation for frictional loss, also
show that for a given total head H, the power transmitted through a pipeline connected
to a reservoir is maximum when the loss of head due to friction. hf =H/3 (minor losses
can be neglected)
Chezy’s Formula

02 marks for
formulas

04 marks
for
derivation

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5 c A jet moving with a velocity of V m/s is made to strike a stationary.

i) Flat plate normally.
ii) flat plate inclined at an angle θ and
iii) Symmetrical curved vane at centre with tip angle θ
In which case the force exerted by the jet is maximum? Justify with suitable sketch
and formulas.
i)Force exerted by jet on flat plate normally = ρAV2
ii) Force exerted by jet on flat plate inclined at an angle θ = ρAV2sinθ 03 marks for
formulas
iii) Force exerted by jet on symmetrical curved vane at center with tip angle θ
2
F= ρAV (1+cosθ)
Force exerted by jet on symmetrical curved vane at center with tip angle θ is maximum.
Justification:
 Force exerted by jet on symmetrical curved vane at centre with tip angle θ
is maximum.
0
 Because it contains (1+cosθ) term and as θ varies between 0 to 90 . cosθ is
positive and (1+ cosθ) is always greater than 1.
02 marks for
justification

01 mark for
sketch

Hence Force exerted by jet on symmetrical curved vane at centre with tip angle θ is maximum

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6 a Explain construction and working of Francis turbine with neat sketch.

Francis turbine is the combination of impulse turbine and reaction turbine. It is a mixed flow
turbine where the water flows radially toward the impeller blades and exits axially. These
turbines are mostly used in medium or large hydropower plants. These turbines are used for
heads that are 2 meters low & 300 meters high.
The main benefit of these turbines is that they work the same whether they are arranged
horizontally or vertically. These turbines are most frequently used in hydroelectric plants. All
the blades within the turbine turn through both the reaction & impulse water force supplying
throughout the blades. So that efficiency can be increased for the turbine and generates more
electricity within the hydroelectric plant.
Construction -
A Francis turbine construction can be done by using different components. So Francis turbine

components mainly include Spiral Casing, Guide Vanes, Stay vanes, Draft Tube, Runner
Blades, Penstock & Impeller or Runner.
Spiral Casing: - Construction
The spiral casing is the inlet medium for water supply to the turbine. This pipe allows passing 2 marks
the water flow from the dam or reservoir with high pressure. The turbine blades are arranged
circularly, which means the water hitting the blades of the turbine must flow within the circular
axis for efficient hitting. This is the reason to use spiral casing but because of the circular water
Figure 2
movement, it loses its force. To keep the same force, the diameter of the casing will be marks
gradually reduced.
Guide Vanes: -
These vanes are not immobile, but they transform their angle based on the requirement to
control the hitting angle of water toward turbine blades to enhance efficiency. They also
control the water flow rate into the runner blades, so the power output is controlled for a
turbine based on the load of the turbine. Working 2
Stay Vanes: - marks.
Stay vane’s function is to guide the water flow toward the runner blades. These vanes stay
motionless at their place & decrease the swirling of water because of radial flow. Once it
enters the runner blades, then the turbine will become very efficient.
Draft Tube: -
The force at the outlet of the runner in the turbine is usually low as compared to atmospheric
force. The water supply at the outlet cannot be discharged directly to the tailrace. So, a pipe or
tube is used for water discharging from the outlet of the turbine toward the tailrace. This tube
is known as Draft Tube where one finish of the tube is directly connected to the exit of the
runner whereas another end is immersed under the water level within the tailrace.
Runner Blades: -
Runner blades are essential components in this turbine. These are arranged at the center of the
turbine where the water hits & the tangential power of the impact causes the shaft to turn for
generating torque. These blades mainly include two parts where the lower half is designed in a
small bucket shape to revolve the turbine with the help of the impulse action of the water
supply. The upper half of the turbine blades utilize the reaction power of water supplied
through it. So, the runner turns through these two forces.
Penstock: -
Penstock plays a key role in transferring the water from the dam to the Francis turbine and it is
made with cement or cast steel.

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Working
The water from the penstock enters the spiral casing of the turbine, after that it flows through
the guide vanes & stay vanes. The spiral case in the turbine is kept in decreasing diameter to
maintain the pressure of water flow.
The stay vanes are motionless at their position to remove the spins from the water supply,
which are produced because of the spiral casing & try to make the water flow more linear to be
turned aside through changeable guide vanes.
The angle of guide vanes will decide the angle of the strike of water supply at the runner
blades. The runner blades in the turbine are motionless & cannot change their position so the
guide vanes control the turbine’s power output.
The turbine efficiency & performance mainly depends on the runner blades’ design. In this
turbine, runner blades are mainly separated into two parts like the upper part and the lower
part.
The lower part of the turbine is made in a small bucket shape so that it can use the impulse
action of the water supply to revolve the turbine. The upper or higher part of the turbine uses
the reaction pressure of the water supply through it. So, runner blades use both the pressure &
kinetic energies of the water supply to turn the runner in the most efficient mode.
Once the water exits from the runner blade then it will lack both the energies of kinetic &
pressure, so we utilize the draft tube to improve the force when it moves forward to the
tailrace. However, we still cannot improve the force to that level that we can prevent air to
go into the runner housing thus causing cavitation.

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6 b Draw an Indicator diagram of reciprocating pump showing the effect of acceleration and
friction head on suction and delivery pipes connected with air vessels and without air
vessels.

Each figure
3 marks

6 c A centrifugal pump has the following characteristics: Outer diameter of impeller 900 mm;
wide of impeller vanes at outlet 40°. The impeller runs at 650 rpm and delivers 1.2 cubic
meters of water per second under an effective head of 45 m. A 500-kW motor is used to drive
the pump. Determine the manometric, mechanical and overall efficiencies of the pump.
Assume water enters the impeller vanes radially at inlet.

Ans:

Given: D2 = 900 mm = 0.9 m

Φ=40°
N = 650 rpm
3
Q = 1.2 m /s
Hm =45 m
P=500KW
01 mark for
‘u2’
Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet –

Assume, width of runner blade at outlet

B2 = 100mm = 0.1 m,

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Discharge of pump,

01 mark for
velocity
triangle
diagram

1 mark for
‘Vw2’
From outlet Velocity triangle –

01 mark for
manometric
efficiency

Manometric efficiency is given by – 01 mark for

overall
efficiency

Overall Efficiency -

01 mark for
mechanical
efficiency

Mechanical efficiency –

NOTE: Data is insufficient to solve the problem and the missing data i.e., width of
the blade / area, to calculate velocity of flow cannot be assumed.
Students, who tried to solve the problem assuming the width of blade, shall be
given marks accordingly.
Let the assessor decide the marking scheme for this question as it is not
advisable to solve the problem with incomplete data.

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