SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY - Architecture is focused on the design of

buildings and physical structures. A field

WHAT IS SCIENCE?
that balances both art and science,
 Science is a systematic body of knowledge architects ensure that their design is
based on careful observation and aesthetically-pleasing while being safe,
experimentation. functional and realistic.
MAJOR TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS
1. Sumerians- cooperative, developed many
things connected with science and
technology
2. Babylonians- great builders, engineers and
architects
3. Egyptians- infrastructure, engineering
technology
SUMERIANS: (CUTIS WR)
C- uneiform- first writing system
U- ruk City
T- he Great Ziggurat of Ur
I- rrigations and Dikes
PROBLEMS IN THE PAST (ANCIENT TIMES)
S- ailboats
T- ransportation and Navigation
W-heel
C- ommunication
R- oad
S- afety and Protection
BABYLONIANS: (H)
H- ealth
H- anging Gardens of Babylon
A- rchitecture and Engineering
EGYPTIANS: (P WWHIC)
M- ass Production
P- aper or Papyrus
A- esthetic
W- ig
R- ecord Keeping
W- ater clock/ Clepsydra
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
TRANSPORTATION AND NAVIGATION? H- ieroglyphics

- TRANSPORTATION- the movement of I- nk

goods and persons from place to place C-osmetics
- NAVIGATION- the act of directing a ship,
aircraft, etc. from one place to another, or GREEKS: (AW)
the science of finding a way from one place A- larm clock
to another
W- ater Mill
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ENGINEERS
AND ARCHITECTS?
- Engineering, is a diverse field with
numerous disciplines. Civil engineering is
ROMANS: (N BAN)
the most closely related to architecture,
where the field specializes in the technical N- ewspaper
and structural aspects of construction.
B- ound books or codex
A- Roman architecture Settlement Nomad Nomad Permanent
Caves Near settlers
N- Roman numerals rivers
CHINESE: (SGGT) Tools Basic Sharpened Advanced
stone stone tools
S- ilk tools tools
G- un powder- most interesting inventions Discovery Controlled Fishing Domestication
fire
G- reat Wall of China-only man-made structure that
could be seen from outer space
BRONZE AGE (3,000 B.C. TO 1,300 B.C.)
T- ea production
- Tools and weapons were widely made with
MIDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES: (PM TW) copper and bronze.
- Smelting is a process of extracting metal
P- rinting Press
from involving heating and melting.
M- icroscope - Sumerians discovered that a harder and
stronger metal could be made by blending
T- elescope
copper and tin.
W- ar weapons - Different human societies entered the
Bronze Age at different times.
MODERN TIMES: (PPTC)
- Rise of states or kingdoms—large-scale
P- asteurization societies joined under a central government
by a powerful ruler.
P- etroleum Refinery
- Sumer and Babylonia in Mesopotamia
T- elephone- Alexander Graham Bell - Athens in Ancient Greece
- The Bronze Age ended around 1200 B.C.
C- alculator
when humans began to forge an even
PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS: (SSMME) stronger metal: iron.

S- alamander Amphibious Tricycle IRON AGE

S- alt Lamp - Between 1200 to 600 B.C. depending on the

region
M- edical Incubator (Dr. Fe Del Mundo)
- Hittites (Turkey) firstly made steel, a much
M- osquito Ovicidal/ Larvicidal Trap System (DOST) harder metal, by heating iron with carbon.
- Launched the beginning of mass production
E- jeepney
and created major advancements in
HISTORY OF S&T IN THE WORLD warfare.
- Persians, first civilization to develop an
a. Ancient
armored cavalry completely covered in
Three-Age System steel armor.

A system of classifying ancient ages into groups ANTIQUITY (600 BCE TO 529 CE) - Period BEFORE
based on tools developmental stages. Christianity

STONE AGE (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic) - Rise of Greek civilization

- Natural philosophers – first scientists
Bronze Age
PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS
Iron Age
 Thales- assumed Earth to be floating in
Paleolithic Mesolithic Neolithic
water
2.5 MYA 10,000 - 8,000 - 3,000
 Anaximander- formulated a theory of the
to 10,000 8,000 B.C B.C.
origin and evolution of life.
B.C
 Anaximenes- Suggests that air is the
Source of Hunters Hunters Farming and
Food and and domesticating primary substance
gatherers gatherers animals
  Heraclitus- “change is the essence of all - Birth of ideas - many scientific discoveries
being” and fire plays a crucial role in the and technological advancement.
process.
• Early/Dark Middle Ages (476-1000 A.D.)
 Leucippus- introduces the first idea of the
atom, an indivisible unit of matter. • High Middle (1000-1450 A.D.)
 Democritus- thought that atoms are solid,
EARLY/DARK MIDDLE AGES (476-1000 A.D.)
indestructible particles that are separated
by empty space ▪ Slow progress of Science in Europe, rise of
 Pythagoras- recognizes that Earth is sphere Catholic Church and suppressing natural
 Pythagoreans - viewed the universe as form scientists’ discoveries
and number
▪ Islamic Empire became the most advanced
 Hippocrates- recognized as Father of
civilization
Medicine
 Hippocratic Oath - encourages separation ▪ Agricultural and Transportation
of medicine from religion
Heavy plough- could turn over the much
SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS more fertile clay soil
 Socrates- contribute knowledge through Horse collar- placed around a horse’s neck
dialogues using the Socratic Method and shoulders to distribute weight and
 The Golden Age of Greek philosophy protect the animal when pulling a wagon or
 Plato- coined the term element plough, horses are better than oxen in
Established the Academy- first institution of transportation
higher learning in Greece
Science in China
Used abstract geometry models rather
than empirical observations ▪ Gun powder
 Empedocles believed that all matter was
▪ Paper
made up of four primary substances (earth,
air, fire and water) ▪ Mechanical clock
 Aristotle- elements undergo changes when
▪ Compass - a magnetized needle placed on a
they combine and have qualities that are
straw floating on water for reliable
based on observations using our senses.
navigation
Proposed the fifth element as aether (the
clear upper air of the sky) Science and Mathematics in India
Established the Lyceum
▪ Recognition of zero in mathematics
Considered as Father of Biology
Introduced the inductive method ▪ Introduction of decimal system
 Aristarchus – originally proposed Sun-
Arab Science
centered universe (Heliocentrism).
 Claudius Ptolemy- calculated size of Earth ▪ Many of the works of the ancients have
and its distance to the Moon been preserved (including Ptolemy’s
Earth-centered model (Geocentrism) and Astronomy) because they were translated
became the most common cosmological into Arabic.
view until Middle Ages.
 Herophilus – Father of Anatomy ▪ Toledan Tables (by al-Zarkali), a collection
 Erasistratus – founder of Physiology of mathematical tables used to predict the
 Euclid – Father of Modern Geometry movements of the Sun, Moon and planets
 Archimedes – Father of Mathematics relative to the fixed stars.

b. Middle Ages (476 – 1450 A.D.) ▪ Discovery of borax

▪ Firstly synthesized sal-ammoniac
- Also known as Medieval Period
(ammonium chloride)
- European history between the fall of
Roman Empire and beginning of
Renaissance
 ▪ Science of anatomy did not progress - Tartaglia (Nicolo Fontana) –
because dissection of corpses is not allowed discovered Pascal’s triangle and
by Islamic law. elevation of 45o for maximum
distance shot of a canon
HIGH MIDDLE (1000-1450 A.D.)
- Alchemy persisted in searching for
▪ Rebirth of Science in Europe
what came to be called the elixir of
▪ St. Thomas Aquinas – founder of life, a way to provide immortality.
Scholastic Schools This started in China and Greece
philosopher’s stone, an object whose
▪ Scholastic – Christian
presence would enable one to
philosophers that set out to
transmute other metals into gold.
absorb the newly gained
knowledge of the ancients - Leonardo da Vinci – known for his
(Plato and Aristotle) and engineering of canal locks,
reconcile it with teachings of cathedrals, and engines of war.
the church
- He was also known for of physical
▪ Roger Bacon – use experimentation concepts such as inertia, and
to gain new knowledge sketches for working parachutes and
▪ Many scientists started to question helicopters.
Aristotelian teachings (Theory of SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Motion and Earth’s fixity)
- Nicolas Copernicus – successfully
▪ Crop Rotation- different crops each proposed the Heliocentric Theory
year in order to maximize the soil’s
nutrients - published in his book De
revolutionibus orbium caelestium
▪ Water Wheel - most important (The Revolution of Celestial Bodies)
source of mechanical power
throughout northern Europe for - Johannes Kepler – Kepler’s Law of
many centuries. Planetary Motion:

▪ Black Death- 2nd Bubonic Plague - Law of Orbit -describe a planet’s

Pandemic- caused by the plague orbit as elliptical
bacterium (Yersinia pestis) carried - Law of Area- the speed at which it
by fleas living on the black rats travels
c. Modern (1453 - 1659 AD)
- Law of Period- time it needs to
RENAISSANCE complete one revolution around the
Sun
- scientists began to perform many
experiments - Galileo Galilei – first scientist of
Scientific Revolution
- Scientific Method – scientific
process based on observation and - Law of Motion (force causes
experimentation, popularized by acceleration)
Francis Bacon.
- Discovered pendulum and
- Printing Press – introduced by thermometer
Johannes Gutenberg using movable
- Dialogue on Two New Sciences, last
type printing
published work
- Bible – world’s most printed book.
- Validated Copernican system using
- Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus – his own telescope and observations
discovered Laudanum, tincture of
- craters and mountains of the moon
opium as painkiller
- moons of Jupiter production of first vacuum known to
science
- phases of Venus
ENLIGHTENMENT (1735-1819)
- stars of Milky Way
- Isaac Newton – formulated the laws
- sunspots of motion and universal gravitation
- Tycho Brahe – first to describe 1572 - Nature of white light
Supernova and published the
positions of 777 stars - Introduced calculus together with
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
- determined the distance of 1577
comet from Earth using parallax - César-François Cassini – first
national geographic survey, resulting
- Believes that Sun and Moon in the first map produced according
revolved around Earth and other to modern principles.
planets (Geo-heliocentric)
- James Watt – steam engines
- John Ray – first to use species as the
fundamental unit of classification - Jean Baptiste de Lamarck – first to
propose Theory of Evolution he
- also separated flowering plants into called Transformation,
monocots and dicots
- acquired characteristics gained
- Carolus Linnaeus – Father of during an organism’s life and can be
Modern Taxonomy inherited by the organism’s offspring
- Modern system of classification of - Charles Darwin – Father of
living organisms Evolution
- Binomial System of Nomenclature - demonstrated that all living things
- Mangifera indica= genus+ species of evolved from earlier forms of life by
an organism the process of natural selection

- Andreas Vesalius – Father of - published Origin of species

Modern Anatomy - Sigmund Freud – Founder of
- De humani corporis fabrica Psychoanalysis
(Structure of the Human Body), the - importance of childhood
first accurate illustrations of internal experiences and sex in the
human anatomy. development of affective disorder
- Dissected cadavers and published (Psychosexual Stages of
De humani corporis fabrica Development)
(Structure of the Human Body) - structured model of ego psychology
- William Harvey- the first to (id, ego, super-ego)
recognize the full circulation of the - Alan Turing – developed Turing
blood in the human body Machine, basis for the first
- Marcello Malpighi discovered computer
capillaries - Turing Test - a computer in one
- Blaise Pascal – discovered Pascaline, room that can communicate with
first mechanical calculator that used humans in another room must be
gears able to convince the humans that it

- Evangelista Torricelli – invented first SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES: A

barometer using mercury, leading to HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
  Spaniards introduced formal education and National Science and Technology Authority
founded scientific institutions (NSTA)
 Parish schools (religion, reading, writing,  The Mindanao and Visayas campuses of the
arithmetic and music) Philippine Science High School were also
established in 1986
 University of Santo Tomas
FIFTH REPUBLIC
 School of Medicine and Pharmacy at UST
 The National Science and Technology
 Manila Observatory at the Ateneo
Authority was replaced by the Department
Municipal de Manila in 1865
of Science and Technology
(meteorological studies)
 Under the Medium Term Development Plan
AMERICAN PERIOD AND POST COMMONWEALTH
(1987-1992), science and technology’s role
ERA
in economic recovery and sustained
 Established Bureau of Government economic growth was highlighted
Laboratories – July 1, 1901
 The first Science and Technology Master
 On December 8, 1933, the National Plan (STMP) was formulated on August 8,
Research Council of the Philippines was 1988
recognized
 President Cory encouraged scientists and
 Science was inclined towards agriculture, inventors to bring the Philippines to its
food processing, forestry, medicine, and former position as second to Japan in
pharmacy. science and technology and to achieve the
status as an industrialized country in 2000
MARCOS ERA AND MARTIAL LAW
 R.A. 6655- Free Public Secondary Education
 Science was given importance during
Act of 1988
Marcos regime
 “Science for the Masses Program”- aimed at
 He declared that the “advancement of
scientific and technological literacy among
science and technology shall have priority in
Filipinos
national development”
 January 23, 1967- revitalized science
courses in public schools through DepEd
 In 1968, additional funds were channeled to PRESIDENT FIDEL V. RAMOS’ TERM
support projects in science
 There was a significant increase in
 Established Philippine Atomic Energy personnel specializing in science and
Commission to explore the uses of atomic technology
energy for economic development
 1988- 3,000 competent scientists and
 Established Philippine Council for engineers
Agricultural Research to support
 Science and Technology Agenda for
progressive development of agriculture,
Development (STAND) 1993-1998 (NIC by
forestry and fisheries
2000)
 PD No. 49, s. 1972- PAGASA
- Task force composed of: DST, DOA, DTI, DOTC
 PD No. 334, s. 1973- Philippine National Oil
 Among its priorities were:
Company
1. Exporting winners identified by the DTI
 Executive Order No. 625, s. 1980 - National
Committee on Geological Sciences 2. Domestic needs identified by Presidential
Council for Countryside Development
 Executive Order No. 784, s. 1982- from
National Science Development Board to 3. Support industries
 4. Coconut industry development  Harmonized Agenda for Science and
Technology- two crucial issues (growth and
 LAWS ENACTED:
disaster risk reduction)
1. R.A. 8439- Magna Carta for Science and
 R.A. No. 19844- DICT Act of 2015 – ICT
Technology Personnel
development agenda (DICT)
2. R.A. No, 7687- Science and Technology
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND ITS ROLE IN
Scholarship Law of 1004
NATION BUILDING
3. R.A No. 7459- Inventors and Inventions
 Science- the intellectual and practical
Incentives Act
activity encompassing the systematic study
4. R.A No. 8293- Intellectual Property Code of of the structure and behavior of the
the Philippines physical and natural world through
observation and experiment
PRESIDENT JOSEPH ESTRADA’S TERM
 Technology- application of scientific
 R.A. 8749- Clean Air Act of 1999 (protect
knowledge for practical purposes
and preserve the environment
 Technology is always linked with
 R.A. 8792- Electronic Commerce Act of 2000
development phase. Technology occurs
(outlaws computer hacking and provides
when there is advancement in science.
opportunities for new businesses emerging
Every individual expects development in
from the Internet-driven New Economy
every nation in all aspects. Thus, for
 Full-scale program based on cost-effective development to happen, science and
irrigation technologies technology must go together.

 Dole-outs are outs (healthcare, nutrition  Modernization in every aspect of life is the
and education for those who can’t afford) greatest example of the implementation of
science and technology in every nation. A
S&T DURING PRESIDENT GLORIA M. ARROYO’S
nation who is not able to prosper on these
TERM
grounds would never be able to sustain the
 Science and technology sector of the lives there and may have to solely depend
Philippines was dubbed as the “golden age” on other nations for the basic
requirements.
 Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI)
was developed further by strengthening the  We as citizens of the nation and who hold
school’s education system focusing on equal responsibility for the growth, should
science, technology and mathematics in equip the youth with all possible facilities
their curriculum for their research thirst and support and
motivate them, as the future of our nation
 R.A. 9367- “Biofuels” Act
is in their hands and they could get our
 Drought-free rice- allows farmers to nation to more advanced levels than what it
produce rice despite the environmental is today.
hazards that slows production
 HERE ARE WHAT SCIENCE AND
PRESIDENT BENIGNO C. AQUINO TECHNOLOGY DO FOR US:

 R.A. 10601- improves the Agriculture and 1. It helps us save time and money
Fisheries Sector through Mechanization 2. Education
(AFMech) 3. Internet
4. Provides us devices for comfortable
 2010- President Aquino was dubbed as the
sleeping, quick cooking and fast
“Father of Organic Agriculture”- R.A. 10068
commute
(Organic Agriculture Act of 2010)
5. It helps us live a better life.
 International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
IMPACT OF TECHNOLGY TO SOCIETY
 1. Technology has improved Transactions and Documents, Penalties for
transportation Unlawful Use Thereof and For Other
2. Technology has improved Purposes passed in June 15, 2000
communication
 R.A. 9367- Biofuels Act of 2006- An Act to
3. The World Wide Web
Direct the Use of Biofuels, Establishing for
4. Technology has improved education
this Purpose the Biofuel Program,
and learning process
Appropriating Funds Therefore, And For
GOVERNMENT LAWS, POLICIES, PLANS AND Other Purposes
PROJECTS PERTAINING TO SCIENCE AND
 R.A. 9513- “The Renewable Act of 2008”-
TECHNOLOGY
accelerate development of the country’s
 R.A. 2067- “Science Act of 1985”- An Act to renewable energy sources by providing
Integrate, Coordinate and Intensify fiscal and non-fiscal incentives to private
Scientific and Technological Research and investors and equipment manufacturers
Development and To Foster Invention to
 R.A. 10175- Philippine Cybercrime
Provide Funds Therefore and for Other
Prevention Act of 2012 passes September
Purposes
12, 2012. An Act Defining Cybercrime,
 R.A. 3589- Amendment to R.A. 2067 Providing for the Prevention, Investigation,
Modifying the National Science Suppression and the Imposition of Penalties
Development Board, National Institute of Therefore and For Other Purposes
Science and Technology, and the Philippine
 R.A. 10612- An Act Expanding the Coverage
Atomic Energy Commission, Extending Tax
of the Science and Technology Scholarship
Exemption, Privileges and Grants, Requests
Program and Strengthening the Teaching of
and Donations for Scientific Purposes to
Science and Mathematics in Secondary
Private Educational Institutions and For
Schools for Other Purposes
Other Purposes enacted June 22, 1963.
 R.A. 10844- An Act Creating the Department
 R.A. 5207- An Act Providing for the
of Information and Communication
Licensing and Regulation of Atomic Energy
Technology (DICT) which was signed into
Facilities and Materials, Establishing the
law on May 23, 2016.
Rules of Liability for Nuclear Damage and
for Other Purposes MAJOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT PLANS
 P.D. No. 49, s. 1972- established Philippine
Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical  Science and Technology Master Plan
Services (PAGASA) to provide (STMP)- submitted in March 1989
environmental protection and to utilize
 Science and Technology Agenda for
scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of
National Development (STAND)
the people
 National Science And Technology Plan
 P.D. No. 334, s. 1973 created the Philippine
(NSTP 2002-2020)
National Oil Company to promote industrial
and economic development through STATUS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND
effective and efficient use of energy PLANS FOR DEVELOPMENT UNDER PRESIDENT
resources RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE
 R.A. 8749- The Philippine Clean Air Act of  Budget for DOST has quadrupled in the last
1999 was enacted by Congress on June 23, 7 years
1999 to protect and preserve the
 Entry frontiers of space through its support
environment and ensure the sustainable
to the Philippine Space Technology Program
development of its natural resources
 Diwata 1 (2016)
 R.A. 8792- An Act Providing for the
Recognition and Use of Electronic  Diwata 2 (2018)
Commercial and Non-Commercial
  A memorandum of Agreement between - The person today is supposed to build
Russia and the Philippines regarding the himself/herself in a global neighborhood,
space program will soon materialize working side by side among institutions and
different governments to be able to reach
 R.A. 11035- “An Act Institutionalizing the
common goal.
Balik Scientist Program”
- Competition as a means of survival has
 On telecommunications, Department of
become outdated, cooperation and
Information and Communication
coordination among individuals are the new
Technology, National Telecommunication
trend.
Commission and telecommunications
companies have agreed to standardized - There is a difference between eastern and
voice calls charges to Php 2.50 western ideas regarding society and human
flourishing. The Western Society where
 271 new weather stations were installed by
Aristotle is included tends to be more
the Department of Science and Technology
focused on the individual, while those from
throughout the country; The Zamboanga
the East are more community-centric.
Doppler Weather Radar System was also
installed TECHNOLOGY AS A WAY OF REVEALING
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY AND THE - Science is a voyage of exploration just to
HUMAN CONDITION find out how things work and it’s really
interesting because it is an ongoing and
HUMAN FLOURISHING
endless process.
- Human Flourishing is deeply intertwined
- Technology as a Way of Revealing talks
with goal setting relevant to science and
about the end product which is relevant as
technology
a tool in achieving the former Technology as
- Aristotle’s human flourishing arises as a a human activity that we excel in as a result
product of different factors such as of achieving Science
phronesis, friendship, wealth and power.
- The goals of Science and Technology and
- The proper function of every person is to Human Flourishing fall on the same grounds
live happily, successfully, and well. which are the good and the truth.
- For Aristotle, the “good” is what is STEPS OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD
objectively good for a person.
- Science is an organized way of studying
- Eudaimonia- a formally egoistic in that things and finding answers to questions.
person’s normative reason for choosing Scientific method is an approach to seeking
actions stem from the idea that he/she knowledge that involves forming and
must pursue his/her own good or testing a hypothesis.
flourishing
- OBSERVE and identify using your senses the
- According to Aristotle, each person has a unexplainable occurrences around you.
natural obligation to achieve, become, and
- IDENTIFY THE PROBLEM and identify the
make something of himself/ herself by
possible factors involved.
pursuing his/ her true ends and goals in life.
- FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS that could
- Our perception of happiness changed as the
explain the said occurrences. Ideally, the
world developed.
goal is to reject the null hypothesis and
- Our concept of human flourishing today accept the alternative hypothesis for the
proves to be different from what Aristotle study to be significant and beneficial to the
originally perceived. society.
- Humans of today are expected to become a - CONDUCT EXPERIMENT by setting up
“man of the world”. dependent and independent variables and
 see how the independent variable affects new questions, and alternate explanations
the dependent variable. about a technology.
- GATHER AND ANALYZE THE DATA once 5. Diversity and collaboration divide labor.
your experiment is complete. Collect your
- Collaborations and division of labor are
measurements and analyze them to see if
increasingly important today, as our
they support your hypothesis or not. Accept
scientific understanding, techniques, and
or reject the hypothesis or modify the
technologies expand.
hypothesis if necessary.
THE GOOD LIFE
- FORMULATE CONCLUSION AND PROVIDE
RECOMMENDATION in case others would - According to Emrys Westacott, there are
like to extend and broaden the study you three ways in which we can understand
have conducted. what is meant by a “good life” or “living
well”.
Why are Diversity and Collaboration on the
Scientific Community Important towards Human 1. The Moral Life
Flourishing?
2. The Life of Pleasure
- Science as a Social Endeavor- The job of a
3. The Fulfilled Life
scientist involves lots more than
disappearing into windowless lab and
running an endless series of experiments.
Scientists from such diverse backgrounds
bring many points of view that have bearing
on scientific problems.
THE MORAL LIFE
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE IMPORTANCE OF
- Moral approval; of one is living the moral
DIVERSITY AND COLLABORATION IN THE
life, we simply mean that they are a good
SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY TOWARDS HUMAN
person (courageous, honest, kind,
FLOURISHING
trustworthy, etc.)
1. Collaboration and diversity balance
- Socrates and Plato
possible biases.
- “Gorgias”, Plato’s dialogue argues that it is
- Scientists should not be impartial but be
much better to suffer wrong than to do it;
objective in their assessments of scientific
that a good man who has his eyes gouged
issues.
out and is tortured to death is more
2. Diversity and collaboration stimulate fortunate than a corrupt person who has
problem solving. uses wealth and power dishonorably
- Two heads are better than one. Science - “The Republic”, Plato’s masterpiece claims
benefits greatly from a community. that a morally good person enjoys a sort of
inner harmony
3. Diversity and collaboration facilitate
specialization. THE LIFE OF PLEASURE
- Scientists have different strengths and - Epicurus; life=pleasure
different interests. Not only do people from
- “Hedonism”
different backgrounds choose to investigate
different questions, but they may have - Lower pleasures- sex, food, drink and
different approaches in the same question. sensual indulgence
4. Diversity and collaboration are inspiration - Higher pleasures- friendship and study
and motivation.
- Hedonistic conception- subjective
- Interactions in society encourage experiences
innovation and development of ideas about
new lines of evidence, new applications,
 - On this view, to describe a person as - The endurance of pain or hardship without
“happy” means that they “feel good”, and a the display of feelings and without
happy life is one that contains many “feel complaint.
good” experiences
THEISM
THE FULFILLED LIFE
- The ultimate basis of happiness for theists is
- Aristotle the communion with God
- Happiness has an intrinsic value rather than - They believe that they can find the meaning
an instrumental value of their lives by using God as the creator of
their existence
- Aristotle’s idea of what it means to live well
is objectivist rather than subjectivist - Omniscent (all-knowing)
1. Virtue - Omnipotent (all-powerful)
2. Health
- Omnipresent (all-pervasive)
3. Prosperity- affluent enough
4. Friendship - Monotheism (one god), Polytheism (many
5. They should enjoy the respect of others. gods)
6. They need good luck.
HUMANISM
7. They must exercise their unique human
abilities and capacities. - Human being have the right and
responsibility to give meaning and shape
their own lives
- They see themselves not only as the
MATERIALISM stewards of creation but as individuals who
have control for themselves as well as the
- First materialist were the atomists in
world outside them
Ancient Greece
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY IN
- Atoms – “atomos”- seeds
ACHIEVING GOOD LIFE?
- Founder- Leucippus and his disciple
- Social media as an example has been very
Democritus
effective in achieving good life.
HEDONISM
- Communication has been a lot easier for
- Hedonists see the end goal of life in people from different parts of the world.
attaining pleasure.
- Technology also allowed us to fiddle with
- For hedonists, one must indulge itself with our sexuality by injecting hormones in order
pleasure. to alter the biochemical in our body.
- They strive to maximize their total pleasure, WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS
the difference of pleasure and pain, and if
FIELDS OF TECHNOLOGY
the pleasure was finally gained, happiness
remains fixed. 1. TELEVISION
STOICISM - According to Kantar Media, one of the most
trusted television audience measurement
- Founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium
providers in the Philippines, 92% of the
- Stoicism asserts that virtue is happiness and urban and 70% of rural homes own at least
judgment should be based on behavior one (1) television set.
rather than words
- Television is a product of different
- This philosophy helps a person overcome experiment by various people.
destructive emotions and acts on what can
- PAUL GOTTLIEB NIPKOW
be acted upon
 - A German student in the 1800's who was ROLES PLAYED BY THESE TECHNOLOGICAL
successful in his attempt to send images ADVANCEMENTS
through wires with the aid of rotating metal
1. TELEVISION
disk.
- Used as a platform for advertisements and
- His invention was then called "electric
information dissemination.
telescope" that had 18 lines of resolution.
- Recreational activity and good stress reliever to
- -In 1907, Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton,
most families.
an English scientist and Boris Rosing, a
Russian scientist, created a new system of - Good platform for different propagandas and
television by using a cathode ray tube in advocacies.
addition to the mechanical scanner system.
- Good way to bond with one's family
TWO TYPES OF TELEVISION SYSTEMS members.
1. Mechanical Television - a television system 2. MOBILE PHONES
that relies on a mechanical scanning device,
- Used for communication.
such as a rotating disk with holes in it or a
rotating mirror drum. - Present time, used to surf the internet and take
pictures more than to text and call people.
2. Electronic Television- rely on a technology
called a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) as well as - Music player, calendar, radio, television, and
two or more anodes. phones in the present.
2. MOBILE PHONES ROBOTICS AND HUMANITY
- Filipinos love to use their mobile phones - The International Federation of Robotics
anywhere, anytime. They use it for different (IFR) and National Economic Commission
purposes other than for communication. for Europe (UNECE) made task to formulate
working definition for service robots. A
- Mobile phones are considered a must have
preliminary extract of the relevant
among young Filipinos (ABS-CBN news 2010).
definition are (IFR, 2012):
- On April 3, 1973, Martin Cooper, a senior
- a. Robot is actuated mechanism
engineer at Motorola, made the world's first
programmable in two or more axes with
mobile phone call.
degree of autonomy, moving within its
- His phone weighed 1.1 kilograms and environment, to perform extended task.
measures 228.6 x 127 x 44. 4 mm.
- (Autonomy- ability to perform intended
- 30 minutes talk time and 10 hours to charge tasks based on the current state and
in 1983. sensing human invention.)
- Motorola DynaTac 8000x (Goodwin, 2016) - - b. Service robot- performs useful tasks for
first commercial mobile phone available to the humans or equipment excluding industrial
public. automation application.
3. COMPUTERS AND LAPTOPS - c. Personal Robot- used for noncommercial
task, usually by laypersons.
CHARLES BABBAGE - a nineteenth-century English
Mathematician professor, who designed the Isaac Asimov - formulated laws back in 1940's
analytical engine which was used as the basic when he was thinking of the ethical
framework of the computers even until the present consequences of robot.
time.
- LAW ONE (1) - A robot may not inquire
- Laptops have been available to the public human being or through in action, allow a
for even less time than personal computers. human being to come to harm.
- April 1981 - the first true portable was - LAW TWO (2) - A robot must obey the
released, called the Osborne 1 ( Orfano 2011 ) orders given by human beings except where
 such orders would conflict with the first • Electro-Mechanical- 1840-1940
law.
• Electronic/Information-1940- present
- LAW THREE (3) - A robot must protect its
• Personal computers had become
own existence as long as such protection
widespread by the end of 1980s.
does not conflict with the first and second
law. • The internet was developed during 1970s.
ETHICAL DILEMMA/S FACED BY ROBOTICS • In 1990s, the world wide web was
developed mainly for commercial purposes.
1. Privacy & Surveillance - information privacy
and the right to secrecy and personhood • Claude Shannon is regarded as the “Father
of the Information Age”
2. Manipulation of Behavior - vulnerability to
“nudges”, manipulation, and deception
3. Opacity of AI Systems - lack of due process,
accountability, community engagement,
ADVANTAGES OF THE INFORMATION
and auditing
TECHNOLOGY ARE:
4. Bias in Decision Systems - where and when
1. Globalization- brought the world closer
police forces will be needed most
together
5. Human-Robot Interaction – can not be
2. Communication- made it cheaper, quicker
replaced by robots: care, love, and sex.
and more efficient
6. Automation and Employment - “job
3. Cost effectiveness- computerization of
polarization”
business processes and increased
7. Autonomous Systems - must adapt to or productivity
whether they just require technical
4. Creations of new jobs- it opened up
adjustments.
opportunities for computer programmers
8. Machine Ethics - ensuring that the behavior
The Information Age has introduced changes in the
of machines toward human users and other
different aspects of people’s lives, because of the
machines
following:
9. Artificial Moral Agents – robots having
1. Emergence of online companies
rights and responsibilities
2. Creation of economically and stimulating
10. Singularity - trajectory of artificial
businesses
intelligence reaches up to systems that
have a human level of intelligence 3. More mature and educated people
SPECIFIC ISSUES IN STS 4. Reshaping governments with new
technologies
THE INFORMATION AGE
GENE THERAPY
- The Information Age also referred to as
Computer Ages and New Media Age is a - Heredity- the passing on of the traits from
historic period in the 21st Century parents to offspring, either through asexual
characterized by the rapid shift from reproduction or sexual reproduction.
traditional industry.
- Genotype- genetic make up
- It began around 1970 and still going on
- Phenotype- physical manifestation
today.
- There are many factors that determine how
- here are four periods of the Information
one’s genotype correlate’s to one’s
Age, namely:
phenotype. Among these are penetrance,
• Pre-Mechanical- 3,000 BC- 1450 AD expressivity, mosaicism, and X-inactivation.
• Mechanical- 1450-1840
 - Penetrance is a measure of how often a 3. Genome-Editing Research Involving
disease genotype correlates to the disease Embryos
phenotype.
4. Safety
- For example, in a completely penetrant
Mnemonic: J I G S
disease, every individual who is genetically
positive for the disease would have a Effects of Gene in our Environment
clinical manifestation of said disease. In
Major risks of GMOs
contrast, for diseases with incomplete
penetrance, some individuals who are 1. Risk in gene flow
genetically positive for that disease may be
2. Emergence of superweeds -weeds that have
entirely asymptomatic.
adapted traits such as herbicide resistance
from crop plants
3. Recombination of viruses and bacteria to
produce new pathogens
GENE ENGINEERING
Direct risks of GMOs
- Gene therapy involves altering the genes
inside your body’s cell in an effort to treat 1. Disruption of natural environment
or stop the disease. This process involves (competition and interference)
the splicing of functional genes into cells
2. Unexpected behavior of GMO upon escape
that contain defective, nonfunctional genes
for a particular trait. Simply, gene therapy 3. Interfere natural biochemical cycles
replaces a faulty gene or adds a new gene in
4. Negative impact to consumer
an attempt to cure disease or improve your
body’s ability to fight diseases. GENE MUTATIONS
THE ROLE OF GENES IN HEREDITY Genes are segments of DNA molecules. Any
alteration of the DNA sequence is a mutation.
- The heredity information is contained or
Usually, an individual cell’s altered gene will be
within the genes, located in the
passed on to every cell that develops from it.
chromosome of each cell. An inherited trait
can be determined by one or by many DNA is a polymer made up of repeating chemical
genes and a single gene can influence more unit known as NUCLEOTIDE. Nucleotides are
than one trait. composed of three separate subunits:
Diseased People Cured by Fixing their Genes • Phosphate group- a chemical group made
up of phosphorus and oxygen
1. CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced
Short Palindromic Repeats) to treat sickle • Deoxyribose- a five-carbon sugar made up
cell anemia of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
2. CAR-T cell therapy (Chimeric antigen • Nitrogenous base- a chemical unit
receptor) to treat ccute composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,
lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and nitrogen. Bases found in DNA are
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine
3. Luxturna, FDA approved voretigene
neparvovecrzyl tof treat retinal dystrophy- DNA CODE
loss of vision
1. Ang CAR ay para sa GARAGE.
4. Spinraza, FDA approved nusinersen to treat
2. Ang APPLE ay para sa TREE.
Spinal muscular atrophy
(1) CYTOSINE and GUANINE
Ethical Considerations
(2) ADENINE and THYMINE
1. Justice and equity
BIODIVERSITY AND HEALTHY SOCIETY
2. Informed consent
THE IMPACT OF BIODIVERSITY ON HUMAN LIFE
 - The human species is just one of the Earth’s 1. Habitat loss and destruction
1.9 million living forms. It has arisen by the
2. Alterations in ecosystem composition
same mechanisms as other species. Human
technologies have had significant impacts 3. Over-exploitation
on the natural world by producing materials
4. Pollution and contamination
that pollute the air, water and soil.
5. Global climate change
- It is essential that we understand the
necessity of preserving the natural
environment and its living species as a
THE NANO WORLD
means of ensuring our own survival.
Education and environmental on a global The history of nanotechnology traces the
level is essential. Government, industries, development of the concepts and experimental
and the general public must come together work falling under the broad category of
with the long range impact of human nanotechnology. Although nanotechnology is a
activity that destroys biodiversity. relatively recent development in scientific
research, the development of its central concepts
The impact of Biodiversity on Human Life
happened over a longer period of time.
1. Nutrition
DEFINING TERMS
2. Human health
- The two terms often used in the literature
3. Environment-related illnesses with reference to the world nano materials
are nanoscience and nanotechnology. Nano
Human Population Growth
materials denote “divided matter.”
6th Mass Extinction
- Nanoscience refers to the scientific study of
The reduction in biodiversity since the emergence materials of nanometer size, example one
of humans is now on the scale of another mass billionth of a meter. It is a site-oriented
extinction technoscience approach that differs both
from classical-theory driven and problem-
TOP TEN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN THE
driven.
WORLD
- Nanotechnology refers to various
1. Pollution
technologies to produce materials of extra
2. Global warming
high precision and dimensions on the scale
3. Overpopulation
of one-billionth of a meter. It implies the
4. Waste disposal
ability to generate and utilize structure
5. Ocean acidification
components, and devices with a size range
6. Loss of biodiversity
from about 0.1 nm to 100 nm.
7. Deforestation
8. Ozone layer depletion WHAT IS NANO WORLD?
9. Acid rain
- Richard Feynman- retroactive rediscovery
10. Public health issues
of “Plenty of Room” at an early date of
EFFECT OF THESE PROBLEMS December 1959

DIRECT EFFECT INDIRECT EFFECT - Erick Drexler- His paper on Nanosystems:

Loss of resource for Poverty Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and
livelihood Social Issues Computation received the Association of
Habitat loss American Publishers award for Best
Climate Change Distributional Shift Computer Science Book of 1992.
Alteration of Species New disease
Extinction occurrence - Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer- developed
Health problems Traits and phenology the scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
change
- Awarded Nobel prize in Physics in 1986
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
 - The early 2000s saw the beginnings of the 2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)- humans have
use of nanotechnology in commercial increased atmospheric carbon dioxide
products, although most applications are concentration since the beginning of
limited to the bulk use of passive Industrial Revolution
nanomaterials. Example include titanium
3. Methane (CH4)
dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in
sunscreen, cosmetics and some food 4. Nitrous Oxide (N2O)- a powerful
products. greenhouse gas produced by soil cultivation
practices, especially the use of fertilizers
POTENTIAL USES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
5. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)- synthetic
1. Energy production, conservation and
compounds that contribute to destruction
storage
of ozone layer
2. Enhancement of agricultural productivity
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE?
3. Treatment and remediation of water
- The effects of human-caused climate change
4. Screening and diagnosis of diseases ranged from more frequent and severe
droughts to snowstorms and extreme winter
5. Systems for drug delivery
weather in temperate regions as a result of
6. Processing and storing food warming Arctic weather fronts.

7. Controlling air pollution - Warming ocean temperatures are increasing

the frequency of coral reef bleaching; warmer
8. Construction
and drier weather.
9. Monitoring health
HOW IS CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECTING THE
10. Detecting and controlling pests PHILIPPINES?

CLIMATE CHANGE AND ENERGY CRISIS 1. More intense El Niño

WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE? 2. Sea surface temperatures to rise- 1 to 4

degrees Celsius that can cause more
- Climate Change refers to the change in
powerful storms
global or regional patterns, in particular, a
change apparent from the mid to the late 3. Ocean acidification- shift in Ph levels of our
20th century onwards and attributed largely oceans can lead to coral reef death
to the increased level of atmospheric
4. Sea levels to rise by 4 to 6 meters- melting
carbon dioxide by the use of fossil fuels.
of ice sheets; can submerge low-lying
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE? communities like Tacloban, City

- Greenhouse Effect- warming that results 5. Tropical cyclone to intensify- Nov. 8, 2013-
when the atmosphere traps heat radiating Yolanda (strongest in recorded history)
from Earth toward space.
6. Rainfall, river flow, and flooding to
- Life on Earth is dependent in an intensify- Monsoon rainfall in the
atmospheric “greenhouse”- a layer of gases Philippines will reach new highs and lows.
primarily water vapor, in the lower Some parts of the country will make it more
atmosphere that trap heat from the sun as difficult for agriculture and aquaculture
it is reflected back from Earth.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS IMPACT OF OUR
COMPONENTS OF GREENHOUSE GASES COUNTRY’S ABILITY TO FEED PEOPLE

1. Water Vapor (H2O)- water vapor increases 1. Climate change is altering production
as the Earth’s atmosphere warms, but so ecosystems and compromising food
does the possibility of clouds and security and nutrition for millions of people
precipitation in the Philippines
2. Climate change also affects farmers
 3. Food security declines aesthetic and biological importance of
preserving resources and reducing the
4. Malnutrition increases
harmful impacts of alternations caused by
5. man.

WHAT IS ENERGY CRISIS? PROMOTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL

EDUCATION
Energy Crisis- refers to one of the energy
sources used at a certain time and place, - Environmentalism is an ideology that
particularly those that supply national evokes the necessity and responsibility of
electricity grids or serve as fuel for vehicles. humans to respect, protect and preserve
the natural world from abusive or wrong
CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISIS
use of humans.
1. Overconsumption - The school is the major venue for
developing environmental awareness in
2. Overpopulation
students. Environmental issues often arise
3. Poor Infrastructure with a lack of understanding of nature and
the ecological environment and the
4. Unexplored Renewable Energy Options
inappropriate use of natural resources.
5. Delay in Commissioning of Power Plants
TOP 10 BENEFITS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
6. Wastage of Energy EDUCATION

7. Poor Distribution System 1. Imagination and enthusiasm are heightened

8. Major Accidents and Natural Calamities 2. Learning transcends the classroom

9. Wars and Attacks 3. Critical and creative thinking are enhanced

10. Miscellaneous Factors 4. Develop tolerance and understanding

WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO ENERGY 5. State and national learning standards are
CRISIS? met for multiple subjects

1. Move towards Renewable Resources 6. Biophobia and nature deficit disorder

decline
2. Buy Energy Efficient Products
7. Healthy lifestyle are encouraged
3. Lighting Controls
8. Communities are strengthened
4. Easier Grid Access
9. Responsible action is taken to better the
5. Energy Simulation
environment
6. Perform Energy Audit
10. Students and teachers are empowered
7. Common Stand on Climate Change
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES
ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
WHAT IS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY?
IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS
- Alternative Energy is any energy that is
1. It fosters a sense of connection to the alternative to fossil fuel (coal, gasoline, and
natural world natural gas). These alternatives are
intended to address concerns about fossil
2. It promotes sustainable development
fuels, such as high carbon dioxide
3. It encourages conservation of irreplaceable emissions, an important factor in global
natural resources and vulnerable plant and warming.
animal species
- Renewable Energy comes from a source
4. In addition, environmental awareness that is naturally occurring and replenishes
essentially serve as an educational tool naturally without the interference of
making people understand the economic, human intervention.
 - Alternative Energy does not include solar ALTERNATIVE AND RENEWABLE ENERGY
power but includes resources like natural RESOURCES IN THE PHILIPPINES
gas (often obtained from fracking or the
With an abundance of alternative, renewable
injection of pressure in subterranean
energy sources such as wind and the sun, there
crevices), natural gas cogeneration, fuel
really is no reason that the Philippines cannot
cells or any waste energy that does not
be at the forefront of a renewable energy
naturally replenish but emits lower cast
movement. We have sufficient resources that
emissions
can be harnessed to produce stable power
SOURCES OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY needed to electrify homes and fuel businesses.

1. Nuclear Power • The Burgos Wind Farm (Ilocos) - a 150-

megawatt new power plant that
2. Hydroelectric Energy- it is also a renewable
commenced operation in November 2014
source of energy
• San Carlos Energy Inc. (SaCaSol)- connected
3. Wave Energy- wave energy converters
the first 22 MW of solar plant in Negros in
4. Biofuels- makes use of animal and plant life the southern Philippines
to create energy. In essence, they are fuels
-SaCaSol plant is expected to provide
that can be obtained from some form of
approximately 31, 610, 473 kWh of
organic matter.
electricity annually to the Visayas Grid, which
5. Natural Gas is currently suffering from brownouts
and low voltage problems
6. Geothermal Power- extracting energy from
the ground up • Then there are the solar panels being
installed on the roof of the country’s
7. Wind Energy
biggest mall
8. Biomass Energy
• The Philippines may have been slow in
9. Tidal Energy- turbines adopting renewable energy, but it has been
catching up. In fact, there is a goal to make
10. Hydrogen Gas
renewable energy account for 50% of the
RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY total energy mix by the year 2030, when
demand for energy is forecast to exceed
1. Biomass
30,000 MW
2. Hydro Energy
--------------------------------------------------------------------
3. Geothermal Energy
End.
4. Solar Energy
5. Tidal Energy- can be used to create
electricity from large energy force behind
the tides. The main disadvantage of tidal
energy is the effect on the surrounding
“Commit to the Lord
environment, affecting sea life and shore whatever you do, and he will
access.
establish your plans.”
6. Wave Energy- is similar to tidal energy but
instead uses the force behind the waves --Proverbs 16:3--
(not the tide) to generate electricity NON DESISTAS, NON EXIERES
7. Wind Energy
8. Wood Energy