Received 18 December 2023, accepted 5 January 2024, date of publication 9 January 2024, date of current version 23 January 2024.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3351721

Optimal Power Flow Analysis With Renewable

Energy Resource Uncertainty Using Dwarf
Mongoose Optimizer: Case of ADRAR
Isolated Electrical Network
SOUHIL MOUASSA 1,4 , AYOOB ALATEEQ 2 , ABDULLAH ALASSAF 2,

RAMZAN BAYINDIR 3 , (Senior Member, IEEE), IBRAHIM ALSALEH 2, (Member, IEEE),

AND FRANCISCO JURADO 4 , (Senior Member, IEEE)
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Bouira, Bouira 10000, Algeria
2 Electrical
Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Hail 55211, Saudi Arabia
3 Electrical-Electronics
Engineering Department, Technology Faculty, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
4 Department of Electrical Engineering, EPS Linares, University of Jaén, 23700 Jaén, Spain

Corresponding author: Souhil Mouassa ([email protected])

This research has been funded by Scientific Research Deanship at University of Ha’il - Saudi Arabia through project
number RG-23 172.

ABSTRACT Over the last twin decades, significant advancements have occurred in global electricity
grids due to the widespread adoption of renewable energy resources (RES). While these sources play an
essential role in total generation cost reduction, transmission power loss minimization, and reduction of
environmental hazards related to traditional power plants. Still, however, the optimal planning and operation
of the power system in the presence RES is considered a primary challenge due to the their stochastic natural
and intermittency. One of the most complex and motivating issues in a power system is optimal power flow
(OPF), a constrained optimization problem characterized by non-linearity and non-convexity. From these
specifications, researchers competed in the past decades to find optimal solutions to stochastic OPF problems
while keeping system stability. To tackle this challenge, an effective optimization algorithm which mimics
on the foraging behavior of dwarf mongooses’ in the nature is introduced. The objective function considers
reserve cost for overestimation and penalty cost for underestimation of intermittent renewable sources.
To show the robustness and efficacy of the recommended optimizer, case studies on the customized IEEE
30-bus system and a realistic power system DZA 26-bus (isolated grid) are undertaken. Numerical findings
show that the proposed DMOA beats all previous published-results and performs better over a variety of
objective functions while finding high-quality optimally viable solutions. The obtained results demonstrate
that the DMOA realized exceptional performance for both the test networks, with total generation cost
minimized values of 780.982 $/h and 8283.942 US$/h, respectively. These results highlight the precision
and robustness of DMOA in effectively addressing various instances of the OPF problem Furthermore, the
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, a statistical approach, was employed to evaluate the superiority
of the proposed algorithm and to highlight a certain level of confidence to our study.

INDEX TERMS Optimal power flow, emission, realistic power system, dwarf mongoose optimizer, artificial
rabbits’ optimization algorithm, wind power, solar PV power, uncertainty, analysis of variance (one-way
ANOVA test).

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and Ploss Total Power Losses.
approving it for publication was Ahmed A. Zaki Diab . VD Voltage Deviation.
2024 The Authors. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
10202 For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ VOLUME 12, 2024
S. Mouassa et al.: Optimal Power Flow Analysis With Renewable Energy Resource Uncertainty

δij The change in voltage angle between i and essential tools of planning and management technologies for
bus j. electric power networks, which provides high-quality elec-
qji The phase angle of term Fji . trical power at reasonable prices. In short, is the foundation
VGi Amplitude of Voltage for Generator at bus of electric grids because preserving the efficiency and eco-
i. nomics of power systems. In other words, considered the
NPV The number of PV-bus. backbone of to design and analysis of an electric power
NPQ The number of PQ buses (Load buses). system. The OPF represents one of a notable and the most
gk Conductance of kth branch linked into i & j. complex issues in a power system, a constrained optimization
Vi , Vj Voltage amplitude in the specified bus i or problem characterized by non-linearity and non-convexity.
j. It’s mainly objective being the adjustment of control parame-
Yij Bus admittance elements matrix. ters to obtain optimal values for optimize a specific objective
Simax Maximum of MVA-power flow bound of function. The most frequent objective function is lowering the
branch j. total generation cost, alongside reduction of gas emissions,
QD,i /PD,i Reactive/Real power load consumption at active power loss minimization, voltage stability index (VSI)
each bus i. improvement, and ensure the bus voltage within the specific
QGi /PGi Reactive/Active power generation at bus i. range [1].
maximin In traditional power systems, OPF analysis primarily have
Vi The upper & lower voltage-amplitude in been focused on the power plant fuelled by fossil fuels.
busbar i. However, as electricity markets have been liberalized and
minmax
Gi
QGi The min & max value of power generation renewable energy sources (RES) have been integrated, the
at bus i. study of OPF has become more complex, leading to a sig-
NB/NTL The no. of busbar / no. of transmission lines. nificant increase in the complexity of the objective function.
NLB/NG No. of load buses/ no. of generators buses. This intricacy emerges due to the variety of functions that take
λV , λQ , λl Factors of Penalty. into account the inherent variability and uncertainty while
Gi , QGi
Qmin max Limits on the reactive power generators. framing the problem. The central aim of integrating RES
max min generators into networks is to minimize active power losses
Xi i Upper/lower limit of state variables.
PV Photovoltaic Generator. and enhance the reliability and quality of the electrical net-
WG Wind Generator. work. Moreover, they contribute to reducing environmental
AHA Artificial Hummingbird Algorithm. pollution [1] Additionally, it becomes essential to determine
SMA Slime Mold Algorithm. each generator’s ideal system contribution as the amount of
JS Jellyfish Search Algorithm. injected RES power rises. Consequently, efficient manage-
GTO Gorilla Troops Optimizer. ment of energy resources could facilitate various tasks for the
HGS Hunger Games Search. system’s operator (SO), ultimately lowering the cost of total
DMOA Dwarf Mongoose Optimization Algorithm. electricity generation.
ARO Artificial Rabbits Optimization. In multiple decades, a various array of classical optimiza-
HPS-GWO Hybrid Particle Swarm-Gray Wolf Opti- tion techniques [2], [3], [4], [5] has successfully addressed to
mizer. solve the OPF problem. These techniques exhibit excellent
TG Traditional Generator. convergence characteristics and generally based on deriva-
RES Renewable Energy Sources. tives and gradient approaches like non-linear and quadratic
SG Solar Generator. programming, but they fight to determine global solutions in
the presence of non-convexity and encounter challenges when
tackling problems involving non-differentiable and discontin-
I. INTRODUCTION uous objective functions. Moreover, regarding inflexibility,
The pressing demand to decrease fuel costs in conventional they also struggle significantly face substantial challenges
power generation plants and address the issue of greenhouse when dealing with uncertainties and stochastic problems, and
gas emissions stemming from thermal power generators has they not all of them are inherently suitable for industrial appli-
spurred many electric power companies around worldwide cations. Understanding the disadvantages of conventional
to adopting renewable energy sources as alternative solution. optimization approaches is considered a key role in develop-
Furthermore, advancements in renewable energy technolo- ing new efficient and powerful optimization techniques [6].
gies have played an essential in setting up them as the Lately, there has been an increasing interest concerning
cost effective and environmentally friendly. Integration of metaheuristic optimization algorithms thanks to compu-
renewable generators in the proper locations, along with tational intelligence approaches and the open availability
fine-tuning traditional power network parameters, can sub- of optimization-methodologies. All the while, academic
stantially impact the effectiveness of power system control researchers competed for developing advanced competitive
and operation. In the realm of contemporary electrical power optimization techniques drawing inspiration from physical
system design, optimal power flow (OPF) is one of the phenomena, animal actions, and evolutionary principles.

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 S. Mouassa et al.: Optimal Power Flow Analysis With Renewable Energy Resource Uncertainty

They offer prompt and efficient solutions to the afore- for OPF solutions incorporating stochastic RES. The Weibull
mentioned problems. An improved version of slime mould PDF is the foundation for the proposed stochastic wind
algorithm [7], A novel sine-cosine algorithm (SCA) [8], energy model. But once more, the simulation was only run
an ameliorate equilibrium optimization technique (EO) [9]. on IEEE 30-bus test system. Adaptive lightning attachment
The Harris Hawks’ optimization (HHO) algorithm [10], the procedure optimizer (ALAPO) algorithm has been applied
improved version of the Heap-based optimization algorithm for the stochastic OPF problem considering RES uncertain-
(IHOA) [11], the gorilla troops optimization technique ties [20]. OPF problems was solved using ameliorate version
(GTOT) [12], an adaptive Gaussian TLBO approach [13], of salp swarm algorithm SMA [21]. A modified version of
and many others are used to resolve the traditional OPF the runge-kutta optimizer (MRUN) was used to achieve best
problem. While the references above are only for those, who solution for the OPF considering uncertainty of RES along
generate thermal power. In recent years, a systems employing with FACTS devices [22].
a mix of resources to deliver high-quality electrical energy The published results are positive and promising to con-
at a cost-effective generation expense. This system uses sider the efforts mentioned above. Remember, however, that
thermal, wind, and solar generators. Integrating renewable despite all the efforts done in this field over the past 50 years,
energy sources into electricity grids offers several benefits. there is a pressing need more researches. At the while, it’s
Firstly, it helps mitigate environmental concerns by reducing have successfully produced good results, however, still have
greenhouse gas emissions and air-pollution associated with some restrictions and flaws in terms of their propensity to
fossil fuel-based power generation. Secondly, it relieves the enter local optima and the difficulty of adjusting the main
load on transmission lines by lowering real power losses intrinsic components. More precisely, no one can guarantee
and improve voltage profiles, ensuring stability and effi- that the best solution will be found for every optimization
cient operation. The literature in the field has published a problem. Moreover, applying such algorithms to real-world
minor number of articles. For instance, an efficient hybrid electric grids is also uncommon. Consequently, these point
optimizer HPS-GWO is employed in [14] to solve an OPF aforementioned present as a gaps in this research study which
that integrates RES while considering different objective open an opportunity to propose or develop efficient algo-
functions to ameliorate recorded findings compared against rithms capable of dealing with various OPF formulations.
methods. However, no forecasting method was applied to
forecast wind- and PV power output. The findings indicate A. CONTRIBUTION AND MOTIVATION OF DMOA
that MJAYA outperforms the core Jaya algorithm and sur- To the present authors’ knowledge, the application of DMOA
passes other popular algorithms. Khan et al. [15] proposed to OPF in the presence of uncertain power outputs from RES
a GWO algorithm to handle the OPF issue in a system con- has not yet been documented in the literature. In this article,
taining renewable energy producers. Weibull and lognormal we propose this method to handle the OPF problem, which
Probability-Distribution-Functions (PDF) are utilized to fore- is to be our main research contribution. The performance of
cast solar and wind energy production (PDF). It was also the proposed approach is evaluated and benchmarked against
verified that the results were acceptable and independent other well recognised optimization algorithms such as SMA,
variables fell within the allowable limits. Due to this, the find- ARO, GTO, AHA, HGS and new-established algorithm,
ings indisputably show that the suggested model is adequate. namely KOA, for the modified IEEE 30 and Practical Alge-
Unfortunately, it was only tested on the medium-sized IEEE rian isolated power systems. We investigate the potential for
30-bus test system. A developed version of the marine preda- DMOA to reduce both the total fuel cost and optimisation
tor algorithm was suggested by Farhat et al., [16] for OPF convergence rates. We evaluate multiple scenarios, for exam-
analysis considering the uncertainty of renewable energy ple involving carbon tax and for different types of renewables
sources. The model is presented clearly, and the results are as well as voltage stability index improvement. Hence, novel
discussed, but only for the IEEE 30-bus system. The sug- contributions are made in three main areas: the new objective
gested model was not either applied to the real power grid. functions for OPF; the use of the DMOA approach to opti-
Mohamed Hosny et al. [17] introduce an improved version of mise objective functions both in medium-scale and practical
wild horse optimizer to deal OPF problem considering RES systems; and a simulation based investigation for selected
uncertainty. The basis for the stochastic behaviour model case study examples to demonstrate the benefit of the pro-
is the PDF scheme. The results show how the hybrid tech- posed approach in terms of operation cost, voltage profile
nique EESWHO outperforms conventional WHO and other and scalability. The optimal generation of different energy
well-known optimizers such as, PSO, ICBO. Once more, the resources (MERs) and less fuel consumption also play a role
method wasn’t tested by being used as a simple or real power in environmental features and harmful emission reducing.
system. OPF problem study in a solar-thermal power system Due to its excellent randomization characteristics of
was solved in [18] using ameliorate version of salp swarm DMOA, it possesses the ability to explore the entire search
algorithm. The proposed model’s applicability to massive space effectively, ensuring to search for all optimal solutions
power systems was not studied, and the method was only without becoming stuck in a local optimum. Additionally,
tested on a modified IEEE 30-bus system. Authors in [19] it is simple to implement and has a straightforward principle.
suggested a Success-History based adaptive DE algorithm Furthermore, the points below provide a clear explanation
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of the primary advantages of the suggested DMOA, which A. OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS

served as a motivating element in the choice of this solver. Total generation cost, voltage stability index, and harmful
•The dwarf mongoose’s compensatory behavioural adap- pollution from traditional power units have been minimized
tation guarantees that a specific zone of the entire area is in this study.
explored because no previously visited sleeping mounds are • Traditional power plants:
brought back, preventing DMOA from extensively exploring Fuel cost formula of traditional power units can be written as
the search space. follows [16]:
•Different scout mongoose group movement patterns can
NTG
ensure a healthy balance between exploration and exploita- X
CT0 (PTG ) = ci P2TGi + bi PTGi + ai (5)
tion in this algorithm.
i=1
•Various statistical analysis tests show that DMOA is
ranked negatively, demonstrating that DMO is stable around The valve-point effect is modelled in adding a sine term to
the intended results and can quickly return to the best mean the quadratic function. This modification aims to capture the
values. non-smooth and non-convex characteristics of generator cost
The remain of the paper consists formulation of the prob- curves in order reflect the practical pattern. Mathematically
lem of stochastic OPF in second Section. Section III gives can be written as follows:
NTG
the proposed DMO algorithm and the settings parameter. X
Simulation results, optimizer analysis, and results details are CT (PTG ) = ai + bi PTGi + ci P2TGi
provided in fourth section. Section number 5 provides con- i=1
  
clusions and future work. + di × sin ei Pmin
TG − PTG (6)

II. PROBLEM FORMULATION & OBJECTIVE FUNCTIONS where ai , bi , ci , di , and ei are the cost coefficients of the i−th
Solving OPF problem permit to identify the optimal values thermal generators producing power output PTGi , NTG and
for decision variables, which involves minimizing a specific Pmin
TG are the total number and the minimal of power output
objective function while adhering to all physical and secu- of power plants, respectively. For the usual units used here,
rity constraints. Mathematically, the OPF problem can be the price and emission gas coefficients are given in [15].
expressed as follows: Since renewable generators don’t need fuel like traditional
thermal power units, their cost-function evaluation meets spe-
Minimize the objective function Fobj (x, u) (1) cific standards. Direct costs for renewable generators make up
the first standard. Mathematically expressed as follows:
g (x, u) = 0

Subject to g (x, u) (2)
h (x, u) ≤ 0


CostW , j PWS,j = gj PWS,j (7)


CostS, k PSS,k = hk PSS,k (8)
where g (x, u) is the function related to the equilibrium state
of the, h (x, u) are the operational constraints of the network. where gj and hk respectively, are the coefficient of direct-cost
x is the vector of values to be computed i.e. dependent vari- attached with jth wind generator (WG) and k th solar generator
ables and u is the vector of values to be assigned/modified by (SG). PWG,j and PSG,k are the scheduled power output from
a heuristic algorithm i.e. independent variables. Dependent the same renewable generators.
variables must remain within the permitted limits to achieve Given the uncertainty, there are two conceivable outcomes:
optimality and ensure the viability of solutions, which are If the power produced by the owner of wind and/or solar
crucial for the electric power system’s security. exceeds the expected values, the system operator must spin
x: is the vector of dependent variables, consisting of load a reserve to guarantee that consumers receive uninterrupted
bus voltages, reactive power of generators, and transmission power.
lines loading. Mathematically, it is written as follows: First scenario is named overestimation of generating elec-
tric power which explained in short as follows: It happened
x T = VL . . . VL,NPQ , Qg,1 . . . Qg,NPV , S1 . . . SNTL
 
(3) if actual power-delivered by the renewable generators is
less than the estimated-value. Herein, a spinning reserve is
u: is the vector of control variables, comprising the voltages urgently needed to cover the required power demand. The
of the PV-bus. Hence, u is written as follows: cost incurred while committing reserve production units to
meet the overestimated amount is known as reserve-cost [1].
uT = Pg,1 . . . .Pg,NG , Vg,1 . . . .Vg,NPV
 
(4) The following math formulas are used to represent the RC for
both renewable generators employed:
In the present work, two different objective functions are

considered: CostRW ,j PWG,j − PAv,j


• Minimization of total real power losses; = KRW ,j PWG,j − PWAv,j
Z PWG,j
• Minimization of total voltage deviation (TVD); and


= KRW ,j pWG,j − PW ,j fW PW ,j dpW ,j (9)
• Minimization of voltage stability index (VSI). 0

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 S. Mouassa et al.: Optimal Power Flow Analysis With Renewable Energy Resource Uncertainty

CostRS,k PSG,k − PSAv,k where NWG and NSG denote the number of wind generators
= KRS,k PSG,k − PSAv,k

and solar generator in the grid.
Objective 2: Pollution and tax of carbon
= KRS,k ∗ fS PSAv,k < PSG,k


A harmful gases such as SOX , NOX , and CO2 , emit during
∗ PSG,k − E PSAv,k < PSG,k


(10) the combustion process in thermal power plants. To mitigate
the environmental impact of thermal generators, an effi-
where KRW ,j denotes coefficient of reserve-cost pertaining to
cient strategy was adopted by including the carbon tax as
wind power plant, PWA,j is
the actual available-power from penalty to encourage greenhouse gas reduction responsi-
the same plant. fW PW ,j is the Wind power PDF for jth
ble for climate change. This goal can be accomplished by
power plant where and more detail is given in [1]. KRS,k is
minimising the cost of production and emissions, which is
the coefficient of RC for k th SG. PSAv,k is the actual available
represented as:
power from the same
power station.
Second objective function Minimize-
fS PSAv,k < PSG,k is the probability of solar power-
shortage occurrence
than the scheduled power (PSG,k ), 2 1
fs PSAv,k > PSG,k is the expectation of SG above PSG,k . FObj = FObj + Ctax × E (14)
XNTG h 
In contrast to overestimation, the second situation arises E= αi + βi PTGi + γi P2TGi × 0.01
when the generated power from RES is greater than the i=1
+ωi exp (µi PTGi )

estimated power. In this state, the surplus in power generated (15)
wasted. Hence, the penalty cost for each extra quantity of
power must be considered to address this problem, and the where αi , βi , γi , ωi, µi denote the emission-factors connect-
following equations state it. ing with i-th power plant & Ctax is the fixed tax of Carbon,

equal to 20 ($/ton).
CPW ,j PWAv,j − PWG,j Objective 3: Index of voltage stability improvement With
huge penetration of renewable energy sources to grid,


= KPW ,j PWAv,j − PWG,j
Z PWr,j


power network monitoring and management have become
= KPW ,j PW ,j − pWG,j fW PW ,j dpW ,j (11) extremely important in designing, planning, and operating
PWG,j modern electric power systems. To this end, index of voltage


CPS,k PSA,k − PSG,k stability is minimized to achieve advance information’s on the
voltage drops in the network. Index L’s operating range was


= KPS,k PSAv,k − PSG,k
set to [0, 1]. The voltage stability index is also minimized; its
= KPS,k ∗ fS PSAv,k > PSG,k


function might be written as follows:
∗ E PSAv,k > PSG,k − PSG,k


(12)
3
where KPW ,j is the penalty cost coefficient for the j−th FObj = min(VSI ) = min(max(Lj )) (16)
WG, PWr,j is the rated output-power from the same wind-
farm. KPS,k is the coefficient
of penalty-cost for k th solar where Lj of the jth bus is written as follows:
PV plant. fS PSAv,k > PSG,k is the probability of solar
power surplus i.e, actual power above the scheduled power XNPV Vi ̸ 
θji + δi − δj


Lj = 1 − Fji ×
(PSG,k ), fS PSAv,k > PSG,k


is the expectation of SG above i=1 Vj
Pss,k .E PSAv,k > PSG,k .


j = 1, 2, .., NPQ (17)
It is crucial to note that the cost assessment of wind turbines
and solar photovoltaic units relies on the wind’s Weibull prob-
with Fji = Fji ̸ θji , Vi = |Vi | ̸ δi , Vj = Vj ̸ δj
ability distribution functions (PDF) and the sun’s lognormal
PDF, respectively [20].
Objective 1: All the aforementioned cost-functions are Fji = − [Y1 ]−1 × [Y2 ] (18)
included in the 1st objective function, which is created with
the existence of RES. This goal reduces the cost of generation Y1 , Y2 , Y3 , and Y4 : denote the sub-matrices of the global
while excluding the cost of emissions. Mathematical expres- matrix Ybus achieved when rearranging both of load and
sions include: generator buses parameters, as indicate in Eq. (17).
NWG      
X IPQ Y1 Y2 VPQ
1
= CT (PTG ) +


FObj CW ,j PWGs,j = × (19)
IPV Y3 Y4 VPV
j=1



+CRW ,j PWG,j − PWAv,j + CPW ,j PWAv,j − PWG,j where Vi , Vj are the voltage amplitude at different bus-bar
XNSG 
i & j, respectively. Gk is the conductance of k th branch



+ CS,k PSG,k + CRS,k PSG,k − PSAv,k
k=1
 linked into two buses; δij the difference of voltage angle into
+CPS,k PSAv,k − PSG,k (13) two buses.

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B. SYSTEM CONSTRAINTS avoiding the danger and hiding. In between avoiding preda-
The power flow equations related to the equilibrium state of tors, they diet of insects, larvae, beetles, scorpions, small
the grid are reptiles, eggs, lizards, and rodents. One of the most inter-
 XNB esting characteristics of dwarf mongoose is that they have

 P Gi − P di − |Vi | × Vj × Yij × cos a unique compensatory behavioural adaptation, which are
 j=1
prey size, space utilization, group size, and food provisioning.

 × θ −δ +δ
=0

ij i j
XNB (20) [22] These social characteristics are employed to mimics the

 QGi − Qdi − |Vi | × Vj × Yij × sin foraging behaviour of the dwarf mongoose.

 j=1
The DMOA algorithm’s optimization structural model

× θij − δi + δj = 0


depends on three main processes: the alpha-group setting,
Each constraint of operational constraints is treated as babysitters, and the scout-group. Each group has a specific
follows: task to accomplish by contributing into the compensatory
behavioural adaptation. The optimization process starts with
TGi ≤ PTGi ≤ PTGi ,
Pmin i = 1, 2 . . . ..NTG
max
(21)
exploring the search space from an alpha group, looking
wsj ≤ Pwsj ≤ Pwsj ,
Pmin j = 1, 2 . . . ..NWG
max
(22) food by determines the right path-food, the distance covered,
Pmin max
k = 1, 2 . . . ..NSG (23) and the sleeping mounds. Certain individuals into population
ss,k ≤ Pss,k ≤ Pss,k
leave as the babysitters and the young at the nest until the
TGi ≤ QTGi ≤ QTGi ,
Qmin max
(24) group returns back at midday or evening. Then, the babysit-
wsj ≤ Qwsj ≤ Qwsj ,
Qmin i = 1, 2 . . . ..N
max
(25) ters are exchanged for the first to forage with the group this
Qmin max
(26) phase termed as exploitation phase. In the exploration phase,
ss,k ≤ Qss,k ≤ Qss,k k ∈ NSG
the dwarf mongooses don’t neither keep the oldest nest nor
Qmin
Ci ≤ QCi ≤ QCi
max
i ∈ NC (27) build a novel nest for their young, but they move them from
min
VGi ≤ VGi ≤ VGi max
, (28) sleeping mound to another and do not return to the previously
VLimin ≤ VLi ≤ VLimax i ∈ NL (29) explored site. Such behavior helps to explore the whole of
search space effectively while avoiding to falling into local
Eqs, (21) − (23) reflect the real power limits applied on optima.
thermal generators and renewable ones, respectively. Eqs, In the DMOA, each individual represents a possible solu-
(24) − (27) are the reactive power capabilities of traditional tion or candidate solution for the problem at hand, and the
generators, solar/-wind generators and compensators, respec- best-solution in each iteration is the best-obtained solution.
tively. Whereas Eq. (28) presents the constraints applied at For better understanding the optimization process of DMOA,
the generating voltage, Eq. (29) reflects the operating range specific stages and behaviors have been expressed by mathe-
of load buses voltage. No. of PV buses is abbreviated with matical model below:
NL. The number of lines in the electrical grid is named NTL.
The static-penalty function method was one of the earliest A. INITIALIZATION OF THE MONGOOSES PHASE
commonly used approaches to handle limitations. The practi- The phase of initialization starts with generate randomly the
cality of solutions is ensured by adding a significant penalty initial positions (solutions) of the mongooses (X) between the
term to the objective function to punish any violations of the defined problem’s upper limit (ub) and lower limit (lb) for
constraints. first population as shown in Eq. (31)
Due to the avoiding repetition, the mathematical model  
x1,1 x1,2 · · · x1,d−1 x1,d → sol1 

of the uncertainty for renewable energy generators applied 
 → sol2 
  
herein is the same of that adopted in our paper [20]. 
 x21 x22 · · · x2d−1 x2,d 

X =  → ··· (30)
 .. .. .. ..  → sol
 . . xi,j . .

III. DMO-BASED PROPOSED ALGORITHM n×d
 


xn,1 xn,2 . . . xn,d−1 xn,d

In February 2022 a recent developed approach called
dwarf mongoose optimization algorithm (DMOA) has been xi,j = unifrnd (lower, upper, d) (31)
proposed by Agushaka et al. [22], which simulates the
behavioural and social organization of mongooses in nature. where matrix X is the set of first candidate populations,
The adult dwarf mongoose measures about 47 centimetres which are generated randomly using Eq. (32), xi,j defines the
tip to tip in average and has a mean weight of 400 grams. location of the jth dimension of the ith population, n presents
They living collectively in groups of up to 30 individuals in the Pop- size, and d is the Dimension of the problem. unifrnd
zones with abundant termite mounds, rocks, and hollow trees defines a uniformly distributed random number.
exploiting it for hiding, especially in Africa’s semi-desert and
savannah bush areas. During food foraging, all individuals B. CALCULATING PROBABILITY VALUES INVOLVED IN
in the group remains very careful, whereby warn each other PROBABILISTIC SELECTION OF ALPHA GROUP
from a pending danger or of any potential threat, by creating Once solutions X are obtained, their finesses are evaluated.
an alarm call to pay attention and having enough time to The probability value for each population fitness is calculated

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by Eq. (33), and the Alpha female (α) is selected based on this
probability
fitni
α = Pn (32)
i=1 fitni
Xi+1 = Xi + phi ∗ peep (33)
where term (n − bs) corresponds the number of mongooses in
the alpha group, while bs denotes number of babysitters. peep
in Eq. (33) defines the vocalization of alpha female’s that
keeps the family into the path. phi is a uniformly distributed FIGURE 1. Alpha/Scouting group.
random number in the range [−1,1], the sleeping mound (sm)
after every iteration is given in Eq. (34)
fiti+1 − fiti IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
smi = (34)
max {|fiti+1 , fiti |} A. TEST SYSTEM I: IEEE 30-BUS TEST NETWORK
To calculate average value of the sleeping mound found used The proposed DMOA is applied to solve specific instances
Eq. (36) of the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. In order to
Pn
sm1 assess the performance of the DMOA, several published or
φ = i=1 (35) not published methods are selected for fair comparison. The
n
After alpha group complete their searches, the algorithm modified IEEE 30-bus test system was used to investigate
shifts to the scouting stage, where the next food source or the suggested algorithm’s potential and viability in various
sleeping mound is evaluated once the babysitter exchange stochastic OPF problem-solving scenarios. The two con-
criterion is fulfilled. ventional generators at buses #5 and #11 replaced by two
wind generators and thermal power plant of bust #13 is also
C. SCOUT GROUP PHASE replaced by solar generator. All data used are available in [20]
Since the mongooses not to return to the previous sleeping and [23]. All implemented algorithms were developed and
mound, the scouts seek for the next sleeping mound, which solved using the MATLAB R2014a platform. The population
assures exploration. The scouting with foraging process is size is defined at 30 people for each of the chosen scenar-
done at the same time [22]. This movement is modeled as ios, while the maximum number of iterations is specified
an overall success or failure evaluation of finding a new at 200 for the Adrar power network and 300 for the IEEE
sleeping mound. This behavior can be can be mathematically 30-bus. Additionally, 30 separate runs were carried out for
formulated as follow: each example to show the consistency and robustness of
 h i  DMOA, and the best solution found along with matching
 Xi − CF ∗ phi ∗ rand ∗ Xi − M ⃗ if φi+1 > φi 
control variables is retained. All test-system features utilized
Xi+1 = h i
 Xi − CF ∗ phi ∗ rand ∗ Xi − M ⃗ else  in this work are described in Table 2. For fair comparison,
the max number of iterations of all the applied algorithm
(36) are the same as well as the population size which equal 30.
 
  2 iter
Maxiter
All test system control variables were treated as continuous
iter
where, CF = 1 − Max iter
defines as the param- for fairly comparison. Table 3. reports description of RES
eter that command the collective-volitive movement of the characteristics.
mongoose group. It decreases linearly over the course of
iterations. B. RESULTS OF IEEE 30-BUS
Term M denotes the vector that redirect the mongoose to 1) RESULTS ON CASE 1
the new sleeping mound.
The objective-function in this situation is to minimize the
Xn Xi − smi
M= (37) entire cost of generation. Results from the proposed DMOA
i=1 Xi method are based on the Weibull PDF parameters. The wind
Figure 1 depicts the scouting group during exploration phase distribution and Weibull fitting from the simulation of eight
thousand Monte-Carlo scenarios are shown in Figures 2-3,
D. THE BABYSITTERS PHASE and Figure 4 shows the stochastic power output of a solar
The babysitters are a subset of mongooses in the group’s generator. All PDF-parameters utilized with RES are shown
which sponsorships the young mongooses until the mother in Table 3.
returns from trip of food researching at midday or evening Table 4 presents optimal results for the objective function
to suckle it. To reset the scouting and food source infor- and optimal control variables related to case 1 that were
mation previously fundholding by the old family members, obtained by various algorithms, including DMOA, AHA,
the babysitter exchange parameter is updated [22] The pseu- HGS, GTO, SMA and ARO. These optimal values were
docode for the proposed algorithm is presented below: within the permissible range specified in second and third

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TABLE 1. DMOA for stochastic OPF problem.

TABLE 2. Electric power-networks characteristics description. TABLE 3. Characteristics of renewable generators.

FIGURE 2. Wind speed distribution. FIGURE 3. Wind speed distribution.

columns of the same table. Figure 6 represents the conver- The findings of case 1 reports the effectiveness of DMOA
gence curve for different approaches in case 1. to finding a near-optimal solution, convergence speed, and

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TABLE 4. Optimal results obtained for case 1 for different algorithms.

FIGURE 4. Irradiance of solar of generator installed at bus 13. FIGURE 5. Active power distribution of generator photovoltaic.

quality of the solution in comparison with remaining algo- PWG1 and PWG2 stand for the scheduled powers from
rithms. The better result of total cost generated by DMOAl- wind generators #WG1 and #WG2 , respectively. The pol-
gorithm is 780.989 MW. Hence, DMOAlgorithm surpass all lution quantity is estimated based on the optimal power
contemporary either published or implemented ones in term scheduled from traditional generators. From outcomes pre-
of performance. sented in Table 4., it can be remark that the DMOA

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FIGURE 6. Convergence curves comparison of first case.

FIGURE 7. Power flow in branch of case 1 of the proposed DMOA
algorithm for the modified IEEE 30-bus system.

attain up 780.989 $/h, which is the better value inside

table and outperformed all other approaches, such as: MFO In Figure 7, a graphical representation is provided to illus-
(781.69 $/h), SHADE-SF (782.503 $/h), JS (781.676 $/h), trate the branch power flow analysis of case 1 for the DMOA
AHA (781.9337 $/h), HGS (781.86 $/h), slim mould technique. The analysis is conducted on a modified IEEE
algorithm (781.0786 $/h), and gorilla troops optimizer 30-bus system, a well-known benchmark in power system
(781.262 $/h), as well as vs. a recently introduced opti- research. The essential focus of this figure is to visually
mizer which titled, artificial rabbits optimization ARO convey the results of power flow computations within specific
(781.2613 $/h). branches of the system. The power flow analysis is a funda-
We may conclude that the addition of RES reduced the mental aspect of power system studies, aimed at determining
overall production-cost from 800.00 $/h as a reference cost the distribution of electrical power across various components
to 780.989 $/h, or roughly 19 $/h based on the data provided of the grid. Its clear visualization aids in the assessment of the
in the literature concerning to the solution of the classic OPF algorithm’s performance and its ability to maintain branch
problem and Table 4. Based on the information you provided, power flow within acceptable limits, crucial for confirming
if the proposed optimizer DMOA can save $19 per hour of the stability and consistency of power systems.
operating time, and there are 7,500 hours of operating time
in a year, the potential savings per year can be calculated as 2) CASE 2: OPTIMIZATION-COST VERSUS RESERVE-COST
follows: All parameters in the second example are the same to the
Potential savings per year = Savings per hour ∗ Operating first case with exception of reserve cost-coefficients. These
hours per year coefficients are set between 4–6 with a discrete step size of 1,
= $19/hour ∗ 7,500 hours/year= $142,500 per year. i.e., = 4 for (case 2-A), = 5 for (case 2-B), = 6 for (case 2-C).
As a result, compared to the initial system structure, i.e., This applies to both wind generators and solar photovoltaic
without inserting RES into test system, appears that the inte- units. All intermittent sources have penalty cost-coefficients
gration of renewable power plants dramatically reduces the that are comparable to the first scenario. Figure 7’s bar graph
cost of total generation. displays the generators’ ideal power plant, and it contrasts
We may conclude that the addition of RES reduced the it with the results for the base scenario (case 1). Case 2-a
overall production-cost from 800.00 $/h as a reference cost describes the situation when the reserve coefficient is present.
to 780.989 $/h, or roughly 19 $/h based on the data provided Case 2-A stands for Kr = 4, Case 2-B for Kr = 5 and Case 2-
in the literature concerning to the solution of the classic OPF C for Kr = 6. In this example study, the contribution of
problem and Table 4. Based on the information you provided, RES decreases as the coefficient of reserve cost rises, leading
if the proposed optimizer DMOA can save $19 per hour of to a shortage of scheduled electricity. Therefore, there is a
operating time, and there are 7,500 hours of operating time critical requirement for spinning reserve to make up for this
in a year, the potential savings per year can be calculated as deficiency.
follows: Thermal generators act in automatic way increasing pro-
Potential savings per year = Savings per hour ∗ Operating duction to fill the shortage of the contracted amount of power
hours per year with grid operator. Meanwhile, as a result of the higher output
= $19/hour ∗ 7,500 hours/year = $142,500 per year. power shown as seen in Figure 7, thermal power generator
As a result, compared to the initial system structure, i.e., costs increased too. Under these circumstances, it can be
without inserting RES into test system, appears that the inte- concluding that the reserve-cost coefficient rises along with
gration of renewable power plants dramatically reduces the the total generation cost. Figure 9, showcase voltage profile
cost of total generation. at load buses for all sub-case 2 including base case. It can

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As the penalty cost coefficient rises, the resulting power

from renewable generators increase, which leads to fall in
the output power of thermal units. The economic dispatch of
power among the three thermal generators, where a sizeable
amount of the power is distributed to the generator with the
lower production cost. In addition, the scheduled output from
green renewable energy, which clearly appears be not uni-
form, is explicated with the nonlinear relationship between
PDF and possible penalty/ reserve cost of RES. The cost of
traditional generators (ThGx ) is also constant, and the total
cost is continuously increasing.
FIGURE 8. Optimal scheduled active power against reserve cost
coefficient (Case 2).
C. SECOND TEST SYSTEM: ADRAR’S ELECTRICAL
NETWORK (AEN)
Adrar’s electrical network (AEN) 26-bustrical [26] has been
taken into consideration as a test system to disclose the per-
formance of the DMOA on the real-world electrical system.
The Adrar electrical network (AEN) is separate from the
Algerian electricity grid and is located in the southwest of
the country. It was operational in the summer of 2015 and
was created to satisfy the site’s local energy needs. Its peak
load may reach 291.2 MW. The second system comprises of
two different RES: a wind farm generates up to 10.2 megawatt
and a PV generator with a capacity of 20 MW, in addition to
7 gas turbine-based power plants with a combined capacity
FIGURE 9. Voltage magnitudes at PV-buses.
of 425.6 megawatt. Bus number 19 is the slack bus. All test
system data are accessible in [27]. There is in total of eighteen
variables to optimize, involving 9 real powers and 9 voltage
magnitudes. Adrar, Kaberten, and Timimoun’s 30 kV/220 kV
sub-stations are fed by the wind farm at this location, which
has been put up with Gamesa G52-0.850 MW turbines as
convenient units. Overall characteristics are: Rated power,
Pwr = 850 kW, twelves wind turbines (0.85 × 12WT =
10200kW), the cut-in, rated and cut-out wind speeds values
are νin = 4 m/s, νr = 13 m/s, and νout = 24 m/s. A simplified
representation of isolated electrical system is depicted in
Figure 11. c = 7.2 and k = 2.1 define scale & shape factors
of Adrar region, respectively [27]. Further details are found
in [28], [29], and [26].
The following are the wind characteristics in the Adrar
FIGURE 10. Optimal outcomes of scheduled active power when varying
the penalty cost factor.
region: The best wind-energy possible in Algeria for the
entire 12 months is found in this zone (Adrar area), which
has a mean wind speed of 7 m/s for 10-meter height [29] and
[27]. In this study, four optimization techniques were applied
be seen that all the voltages are within the allowable limits
to resolve problem at hand which is the solution of stochastic
which pre-specified from the operator of the system. It is
OPF problem. With the real power system, two cases are
important to note that all the reactive power of generators for
performed: Case 1 is focused on minimize the total generating
all techniques is also within admissible limits.
cost as given in Eq., 12; minimizing voltage stability index
Case 3: Optimization-cost versus Penalty-cost
(VSI) is described in case 2 as indicating in equation (14).
In contrast in the 2nd scenario, scenario, all reserve cost
parameters are maintained, with the exception of the penalty
cost-coefficients (PCC). The PCC for renewable generator 1) RESULTS OF REALISTIC POWER SYSTEM
are increased from 1.5 to 5 in this order: = 3 (Case 3-a), = 4 Table 5. reports the best outcomes achieved by DMOA
(Case 3-b), and = 5 (case 3-c). Bar graph of Figure 10 depicts algorithm and other approaches. The results unmistakably
the ideal power schedule for six generators when comparing demonstrate that, when compared to existing algorithms, the
it with results found at case 1. DMOA offers high-quality and stable solutions. Furthermore,

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FIGURE 11. A simplified representation of isolated electrical system.

it can be seen that overall generation cost was greatly

decreased throughout setting control variables to their opti-
mal values. It’s also it’s worth noting that all various physical
and operational constraints imposed by operator system are
satisfied, ensuring the feasible of solutions. Also we can again
notice that the total cost has significantly decreased when
compared to the base case. This reduction is as a result of
the addition of renewable energy sources, as we previously
said. Ctax = 37.359 (US$/ton) for realistic power system.
The wind distribution and Weibull fitting from the sim-
ulation of 8000 Monte Carlo scenarios are displayed in
Figure 11.
The spotted line depicts the predetermined amount of
FIGURE 12. Distribution of wind speed for WG installed at bus #5.
power that the solar-PV generator is expected to supply to
the grid.
Figures 12 and 13 exhibit the characteristics of the proba-
bilities of both kinds of RES. The table of results includes a 236 kg/hr. So, a decrease of up to 20 kg per hour, and there are
list of all the control variable limits. 5500 hours in a year, then the pollution rate can be reduced
Figure 15 compares the convergence characteristics of sev- by up to 150 tons annually. Hence, the hybrid generation
eral solutions. It is evident from a comparison of Table 5. system plays an important role in minimizing total cost,
results (DMOA-Base Case) and DMOA with RES that adding contributing significantly to lower atmospheric pollution and,
RES to the grid significantly lowers the total generating in turn, boosting performance of the electric power grid. From
cost. Additionally, the rate of pollution amount decreased a reference cost of 9129.83 US dollars per hour, overall cost
to 236 kg/hr, compared to the initial case which equal to of manufacturing dropped to 8283.942 (US dollars per hour),

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TABLE 5. Results of the suggested AHA, SMA, ARO, HGS, GTO, DMOA approaches for second test system.

or about 845 US dollars per hour, or up to 4.62 million US best control variables discovered using various techniques are
dollars per year. The simulation for the base case makes no displayed in Table 6. The outcomes unequivocally show that
mention of RES. A list of the outcomes from this case study’s with regard to VSI improvement and solution convergence,
attempt to reduce total generation costs can be found in the the suggested DMOA performed better than all other used
first column of Table 5. The feasibility of obtained solutions optimizers. It is clear from the numerical findings that all
were fully verified by considering our results as input data of constraints variables fall within allowable bounds, indicating
the Matpower load flow program. the viability of solutions. Voltage magnitudes at PV buses for
case 2 of Adrar’s test equipment is given in Fig. 16. VSI were
2) OUTCOMES OF SECOND CASE OF REALISTIC POWER decreased 17.56% from the basic case. Consequently, the
NETWORK DMOA algorithm provides the best modification of control
The VSI provided by equation (14) is minimal in this sit- variables and successfully converges to near-optimal solu-
uation. The PLoss , VD, and NOX emissions along with the tions, even with the practical power system. In other words,

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TABLE 6. Optimal results of Adrar’s electrical network; case 2.

FIGURE 13. Distribution of solar irradiance or solar PV generator at bus

#25. FIGURE 14. Active-power distribution (MW) of SG at bus #25.

it has been demonstrated that the suggested DMOA is better

suited to solve stochastic OPF compared to other solvers V. STATISTICAL STUDY ANALYSIS
since it can assure the viability of outcomes found in different Since the nature of stochastic algorithms, the algorithm must
test power networks furthermore to benefiting from the best be executing numerous times on the same treated problem to
answers. get result values, because the results may vary from run to

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Table 7-A and Table 7-B list the findings of one-way

ANOVA on all optimizers for electric power systems where it
is observed that the P-value is purely less than 5%, meaning
that proposed DMOAlgorithm is statistically deferent from
others algorithms.

VI. CONCLUSION
This article discusses the solution of the probabilistic OPF
problem in the modern power system using a recent approach
based on the dwarf mongooses’ optimization technique. The
Weibull and lognormal PDFs distributions have been used
to simulate the uncertainty nature of the PV power-plant
and wind energy sources, respectively. Five optimization
FIGURE 15. Convergence curves comparison of used methods. approaches, including HGS, GTO, AHA, SMA, and artificial
rabbit’s optimization (ARO), were implemented too. The
standard IEEE 30-bus test system and the isolated power
network DZ 26-bus in the Adrar region selected as test sys-
tems. To illustrate the superiority of the DMOAlgorithm,
two scenarios were examined solving OPF issue was sim-
ulated with the integration of renewable energy resources,
using the DMOA algorithm to pinpoint the optimal deci-
sion variables. It is seen that the DMOA approach realised
exceptional performance in yielding the lowest cost value
of 780.989 $/h for the modified IEEE 30-bus system. Also,
in the real electrical network achieved the optimal cost of
8283.942 US$/h. These outcomes underscore the precision
and robustness of the DMOA in efficiently tackling diverse
instances of the OPF problem. The numerical output of the
DMOA algorithm is compared to the results of five optimiza-
FIGURE 16. Voltage magnitudes at load buses of second test system.
tion approaches and other competing approaches. The results
showed that the DMOA greatly outperformed ARO, JS, HGS,
TABLE 7. A. Statistical results of ANOVA test, for IEEE 30 bus. B. Statistical GTO, and AHA techniques in the base case and various
results of ANOVA test, for isolated network.
sub-cases regardless of the constraints of the test system while
providing a superior solution and guaranteeing the viability of
findings. The results indicate that both highly nonlinear issues
and difficulties encountered in the actual world can be solved
using the suggested DMOA technique. Statistical study was
employed to confirm the consistency and effectiveness of the
method. In forthcoming activity endeavours, strides will be
taken to apply the DMOAlgorithm on the Practical larger-
scale systems. incorporating FACTS devices and other RES
including hydro generation. can be solved using the suggested
DMOA technique.

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IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica, Nairobi, Kenya, Aug. 2021, pp. 1–5, doi:
10.1109/PowerAfrica52236.2021.9543239.
[20] S. Mouassa, A. Althobaiti, F. Jurado, and S. S. M. Ghoneim, ‘‘Novel design
of slim mould optimizer for the solution of optimal power flow problems ABDULLAH ALASSAF received the B.S. degree
incorporating intermittent sources: A case study of Algerian electricity in electrical engineering from the University of
grid,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 22646–22661, 2022. Ha’il, Hail, Saudi Arabia, in 2013, and the M.S.
[21] M. H. Sulaiman and Z. Mustaffa, ‘‘An application of teaching-learning- and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from
based optimization for solving the optimal power flow problem with the University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA,
stochastic wind and solar power generators,’’ Results Control Optim., in 2017 and 2021, respectively. He is currently an
vol. 10, pp. 87–100, Jan. 2023. Assistant Professor with the Department of Elec-
[22] J. O. Agushaka, A. E. Ezugwu, and L. Abualigah, ‘‘Dwarf mongoose trical Engineering, University of Ha’il. His current
optimization algorithm,’’ Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., vol. 391, research interest includes power system dynamics
Mar. 2022, Art. no. 114570. and control.

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 S. Mouassa et al.: Optimal Power Flow Analysis With Renewable Energy Resource Uncertainty

RAMZAN BAYINDIR (Senior Member, IEEE) IBRAHIM ALSALEH (Member, IEEE) received
received the bachelor’s degree from the Depart- the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from the
ment of Electrical Education, Gazi University, University of Ha’il, Hail, Saudi Arabia, in 2012,
in 1992, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engi-
the Institute of Science and Technology, Gazi Uni- neering from the University of South Florida,
versity, in 1998 and 2002, respectively. He was a Tampa, FL, USA, in 2016 and 2020, respectively.
Research Assistant and an Assistant Professor with He is currently an Assistant Professor with the
the Department of Electrical Education, Gazi Uni- Department of Electrical Engineering, University
versity. He became an Associate Professor with of Ha’il. His current research interest includes
the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engi- optimization and reinforcement learning in smart
neering, Gazi University, where he is currently a Professor. He is also the Vice power grids.
Rector of Gazi University. He was the Vice Dean of the Faculty of Technol-
ogy, the Director of the Gazi Vocational School, the Faculty of Technology,
and the Head of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineer-
ing in academic units. He has some key qualifications, such as education
and curriculum design and development in different fields, vocational and
technical education; designing, organization, and planning the international
level projects; and educational and vocational training material development.
He has more than 250 journal articles and conference papers within his
field of work. He has also published as the author in four national and two FRANCISCO JURADO (Senior Member, IEEE)
international books. Having completed many national projects, he also took was born in Linares, Jaén, Spain. He received the
part in the project in which many European countries were participants. M.Sc. and Dr.-Ing. degrees from the National Uni-
His main research interests include renewable energy sources, microgrids, versity of Distance Education, Madrid, Spain, in
distributed generation, smart grid applications, and industrial automation, 1995 and 1999, respectively. Since 1985, he has
with programmable logic controllers (PLC). He served as a reviewer for been a Professor with the Department of Electrical
many high-ranked scientific journals. He served as a guest editor for the same Engineering, University of Jaén, Jaén. His current
SCI-indexed reputable journals. He is an Editorial Board Member of Turkish research interests include power systems, model-
Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences (Tübitak) and an ing, and renewable energy.
Editor of IEEE ACCESS.

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