Exercise 1

0 1
5 3 0
1 1 3
A= and B = @ 2 1 1 A
2 0 1
1 0 4
0 1
5 3 0
1 1 3 @ 10 2 11
AB = 2 1 1 A=
2 0 1 11 6 4
0 1 100 4 1 0 1
5 3 0 5 3 0 19 18 3
B 2 = B:B = @ 2 1 1 A@ 2 1 1 A = @ 13 5 3 A
1 0 4 1 0 4 1 3 16
BA not de…ne
A2 not de…ne 0 1
1 2
A, transpose: @ 1 0 A
0 3 1
1 0 1
1 2 5 1 5
@ A 1 1 3 @
T
A A= 1 0 = 1 1 3 A
2 0 1
0 3 1 10 1 05 3 10 1
5 3 0 1 2 2 10
BAT = @ 2 1 1 A@ 1 0 A = @ 6 5 A
1 0 40 3 11 11 2
1 2
1 1 3 @ 11 5
AAT = 1 0 A=
2 0 1 5 5
3 1

Exercise 2 0 1
1 1 1
A=@ 0 1 1 A
0 0 1

B = A I3
0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 0 0
= @ 0 1 1 A @ 0 1 0 A
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1
0 1 1
B = @ 0 0 1 A
0 0 0

1
 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
B2 = @ 0 0 1 A : @ 0 0 1 A = @ 0 0 0 A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 1
B3 = @ 0 0 0 A:@ 0 0 1 A
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1
0 0 0
= @ 0 0 0 A
0 0 0
then B n = 0 for n 3
A = B + I3 then

n
X
n
n
A = (B + I3 ) = Cnk I3n k B k
k=0
X
n
= Cnk B k
k=0

X
n
n
A = Cnk B k = Cn0 B 0 + Cn1 B 1 + Cn2 B 2
k=0
n (n 1) 2
= I3 + nB + B
0 1 2 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
n (n 1) @
= @ 0 1 0 A + n@ 0 0 1 A + 0 0 0 A
2
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1
1
1 n n + 2 n (n 1)
An = @ 0 1 n An 2 N
0 0 1

Exercise 3 A + AT = B
T
BT = A + AT
= AT + A
= A + AT
= B

2
 1
so B is symetric so 2
A + AT
A AT = C
T
CT = A AT
= AT A
= A + AT
= C
1
so C is antisymetric so 2
A AT

1 1
A = A + AT + A AT
2 2
1 1 1 1 T
= A + AT + A A
2 2 2 2
= A
A = B+C
Exercise 4 A = (aij ) and AT = (aji )

1. Suppose that AAT = 0 et A 6= 0 then AT 6= 0

AAT = C
X
n
cij = aik bkj
k=1
Xn
= aik ajk
k=1

A 6= 0 then 9 apq 6= 0
X
n
cpp = apk apk
k=1
Xn
= a2pk
k=1
= a2pq + nbr
|{z}
0
6= 0
contradiction

3
 2.

D = BA
DT = (BA)T = AT B T
BAAT = 0 ) BAAT B T = 0
) BA (BA)T = 0
) DDT = 0
) D=0
) BA = 0:

3 2
Exercise 5 A = .
1 1

1. Prove that A2 4A + I2 = 0.

11 8
A2 =
4 3

3 2 12 8
4 =
1 1 4 4
1 0 0 0
A2 4A + =
0 1 0 0

2. Deduce that A is invertible and determine A 1 .

A2
4A + I2 = 0
A2 4A = I2
A ( A + 4I2 ) = I2

then A is invertible and

1
A = A + 4I2
3 2 1 0
= +4
1 1 0 1
1 2
=
1 3

4
Exercise 6 0 1
0 1 1
A=@ 4 3 4 A
3 3 4

1. Prove that A2 = I3 .
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 1
A2 = @ 4 3 4 A @
: 4 3 4 A
3 3 4 3 3 4
0 1
1 0 0
= @ 0 1 0 A
0 0 1
= I3

2. Deduce that A is invertible and calculate A 1 .

A2 = I3
1
Then A is invertible and A = A.

3. Determine (AT ) 1 .

(AT ) 1
= (A 1 )T
T
= A
0 1
0 4 3
= @ 1 3 3 A
1 4 4

Exercise 7 Let A be a square matrix of order n that is nilpotent, i.e there

exists an integer p such that Ap = 0. Prove that the matrix In A is invertible
and give its inverse.
B = In A

5
 p 1
X
Bp 1
= (In A)p 1
= Cpk 1 Inp 1 k
Ak
k=0
p 1
X
= Cpk 1 Ak
k=0

= Cp0 1 In + Cp1 1 A + Cp2 1 A2 + ::: + Cpp 11 Ap 1

= In + Cp1 1 A + Cp2 1 A2 + ::: + Ap 1

Inp Ap = (In A) Inp 1 + Inp 2 A + A2 + A3 + ::: + Ap 1

In = (In A) In + A + A2 + A3 + ::: + Ap 1
In = (In A) (In A) 1
(In A) 1 = In + A + A2 + A3 + ::: + Ap 1

Exercise 8 0 1
1 2 3 1
A=@ 2 1 2 2 A
3 1 2 3

0 1
1 2 3 1 !
@ 2 1 2 2 A R2 ! R2 2R1
3 1 2 3 R3 ! R3 3R1
0 1
1 2 3 1 !
@ 0 3 4 4 A
0 7 7 6 R3 ! 3R3 7R2
0 1
1 2 3 1
@ 0 3 4 4 A r.e.f of A
0 0 7 10

rank(A) = 3

Exercise 9
0 1 0 1
1 2 3 1 1 1
B 2 1 0 CC B 1 x 1 x C
A=B
@ 2 ; B=B C
1 3 A @ 1 2x 1 x + 1 A
1 4 2 0 x x 1

6
 0 1
1 2 3 !
B 2 1 C
0 C R2 ! R2 2R1
B
@ 2 1 3 A R3 ! R3 + 2R1
1 4 2 R4 ! R4 + R1
0 1
1 2 3 !
B 0 3 6 CC
B
@ 0 3 3 A R3 ! R3 + R2
0 6 5 R4 ! R4 + 2R2
0 1
1 2 3 !
B 0 3 6 CC
B
@ 0 0 3 A
0 0 7 R4 ! 3R4 7R3
0 1
1 2 3
B 0 3 6 C
B C r.e.f of A
@ 0 0 3 A
0 0 0

rank(A) = 0
0 1
1 1 1
B 1 x 1 !
B x C C R2 ! R2 + R1
@ 1 2x 1 x + 1 A
R3 ! R3 + R1
0 x x 1
0 1
1 1 1 !
B 0 x x 1 C
B C
@ 0 2x x A R3 ! R3 2R2
0 x x 1 R4 ! R4 R2
0 1
1 1 1
B 0 x x 1 C
B C=T
@ 0 0 x+2 A
0 0 0

let =1 x ( x + 2)

F if 6= 0 then T is a r.e.f. of B and rank(B) = 3

7
F if x = 2 then 0 1
1 1 1
B 0 2 1 C
T =B
@ 0
C
0 0 A
0 0 0
its a r.e.f of B and rank(B) = 2

F f x = 0 then
0 1
1 1 1
B 0 0 1 C
T = B
@ 0
C
0 2 A
0 0 0
0 1
1 1 1
B 0 !
B 0 1 C
C
@ 0 0 2 A
R3 ! R3 + 2R2
0 0 0
0 1
1 1 1
B 0 0 1 C
B C
@ 0 0 0 A
0 0 0

its a r.e.f of B and rank(B) = 2