GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

ANGELIKA R. LEE
SPECIAL SCIENCE TEACHER 1
ALAMINOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS
SOLIDS

ANGELIKA R. LEE
SPECIAL SCIENCE TEACHER 1
ALAMINOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
 Review on the previoUs lesson
Properties of water

- Polarity
- Cohesion
- Adhesion
- Surface Tension
- Capillary Action
- Specific Heat
- Being a Universal Solvent because of its polarity
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, I will be able to:
State the definition of crystalline and amorphous solids.

Describe the structure of crystalline and amorphous solids.

Differentiate crystalline and amorphous solids.

Familiarize examples of crystalline and amorphous solids.

 01
CRYSTALLINE AND
AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Based on their crystal structures, solids can be classified into the
following categories:

1. Crystalline solids

2. Amorphous solids

However, crystalline solids can be further classified into molecular,

ionic, metallic, and covalent solids.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Crystalline and amorphous
solids are two states that
describe typical solids in
chemistry. Using X-ray
diffraction experiments,
the structure of solids can
be categorized into
amorphous or crystalline.
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Amorphous solids

- The word amorphous is derived from the Greek word

“Omorphe” which means “Shapeless”. - This is the shapeless
disordered, and irregular arrangement of the constituent particles
of a solid.

- The IMF are not the same , nor are the distance between
particles .

- When Cleaved, amorphous solids yield fragments or curved

surfaces because of irregular geometric shapes.
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Properties of Amorphous Solids
Amorphous solid are sometimes described as supercooled liquid because their
molecules are arranged in a random manner somewhat as in liquid state.

1. Lack of long-range order

Amorphous Solid does not have a long-range order of arrangement of

their constituent particles. However, they may possess small regions of
orderly arrangement. These crystalline parts of an otherwise amorphous
solid are known as crystallites.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
2. No sharp melting point

An amorphous solid does not have a sharp melting point but melts over a range
of temperatures. For example, glass on heating first softens and then melts over
a temperature range. Glass, therefore, can be moulded or blown into various
shapes. Amorphous solid does not possess the characteristic heat of fusion.

3. Conversion into crystalline form

Amorphous solid, when heated and then cooled slowly by annealing, becomes
crystalline at some temperature. That is why glass objects of ancient time look
milky because of some crystallization having taken place.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Example of Amorphous Solids
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Crystalline Solids

A crystalline solid is that in

which the constituent
particles are orderly arranged
in three-dimensional pattern
called lattice with uniform
intermolecular forces, and the
particles intersects at angles
characteristic of crystal.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Properties of Crystalline Solids
here are so many essential properties of crystalline solids. These are:

• Crystalline solids have well-defined edges and faces.

• They have a long-range of orders.
• They have a sharp melting point.
• Crystalline solids have definite heat of fusion.
• They are highly rigid and totally incompressible.
• They are anisotropic and symmetrical in nature, etc.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Ionic Solids
As the name suggests, the Ionic crystals consist of alternating positive
and negative ions. Additionally, these types of crystalline solids are
generally hard, brittle, and tend to show a very high melting point. For
example, Calcium fluoride (CaF2) has a melting point of 1418 °C.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Not to mention, Ionic solids do not conduct electricity. WHY? Because in its solid-
state, they do not have free electrons or ions to conduct electricity. However, in
their molten state, they do conduct electricity.

WHY? Because their positively charged cations and negatively charged anions are
free to move. Hence, can conduct electricity. Furthermore, the atoms of Ionic
crystals are held together by electrostatic attraction. Some of the examples of ionic
crystals are:

Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Calcium fluoride (CaF2)
Lithium bromide (LiBr)
Caesium iodide (CsI), etc.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Metallic Solids
According to the crystalline solid definition, metallic crystals consist of
atomic nuclei surrounded by the “sea” of delocalized electrons. These
delocalized electrons are nothing but valance electrons surrounding
the atomic nuclei of the metallic crystals.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Just because these valence electrons are free to move anywhere within the given
material, metallic solids are good conductors of electricity. Equally important, these
types of crystalline solids have high thermal and electrical conductivity.

Additionally, they also exhibit metallic luster and high malleability. The atoms of
metallic crystals are held together by metallic bonds. Some of the examples of
Metallic crystals are:

Mercury (Hg)
Copper (Cu)
Gold (Au)
Silver (Ag), etc.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Molecular Solids
As the name suggests, Molecular crystals consist of a number of
different molecules. Not to mention, Molecular crystals are held
together by intermolecular forces between the constituent molecules.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
In fact, just because molecular solids form due to a number of different molecules,
as a result, these types of crystalline solids have variable hardness, variable
brittleness, as well as variable melting points. Some of the examples of molecular
crystals are:

Hydrogen (H2)
Water (H2O)
Ammonia (NH3)
Iodine (I2), etc.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Covalent Network Solids
According to the definition of crystalline solid, Covalent network
crystals consists of atoms being covalently bonded with each other.
These types of crystalline solids are not good conductors of electricity.
WHY? Because there are no free electrons or ions available to conduct
electricity.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
In fact, just because the atoms of covalent network solids are covalently bonded,
they have the highest melting and boiling point. For example, the melting point of
Diamond is above 3500 °C which is the highest among all. Equally important, they
are also hard and brittle. Some of the examples of Covalent network crystals are:

Diamond (C)
Quartz
Boron (B)
Silicon Dioxide (SiO2), etc.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Example of Crystalline Solids
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Application of Crystalline Solids
There are so many essential applications of crystalline solids such as:

Diamond is used for making jewelry.

They are also used for cutting glasses.
We use table salt in our food preparation.
We use Quartz for making watches and wall clocks, etc.
 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
Difference between Crystalline and Amorphous Solid
Properties Crystalline Solid Amorphous Solid

Structure The constituent particles, atoms, ions or molecules are The constituent particles are arranged in
arranged in regular and definite three dimensional irregular three dimensional patterns.
patterns. For example, sodium chloride, diamond, sugar
etc.
Cutting with a knife Gives clean, sharp cleavage. Unclean cleavage.

Compressibility Rigid and incompressible Usually rigid and can not be compressed
to any appreciable extent.

Melting point They have a sharp and definite melting point. Melting point is not definite. Melt over
a range of temperatures.

Heat of fusion Definite Not definite.

Physical properties These are anisotropic in that their physical properties are These are isotropic, that is their physical
not identical in all directions. properties are identical in all directions.
 THANKS!
Does anyone have any questions?
Angelika Ranit Lee
09338224416

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by

Slidesgo, including icons by Flaticon, infographics & images
by Freepik