Representing

Data

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Discuss this …

Steve and Anna have both done a survey on people’s favourite sandwiches. Here are the
results:

In which survey did more people say their favourite sandwich is egg?

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Pie Charts
LO: To interpret pie charts and represent
information in pie charts

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Example Exercise A: Worksheet: Pie Charts

Linda planted 400 flower bulbs.

She planted daffodil bulbs, tulip bulbs and hyacinth bulbs.
The incomplete table and pie chart show some information about the bulbs.

Complete the table and the pie chart.

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 Time Series
LO: To plot data on a time series graph and comment
on any patterns.

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Which quarter has peak sales?
Which quarter is the trough?

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Exercise B

1. The table shows the quarterly sales (in thousands) of umbrellas during three years.

2012 2013 2014

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
89 75 24 85 80 66 19 76 75 62 17 73

(a) What are the sales in the third quarter (Q3) of 2013?
(b) In which quarter are sales the lowest?
(c) Draw a time-series graph of the data.
(d) Comment on the overall trend in sales.
2. The table shows the profit (in millions of pounds) of an ICT company over its first 10 years. The profit for
2010 is not known.
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Profit 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.4 ? 2.4 3.1 4.1 5.3

(a) Draw a time-series graph for this data. Hint: Your vertical axis will need to go up to 7.
(b) Describe the overall trend.
(c) Estimate what the profit might have been in 2010.
(d) Predict what the profit might be in 2015.
(e) Which of your answers for (c) or (d) is likely to be more reliable? Explain your answer.

3. Pink book: page 343

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Exercise B

1. The table shows the quarterly sales (in thousands) of umbrellas during three years.

2012 2013 2014

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
89 75 24 85 80 66 19 76 75 62 17 73

(a) What are the sales in the third quarter (Q3) of 2013? £19000
(b) In which quarter are sales the lowest? Q3
(c) Draw a time-series graph of the data.
(d) Comment on the overall trend in sales. Decreasing sales
2. The table shows the profit (in millions of pounds) of an ICT company over its first 10 years. The profit for
2010 is not known.
Year 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Profit 0.5 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.4 ? 2.4 3.1 4.1 5.3

(a) Draw a time-series graph for this data. Hint: Your vertical axis will need to go up to 7.
(b) Describe the overall trend. Increasing
(c) Estimate what the profit might have been in 2010.
(d) Predict what the profit might be in 2015.
(e) Which of your answers for (c) or (d) is likely to be more reliable? Explain your answer.

3. Pink book: page 343

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Exam Style Question

Sean has drawn a time series graph to show the numbers, in thousands of visitors to a fun
park.

Write down two things that are wrong or could be misleading with his graph.

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Exam Style Question

Sean has drawn a time series graph to show the numbers, in thousands of visitors to a fun
park.

Write down two things that are wrong or could be misleading with his graph.

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Exam Style Question

The table shows the height of sea water in a harbour between midnight and noon.

Time Midnig
1am 2am 3am 4am 5am 6am 7am 8am 9am 10am 11am Noon
ht
Height
10 12.5 14.3 15 14.3 12.5 10 7.5 5.7 5 5.7 7.5 10
(m)

(a) At what time does high tide occur in the morning?

(b) Use the data to predict the height of the water at 3pm
(c) Use the data to predict at what time high tide would occur in the evening.
(d) It is only safe for a ship to enter the harbour when the water height exceeds 7.5 m.
During which times of the day is it not safe for ships to enter the harbour?

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A factory makes three sizes of bookcase. The sizes are small, medium and large.
Each bookcase can be made from pine or oak or yew.
The two-way table shows some information about the number of bookcases the factory
makes in one week. Complete the two-way table.
Small Medium Large Total
Pine 7 23
Oak 16 34
Yew 3 8 2 13
Total 20 14

The two-way table gives some information about how 100 children travelled to school one
day.
Walk Car Other Total
Boy 15 14 54
Girl 8 16
Total 37 100

(a) Complete the two-way table.

One of the children is picked at random.
(b) Write down the probability that this child walked to school that day.
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A factory makes three sizes of bookcase. The sizes are small, medium and large.
Each bookcase can be made from pine or oak or yew.
The two-way table shows some information about the number of bookcases the factory
makes in one week. Complete the two-way table.
Small Medium Large Total
Pine 7 12 4 23
Oak 10 16 8 34
Yew 3 8 2 13
Total 20 36 14 70

The two-way table gives some information about how 100 children travelled to school one
day.
Walk Car Other Total
Boy 15 25 14 54
Girl 22 8 16 46
Total 37 33 30 100

(a) Complete the two-way table.

One of the children is picked at random.
(b) Write down the probability that this child walked to school that day. 37/100
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 Moving Averages
LO: To be able to calculate moving averages from a set of
data.

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Can you work out the rest of the moving averages?

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Can you work out the rest of the moving averages?

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Can you work out the rest of the moving averages?

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Example
A shop sells mobile phones.
The table shows the number of phones sold each month from January to May.

Work out the 3-month moving average for the information in the table.

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Exercise C
1. Here are some readings taken at equal time intervals.
11, 28, 15, 14, 28, 18, 14
Calculate the 3-point moving averages.
2. These numbers are sales figures taken at equal time intervals.
18, 22, 31, 17, 25, 19, 18, 26
Calculate the 4-point moving averages.
3. Here are a family’s quarterly gas bills over a two-year period.
2016 2017
Jan–March April-June July-Sept Oct-Dec Jan-March April-June July-Sept Oct-Dec
£55 £24 £21 £46 £59 £28 £23 £50
(a) Calculate 3-point moving averages for the data.
(b) Describe the trend in the gas bills.
4. This is a record of the profit for a company over the last 11 years.
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Profit
50 36 43 44.5 39 37.5 33.5 38 42 41.5 32.5
(£ 000’s)
(a) Plot these figures as a time-series graph.
(b) Calculate a 5-point moving average for the data.
(c) Plot the moving averages on the time-series graph.
(d) Describe the trend in the graph.
(e) Use the graph to estimate the profits in the twelfth year.
5. Worksheet: Time Series & Moving Averages

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Exercise C
1. Here are some readings taken at equal time intervals.
11, 28, 15, 14, 28, 18, 14 18, 19, 19, 20, 20
Calculate the 3-point moving averages.
2. These numbers are sales figures taken at equal time intervals.
18, 22, 31, 17, 25, 19, 18, 26 22, 23.75, 23, 19.75, 22
Calculate the 4-point moving averages.
3. Here are a family’s quarterly gas bills over a two-year period.
2016 2017
Jan–March April-June July-Sept Oct-Dec Jan-March April-June July-Sept Oct-Dec
£55 £24 £21 £46 £59 £28 £23 £50
(a) Calculate 3-point moving averages for the data. 33.3, 30.3, 42, 44.3, 36.7, 33.7
(b) Describe the trend in the gas bills.
4. This is a record of the profit for a company over the last 11 years.
Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Profit
50 36 43 44.5 39 37.5 33.5 38 42 41.5 32.5
(£ 000’s)
(a) Plot these figures as a time-series graph.
(b) Calculate a 5-point moving average for the data.
(c) Plot the moving averages on the time-series graph.
(d) Describe the trend in the graph.
(e) Use the graph to estimate the profits in the twelfth year.
5. Worksheet: Time Series & Moving Averages

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Exam Style Questions
1. The table shows the number of computer games sold in a supermarket each month from
January to June.
Work out the three month moving averages for this information.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
147 161 238 135 167 250

2. The table shows the number of orders received each month by a small company.
Work out the first two 4-month moving averages for this data.
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug
Number of
23 31 15 11 19 16 20 13
orders received

3. A shop sells DVD players.

The table shows the number of DVD players sold in Number of DVD
Year Months
every three-month period from January 2003 to June players sold
2003 Jan – Mar 58
2004.
Apr – Jun 64
(a)Calculate the set of four-point moving averages for
Jul – Sep 86
this information. Oct – Dec 104
(b)What do your moving averages in part (a) tell you 2004 Jan – Mar 65
about the trend in the sale of DVD players? Apr – Jun 70

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Starter:

The diagram shows an incomplete pie chart for the number of goals a football team scored in
matches during a season.
In these matches, the team scored 1 goal 50% more often than it scored 0 goals.
The team scored 2 goals in the same number of matches as it scored 0 goals.
The team scored 3 goals in three fewer matches than it scored 0 goals.
The team never scored more than 3 goals.
(a) Work out the angles for all the sections of the pie chart.
(b) Work out the total numbers of matches the team played in the season.

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 Frequency
Polygons
LO: To represent data using a frequency polygon and
interpret them to make comparisons between data sets.

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Example 1

The table below shows the ages of people attending a gym.

Age, a, years Frequency
0≤a<10 32 60
10≤a<20 56 x

20≤a<30 23 50

30≤a<40 14 40
40≤a<50 5
x
Frequency
Draw a frequency polygon to 30
represent these data. x
20
x
10
x
0 10 20 30 40 50
Age (years)

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Example 2

Here are the ages of members of a bowls club.

Age, a, years Frequency
0≤a<10 6
60
10≤a<20 14 x
20≤a<30 34 50
30≤a<40 45 x
40
40≤a<50 24
x
x

Frequency
By representing these data in a 30
frequency polygon, compare the x x
ages of the people in the bowls 20
club with the gym. x x
The modal age is greater in the 10
bowls club. x
x
0 10 20 30 40 50
Age (years)

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Exercise D

1. The table shows some information about the weights (w grams) of 60 apples.
Weight (w 30
Frequency
grams)
100 ≤ w< 110 5
110 ≤ w< 120 9 20
120 ≤ w< 130 14
130 ≤ w< 140 24 Frequency
140 ≤ w< 150 8
10

Draw a frequency polygon to show this

information. 0
100 110 120 130 140 150

2. Worksheet: frequency polygons Weight (w grams)

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What do you think is the most common mistake people make when drawing frequency
polygons?
Exam Style Question

The grouped frequency table gives information about the heights of 30 students.

This incorrect frequency polygon has been drawn for the information in the table.

Write down two things

wrong with this incorrect
frequency polygon.

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 Exam Style Questions
60 students take a science test. The test is
30 students ran a cross-country race. Each marked out of 50.
student’s time was recorded.
This table shows information about the
The table shows information about these times.
students’ marks.
Time Frequency
(t minutes)
Science mark 0–10 11–20 21–30 31–40 41–50
10 ≤ t < 14 2 Frequency 4 13 17 19 7
14 ≤ t < 18 5
18 ≤ t < 22 12 Draw a frequency polygon to show this
22 ≤ t < 26 8
information.
26 ≤ t < 30 3
Draw a frequency polygon to show this 20

information.
15 15

Frequency
10 10
Number
of
students
5 5

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (t minutes) Science mark

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A discrete variable can only take specific values in a given range, e.g. the number of students
sitting a Maths exam.
A continuous variable can take any value in a given range, e.g. the length of time it takes a
student to complete a Maths exam.

Discrete data are usually the number of things and continuous data are usually
measurements.

Classify the following as either discrete or continuous data.

• Height of students in year 9
• Weight of students in year 9
• Number of students arriving late for class
• Maths test scores
• Time to complete a homework assignment
• The size of apples in a tree
• The number of apples in a tree
• The time it takes each member of a class to walk to school
• The length of leaves from an oak tree
• The temperature of a beaker of water in a science experiment

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 Frequency
Diagrams
LO: To understand the difference between bar charts
and histograms and use them to represent data.

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Example 1
A bar chart is used to display grouped discrete
data.

Display the data in a bar chart.

There are gaps between

7 the bars

Copy and complete the grouped 6

frequency table.
5

Frequency 4
3
2
1
0
1-4 5-8 9-12 13-16 17-20
Score

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Example 2
A histogram is used to display grouped continuous
data.

Display the data in a histogram.

There are no gaps

7 between the bars
6

Copy and complete the grouped

5

Frequency 4
frequency table.

3
2
1
0
30 40 50 60 70 80
height

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Exercise E
3. Here are the ages of 16 men.
1. The frequency table shows the test
marks of a maths class.

Test mark Frequency (a) Copy and complete the table to show this
information.
1-5 4

6-10 9

11-15 16

16-20 11

21-25 10
Represent the data in bar chart.
2. The depth, in cm, of a reservoir is measured (b) Draw a suitable graph to show the
daily throughout April. Draw a histogram to information.
show the depths.
4. Pink book: pg 325 Q6 & 5
Depth (cm) Frequency

0<𝑑≤5 1

5 < 𝑑 ≤ 10 5

10 < 𝑑 ≤ 15 14

15 < 𝑑 ≤ 20 8

20 < 𝑑 ≤ 25 2
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Exam Style Question 1 Exam Style Question 2

The dual bar chart shows information about the Sam and Max work in a shop from Monday to
numbers of hours Viv and Alfie worked on each Friday.
day from Monday to Friday last week. Sam draws a graph to show the number of TVs
they each sell.
Write down three things that are wrong with this
graph.

Viv worked more hours than Alfie on two of these

days.

(a) Write down these two days.

Alfie worked more hours, in total, than Viv from

Monday to Friday last week.
(b) Work out how many more hours.

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Exam Style Question 1 Exam Style Question 2

The dual bar chart shows information about the Sam and Max work in a shop from Monday to
numbers of hours Viv and Alfie worked on each Friday.
day from Monday to Friday last week. Sam draws a graph to show the number of TVs
they each sell.
Write down three things that are wrong with this
graph.

Viv worked more hours than Alfie on two of these

days.
Monday & Friday
(a) Write down these two days.

Alfie worked more hours, in total, than Viv from

Monday to Friday last week.
(b) Work out how many more hours.

2 hours (Alfie 31.5, Viv 29.5)

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Exam Style Question 3

A shop sells desktop computers, laptops and tablets.

The composite bar chart shows information about sales over the last three years.

(a) Write down the number of desktop computers sold in 2015

(b) Work out the total number of laptops sold in the 3 years.
(c) State the item that had the greatest increase in sales over the 3 years.
Give a reason for your answer.
Alex says,
“In 2017, more tablets were sold than desktop computers. This means the shop makes more profit
from the sale of tablets than from the sale of desktop computers.”
(d) Is Alex correct? You must justify your answer.

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Exam Style Question 3

A shop sells desktop computers, laptops and tablets.

The composite bar chart shows information about sales over the last three years.

100
(a) Write down the number of desktop computers sold in 2015
(b) Work out the total number of laptops sold in the 3 years. 660
(c) State the item that had the greatest increase in sales over the 3 years.
Give a reason for your answer. Tablets and statement, e.g. bars get proportionally longer over time.
Alex says,
“In 2017, more tablets were sold than desktop computers. This means the shop makes more profit
from the sale of tablets than from the sale of desktop computers.”
(d) Is Alex correct? You must justify your answer.
Correct statement, e.g. no, we do not know costs or profits

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