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Modern physics 2 (SHORT NOTES)

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1. NUCLEAR DIMENSIONS :
R = Ro A1/3 Where Ro = is an empirical constant = 1.1 × 10–15 m ;
A = Mass number of the atom
2. ATOMIC MASS UNIT ( a.m.u. OR U) :
1
1 amu = × (mass of carbon – 12 atom) = 1.6603 × 10–27 kg
12

3. MASS AND ENERGY :

The mass m of a particle is equivalent to an energy given by E = mc2 ;
c = speed of light . 1 amu = 931 Mev

4. MASS DEFECT AND BINDING ENERGY OF A NUCLEUS :

The nucleus is less massive than its constituents. The difference of masses is called mass defect
M = mass defect = [ Zmp + (A – Z) mn] – MzA.
Total energy required to be given to the nucleus to tear apart the individual nucleons
composing the nucleus , away from each other and beyond the range of interaction forces is
called the Binding Energy of a nucleus.
B.E. = (M)C2.
( M) C2
B.E. per nucleon =
A
Greater the B.E per nucleon, greater is the stability of the nucleus

5. NUCLEAR FISSION :
(i) Heavy nuclei of A , above 200 , break up into two or more fragments of comparable
masses.
(ii) The total B.E. increases and excess energy is released.
(iii) The man point of the fission energy is liberated in the form of the K.E. of the fission
fragments. eg. 235
92 U  o n1 92
236
U 141
56 Ba  36 Kr  3o n  energy
92 1

6. NUCLEAR FUSION (Thermo nuclear reaction) :

(i) Light nuclei of A below 20, fuse together , the B.E. per nucleon increases and hence the
excess energy is released .
(ii) These reactions take place at ultra high temperature (  107K to 109K)
(iii) Energy released exceeds the energy liberated in the fission of heavy nuclei.
eg. 411 P 42 He  201 e. (Position)
(iv) The energy released in fusion is specified by specifying Q value .
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i.e. Q value of reaction = energy released in a reaction .

Note : (i) In emission of – , Atomic number (Z) increases by 1.
(ii) In emission of + , Atomic number (Z) decreases by 1.
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eg. In a radioactive decay chain, the initial nucleus is 90 Th . At the end there are
6 -particles and 4 -particles which are emitted. If the end nucleus, is AZ X , A and Z are given
by:
(1) A = 202; Z = 80 (2) A = 200; Z = 81 (3) A = 208; Z = 80 (4) A = 208; Z = 82
[JEE Main 2019]

Ans. (4)
Sol. A = 232 – 6 × 4 = 208
z = 90 – (6 × 2) + 4 = 82

eg. You are given that Mass of 37 Li = 7.0160 u, Mass of 42 He = 4.0026 u and Mass of 11 H = 1.0079
u.
When 20 g of 37 Li is converted into 42 He by proton capture, the energy liberated, (in kWh), is:
[Mass of nudeon = 1 GeV/c2] [jee main 2020]
6 6
(1) 8 × 10 (2) 1.33 × 10 (3) 6.82 × 105 (4) 4.5 × l05

Ans. (2)
3 Li + 1 H  2( 2 He )
7 1 4
Sol.
 m [mLi + mH] – 2[MHe]
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Energy released in 1 reaction  mc2.

In use of 7.016 u Li energy is mc2
mc 2
In use of 1gm Li energy is
m Li
mc 2
In use of 20 gm energy is  × 20gm
m Li
(7.016  1.0079)  2  4.0026 u  c 2
  × 20gm
7.016  1.6  1024 gm
 0.0187  1.6  1019 
   24
 20gm  Joule
 7.016  1.6  10 gm 
  +14
0.05 × 10 J  1.4 × 10+6 kwh

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eg. Find the Binding energy per neucleon for 50 Sn . Mass of proton mp = 1.00783 U, mass of
neutron mn = 1.00867 U and mass of tin nucleus mSn = 119.902199 U. (take 1U = 931 MeV)
[JEE Main 2020]
(1) 9.0 MeV (2) 7.5 MeV (3) 8.5 MeV (4) 8.0 MeV

Ans. (3)
Sol. B.E. = [m].c2
Mexpected = ZMp + (A – Z)Mn
= 50 [1.00783] + 70 [1.00867]
Mactual = 119.902199
B.E. = 50[1.00783] + 70[1.00867] – 119.902199] × 931
= 1020.56
BE 1020.56
 = 8.5 MeV
nucleon 120

eg. The decay of a proton to neutron is: [JEE MAIN 2021]

(1) not possible as proton mass is less than the neutron mass
(2) possible only inside the nucleus
(3) not possible but neutron to proton conversion is possible

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(4) always possible as it is associated only with + decay.

Sol. It is possible only inside the nucleus and not otherwise

eg. How many alpha and beta particles are emitted when Uranium 92U238 decays to lead 82Pb206?
[JEE Main 2022]
(1) 3 alpha particles and 5 beta particles (2) 6 alpha particles and 4 beta particles
(3) 4 alpha particles and 5 beta particles (4) 8 alpha particles and 6 beta particles

Ans. (4)
4 0
Sol. 238
92 U  8 2 He  6 1e 82
206
Pb
eg. Hydrogen ion and singly ionized helium atom are accelerated, from rest, through the same
potential difference. The ratio of final speeds of hydrogen and helium ions is close to:
[JEE MAIN 2020]
(1) 2 : 1 (2) 5 : 7 (3) 1 : 2 (4) 10 : 7

Ans. (1)
1 2qV
Sol. qV = mV2  v =
2 m
V1 e 4m
  =2
V2 m e

7. RADIOACTIVITY :
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The phenomenon of self emission of radiation is called radioactivity and the substances which
emit these radiations are called radioactive substances. It can be natural or artificial (induced).

8. , ,  RADIATION :
(i)  - particle :
(a) Helium nucleus (2He4) (b) energy varies from 4 Mev to 9 Mev ;
(c) Velocity 10 – 10 m/s
6 7
(d) low penetration
(ii)  - particle :
(a) electron or positron (b) Have much less energy ;
(c) more penetration ; (d) higher velocities than a particles
(iii) γ- radiation : Electromagnetic waves of very high energy and maximum pentration.

9. LAWS OF RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION :

(A) DISPLACEMENT LAW : In all radioactive transformation either an a or b particle (never
both or more than one of each simultaneously) is emitted by the nucleus of the atom.
(i)  - emission : zXA  z–2YA–4 + 24 + Energy
(ii)  - emission : zXA  b + z+1YA+n (antinuetrino)
(iii)  - emission : emission does not affect either the charge number or the mass number .

(B) STATISTICAL LAW : The disintegration is a random phenomenon. Which atom disintegrates
first is purely a matter of chance. Number of nuclei disintegrating per second is given ;
(disintegrations /gm is called specific activity) .
dN dN
(i) N   N = activity.
dt dt
Where N = Number of nuclei present at time t ;  = decay constant
(ii) N = N0e–t ; N0 = number of nuclei present in the beginning.
0.693
(iii) Half life of the population T1/2 =

N
at the end of n half-life periods the number of nuclei left N = no .
2
Σlife time of all atoms 1
(iv) Mean life of an Atom = ; Tav =
total number of atmos 
(v) CURIE : The unit of activity of any radioactive substance in which the number of
disintegration per second is 3.7 ×1010 .

eg. At a given instant, say t = 0, two radioactive substances A and B have equal activities. The ratio
RB
of their activities after time t itself decays with time t as e–3t. If the half-life of A is ln2, the
RA
half-life of B is : [JEE Main 2019]

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n2 ln2
(1) (2) (3) 2l n 2 (4) 4l n 2
2 4

Ans. (2)
Sol. R = R 0 e t
R B R 0 e B t
So,   A t
 e –3t
R A R 0e
 (   ) t 3t
 e B A e
B – A = 3
n2 n2
  =3
tB tA
n2 n2 n2
  3  tB =
tB n2 4

eg. Two radioactive substances A and B have decay constants 5 and  respectively. At t= 0, a
sample has the same number of the two nuclei. The taken for the ratio of the number of nuclei
2
1
to become   will be : [JEE Main 2019]
e
(1) 1/4 (2) 1/ (3) 1/2 (4) 1/

Ans. (3)
Sol. NA = N0e–5t
NB = N0e–t

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N A e 5t 1
 
N B e 4 t e 2
 e–4t = e–2
 4t = 2
1
 t=
2

eg. The activity of a radioactive sample falls from 700 s–1 to 500 s–1 in 30 minutes. Its half life is
close to :
(1) 52 min (2) 66 min (3) 72 min (4) 62 min
[JEE Main 2020]

Ans. (4)
1 t
Sol. A = A0  
 2  T1/2
1 t
500 = 700  
 2  T1/2
1 t
0.7   
 2  T1/2
1/2
1 1
  
2 T1/2
30 1
  T1/2  60
T1/2 2
eg. In a radioactive material, fraction of active material remaining after time is 9/16. The fraction
that was remaining after t/2 is : [JEE Main 2020]
4 3 7 3
(1) (2) (3) (4)
5 5 8 4
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Ans. (4)
Sol. First order decay
N(t) = N0e– t
Given N(t) / N0 = 9/16 = e– t
Now, N(t/2) = N0 e– t/2
N  t / 2
 et  9 /16
N0
N(t/2) = 3/4 N0

eg. The half-life of Au198 is 2.7 days. The activity of 1.50 mg of Au198 if its atomic weight is 198g
mol–1 is, (NA = 6 × 1023/mol) [JEE MAIN 2021]
(1) 240 Ci (2) 357Ci (3) 535 Ci (4) 252Ci

 ln 2 
Sol. A  λN  t1/2  
  
N  nN A
 1.5 103 
N   NA
 198 
1 Curie = 3.7 × 1010 Bq
A = 365 Bq
eg. The half-life of Au198 is 2.7 days. The activity of 1.50 mg of Au198 if its atomic weight is 198g
mol–1 is, (NA = 6 × 1023/mol) [JEE MAIN 2021]
(1) 240 Ci (2) 357Ci (3) 535 Ci (4) 252Ci

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 ln 2 
Sol. A  λN  t1/2  
  
N  nN A
 1.5 103 
N   NA
 198 
1 Curie = 3.7 × 1010 Bq
A = 365 Bq

eg. The activity of a radioactive material is 2.56 × 10-3 Ci. If the half life of the material is 5 days,
after how many days the activity will become 2 × 10-5 Ci? [JEE MAIN 2022]
(1) 30 days (2) 35 days (3) 40 days (4) 25 days

Ans. (2)
A N
Sol. 
A0 N0
2 105 N
3

2.56 10 N0
N 1 N
 N 0
N 0 128 128
After 7 half life activity comes down to given value T = 7 × 5
= 35 days
eg. The disintegration rate of a certain radioactive sample at any instant is 4250 disintegrations per
minute. 10 minutes later, the rate becomes 2250 disintegrations per minute. The approximate
decay constant is : (Take log101.88 = 0.274) [JEE MAIN 2022]
(1) 0.02 min–1 (2) 2.7 min–1 (3) 0.063 min–1 (4) 6.3 min–1

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Ans. (3)
Sol. At t = 0 disintegration rate = 4250 dpm
At t = 10 disintegration rate = 2250 dpm
A = A0e–t
2250 = 4250 e–
 (10) = ln 
4250 

 2250 
  = 0.063 min–

Parallel radioactive disintegration

Let initial number of nuclei of A is N0 then at any time number of nuclei of B
dN d 
A, B & C are given by N0 = NA + NB + NC A   N B  NC  
dt dt
A
A disintegrates into B and C by emitting  particle.

dN B dN d 
Now,  1 N A and C   2 N A   N B  N C     1   2  N A C
dt dt dt
dN
 A    1   2  N A   eff  1   2  teff  1 2
tt
dt t1  t2

eg. A radioactivity nucleus can decay by two different processes. half-life for the first process is
3.0 hours while it is 4.5 hours foe the second process. The effective half-life of the nucleus will
be [JEE MAIN 2022]
(1) 3.75 hours (2) 0.56 hours (3) 0.26 hours (4) 1.80 hours

Ans. (4)
Sol.  eq  1   2

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1n2 1n2 1n2

 
 t1/2 eq  t1/2 1  t1/2 2
 t1/2 1   t1/2 2 3  4.5 3  4.5 3  3
 t1/2 eq      1.8
 t1/2 1   t1/2 2 3  4.5 7.5 5

eg. A radioactive nucleus decays by two different processes. Tine half life for the first process is 10
s and that for the second is 100 s. The effective half life of the nucleus is close to:
[JEE MAIN 2022]
(1) 6 sec. (2) 55 sec. (3) 12 sec. (4) 9 sec.

Ans. (4)

Sol.
1 1 1
 
Teff T1 T2
T1T2 1000 100
Teff =   = 9.09
T1  T2 110 11
Teff  9

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