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Tutorial 01 Questions

Business Statistics (Monash University)

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Information Relevant To All Tutorials

 Tutorials 1&2:

The first two tutorials are about learning Excel, and using it to do statistical calculations
etc. Work done in these tutorials will help when attempting the Assignment.

The work for these tutorials is designed for self-paced learning. You are given step-by-
step guidance to do calculations and draw graphs using Excel, which should be self-
explanatory.

After the first tutorial, and before the Week 2 tutorial, you should attempt all the
questions in this document. Even if you have followed along on your laptop in the
Week 1 tutorial, you should then re-do the exercises for yourself to make sure you have
understood. The tutor will then be able to answer any questions that you have about
any of the Excel work or about the statistical concepts involved.

If you have a laptop, you are encouraged to bring it to the tutorials Weeks 1 & 2 AND
ALL THE LECTURES – as you will be asked to interactively work on problems there. By
attending the first tutorial, then attempting all the questions below and asking any
questions in the second tutorial, you will be prepared to attempt Assignment One.

 Tutorials 3 - 12:

Each week from Week 3 onwards, there will be Online Homework to be completed
before the tutorial class. Students are expected to complete the Online Homework
by Midday on the day prior to their tutorial class.

Please refer to the Instructions on how to do this that are posted in the AFTER
Interactive Lectures: ONLINE HOMEWORK section on Moodle.

In addition to instructions being provided with some of the tutorial exercises, a set of
Excel notes is provided on the Moodle site in the Software Information folder within
the What You Need To Get Started section.

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Tutorial 1 Material
Tutorial 1: Background
Real Estate in Regional Australia

The nation’s regional property market has generally been weaker than urban areas over
the past year, which has opened up some great buying opportunities.

Your first task is to locate the data to work with. You will find the data and relevant
tables in the file PROPERTY.xls in the Week 01 folder in the AFTER Interactive Lectures:
TUTORIAL MATERIALS section on Moodle.

When reading the instructions in these tutorial problems, you may wish to refer to the
following diagram to identify the locations mentioned.

Editing group on the

Quick access toolbar Home tab of the ribbon

Ribbon tabs

Ribbon

Formula bar
Column identifiers

Row identifiers

Worksheet tabs
Status bar

Tutorial 1 Tasks
Task 1: Microsoft Windows 7: splitting the screen

Task 2: Constructing Pivot Tables

Task 3: Pivot Tables as a cross tabulation- row totals, column totals and grand totals.

Task 4: Graphical Comparison of properties in each location across the varying number
of bedrooms.

Task 5: Table of Summary Statistics

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Task 1: Microsoft Windows : splitting the screen

Windows enables you to split the screen vertically into 2 displays. For example, you could
have this Word document open on the left side of the screen and Excel open on the right.
Thus, you can read the instructions on the left while you carry out the instructions on the
right. This Windows feature can be very useful, especially in tutorials or when completing
the assignments or even the Moodle Quizzes.

1. Ensure that this document (Tutorial 01_QUESTIONS.pdf) is open on your computer.

2. While holding down the “Windows” key , press the “←” key (you may need to
repeat this step) until Tutorial 01_QUESTIONS.pdf occupies the left side of the
screen.
3. Open Property.xls. While holding down the “Windows” key , press the “→” key (you
may need to repeat this step) until Excel occupies the right side of the screen.

Task 2: Constructing Pivot Tables

In this task, we will learn how to tabulate the number of bedrooms in the two locations,
Rural and Urban. In other words, we need to create a cross tabulation known as a
Pivot Table. To do this, open the worksheet Data in PROPERTY.xls.

 To create a Pivot Table, place the cursor anywhere in the data set.
 Click on Insert and choose Pivot Tables as shown below.

 The following window will appear. It highlights the entire data range by default.

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 Click on Existing Worksheet and choose a blank cell anywhere on your worksheet.
This will allow you to place the pivot table on the same worksheet. Otherwise the
pivot table will be placed on a new worksheet.
 Click OK and a blank pivot table will appear with the Field List shown on the right of
the screen.
 On the Field List, drag Bedrooms into the Row Labels window below, Location into
the Column Labels window and Location again into the Σ Values window. This is
shown in the screenshot below.

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 The actual variable placed in the ‘Σ Values’ window is irrelevant,
so long as you summarise it by the Count function.

 You should have a table with the following vlues.

 Finally, always remember to produce your output in tabular form. If you are using
Excel 2013 or beyond, your output will automatically be produced in tabular form.
If you are using an earlier version, click on the Design tab, followed by Report Layout
and choose Show in Tabular Form. Refer to the screenshot below.

If you are using a MacBook, select Data and Pivot Tables. You can also refer to Pivot
tables and Charts_Mac vs PC.pdf for a detailed description of the differences when using
a MacBook for Pivot Tables and Charts. This file is available in the Software Information
folder within the What You Need To Get Started section on Moodle.
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Helpful Tips for Pivot Tables
If the data are all whole numbers, the groups in a pivot table will not overlap (80 – 99,
100 – 119, etc) and eg, the “80-99” group counts values  80 and  99.
If at least one of the data values is not a whole number, the groups in a pivot table
will be contiguous (80 – 100, 100 – 120, etc) and, eg, the “80 - 100” group counts
values  80 and < 100. So, if you prefer this display, you can ‘fool’ Excel by adding a
very small amount to one of the data values, eg, 96  96.0000000001. (This will have
negligible effect on any summary measures.)

Task 3: Pivot Tables as a Cross-tabulation- row totals, column totals and grand totals.
Frequency tables or one-way tables or Summary Tables represent the simplest method
for analysing categorical data. They show the frequency, proportion or percentage of
data in each category.

A cross tabulation or contingency table, on the other hand, is a summary table for two
categorical variables as shown in the table obtained above. Thus, cross tabulation allows
us to examine observations that belong to specific categories on more than one
variable. By examining these frequencies, we can identify relations between cross
tabulated variables.

Based on the table above, calculate the percentages of properties in each location
across the varying number of bedrooms.

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We can achieve this in two ways,
 Pivot Table functions
 Excel functions

A. Let’s go back to the Pivot Table we created in Task 2.

Click on any cell inside the pivot table. Click on the drop down arrow in the ‘Σ Values’
window.

Choose Value Field Settings as shown below.

Then select the Show Values As tab and select % of Column Total or % of Row Total
or any other necessary value.

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B. Now, let’s use the Excel function. In this task, we need to complete Table 2 in the
worksheet Property Size in the PROPERTY.xls Excel spreadsheet, using the data contained
in Table 1.

In this section of the tutorial, you will learn how to use formulas. The concepts of ‘relative’
and ‘absolute’ cell addresses are absolutely essential when using formulas.

A great deal of the power of spreadsheet packages also lies in the way in which they
use formulas to carry out repetitive calculations.

Open the worksheet Property Size in PROPERTY.xls and go to Table 2.

In cell I4 type: =B4/B9. Alternatively, you can type = and then click on cell B4, type / and
then click on cell B9. (Note the equals sign. The equals sign tells Excel that what is to follow
is a formula, to be carried out).

You need to change the number of decimal places to 2. This can be done as follows:

Right click on the cell and choose “Format Cells”. A dialogue box with a number of
tabs appears. The Number tab (shown here) offers more detailed options to change
the way cell data is displayed. Change the number of decimal places to 2.

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Alternatively, click twice on the Decrease Decimal button on the Home tab on the
Ribbon (in the group labelled Number).

‘Decrease Decimal’ button

In practice, we would enter the formula once only. Entering a formula more than once
is a waste of effort, and likely to lead to error. To get the formula into the other cells we
can copy it. Drag and drop cannot be used here because the destination range is not
the same shape as the source range, but the keyboard shortcuts can be used:

However, before we copy a formula, we need to change the cell to an absolute cell.

Excel interprets a cell address in a formula as a relative cell address. For cell I4, it divides
B4 by B9. Therefore, if B9 is not changed to an absolute cell, when copying the formula
for I5, it will divide B5 by B10. Since B10 is empty, it cannot do the division (as shown
below).

To prevent this, B9 must be entered as an absolute cell address. Excel uses dollar signs
to identify an absolute address. These can be entered by typing the dollar sign, but the
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easiest way to enter these is to press the F4 function key. Then any cell addresses that
are highlighted in the formula bar acquire dollar signs.

Now select I4, move the cursor over the bottom right hand corner of the cell until it
changes to a thin, solid cross. Press the mouse key and hold it down while you drag the
cursor down the column. Release the key and the entries appear!

We need to change all values into percentages. This can be done in two ways:

1. Highlight the numbers in column I (I4:I9). Right click and select “Format cells”. In
the number tab, choose “percentage” and change the decimal places to 1.

2. Another way to format as a percent is to click on the Percent button, also in the
Number group on the Home tab. This will display with no decimal places.
‘Percent’ button

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The table obtained should look like the table given below:

Location
No. of Bedrooms Rural Town
1 6% 6%
2 15% 21%
3 47% 44%
4 29% 23%
5 3% 6%
Total 100% 100%

The presentation here is referred to as a column percentage.

Conclusion: 47% of all rural locations have only three bedrooms while only 3% have 5-
bedrooms. This would not have been expected as one would expect rural properties
to have a larger number of bedrooms.

The most common number of bedrooms in both Rural and Town locations is 3 bedrooms
followed by 4 bedrooms.

Task 4: Graphical Comparison of properties in each location across the varying number
of bedrooms.

Having created the percentage distribution, the next task is to graph it as

a bar chart. Excel calls this a Column Chart.

‘Column Chart’ button

This can be done in two ways:

A. Select the Insert tab, and click the Column Chart button in the Charts group. Select the
first chart on the drop-down menu that appears. If nothing was selected beforehand, a
blank ‘chart’ will appear on your worksheet.

To turn the blank rectangle into a column chart, you will need to tell Excel
which data you want to graph. Click on the Select Data button in the Data
group on the Design tab.

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‘Select Data’ button

This tab only appears on the Ribbon when the chart is selected. Point to the
range H3:J8. (Note that this includes the heading.) The dialogue box should
now appear as below.

Since the No. of Bedrooms is already correctly represented on the Horizontal

Axis, we need to remove it from Legend Entries (Series). Do this by first
highlighting ‘No. of Bedrooms’ and then click on ‘Remove’, then OK. You
should now have produced a column chart.

If you are using the latest version of Excel, you can see “Chart Title” on top of
your chart. Click on that and type in an appropriate title. For Excel 2010 or
earlier versions, switch to the Layout tab. In the Labels group, click on Chart
Title, then Centred Overlay Title. A text box will appear above the chart. Type
in an appropriate title.

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To improve presentation, you can remove the gaps between the bars for the two
locations. To do this, click on any of the bars on your chart and then right click and select
‘format data series’. The following window will appear on the right side of your document.

Under Series Options, change the Series Overlap to zero using the arrows (this area has
been circled above). For future reference, we will be changing the Gap Width in Tutorial
2 to remove gaps between bars when we are constructing histograms for continuous
data.

Alternatively, you can do this by using the Quick Layout option. On the Ribbon tab, from
Chart tools, select the Design tab. On the left hand side of the screen next to ‘Add chart
element’, you can see the ‘quick layout’ option. Click on it and then the first option that
appears.

To remove the grid lines, highlight the lines and press delete.
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B. Use the Pivot Chart option in Excel. To draw a Pivot Chart, return to the pivot table you
constructed in the Data worksheet. Click on any cell in the pivot table. Now click on
Option (click on “analyze” if in latest version of Excel) on the ribbon tab and choose Pivot
Chart. Select the type of chart that you need.

If you are a Mac user AND using a version of Excel that is earlier than 2016, then you don’t
have the Pivot Chart option on Excel. In order to create a Chart, follow the instructions
below:

[NOTE: AS ADVISED BY EMAIL, YOU SHOULD GO TO THE FOLLOWING LINK TO DOWNLOAD

THE LATEST VERSION OF EXCEL FOR MAC, FOR FREE, TO AVOID SUCH DIFFICULTIES]:

https://www.monash.edu/esolutions/software/ms-office365-install-personal-
device
First, copy the Pivot table you have created. To do this, highlight the pivot table and right
click to see the ‘copy’ option as shown below:

Click ‘copy’. Then move the cursor to a blank cell, right click and select paste special
(see below):

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In the dialog box that appears, tick values as shown below:

You’ll have the same table you’ve previously created using the Pivot Table option.
Now, use the steps provided under Task 4 to create the chart.

Task 5: Table of Summary Statistics

For this task, we need to complete Table 3 in the worksheet Selling Price in the file
PROPERTY.xls.

Use the following formulae to calculate the required statistics.

Table 3: Statistics for RURAL – Selling Price ($)

Mean = AVERAGE(B:B)
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Median = MEDIAN(B:B)
Standard deviation = STDEV.S(B:B)
Minimum = MIN(B:B)
Maximum = MAX(B:B)
Range Calculated as max - min
Lower quartile = QUARTILE.EXC(B:B,1)
Upper quartile = QUARTILE.EXC(B:B,3)

Calculated as the difference of the third

Interquartile range and first quartiles

Calculated as ratio of standard deviation

Coefficient of variation over mean

(When you use QUARTILE.EXC, Excel calculates the quartiles except possible extreme
values. The alternative is QUARTILE.INC which includes extreme values and sometimes
leads to odd values.) For consistency, please only use QUARTILE.EXC.

Interquartile range, Standard deviation, Range and Coefficient of variation are all
measures of variability.

Information regarding Lecture 2- The Flipped Experience

Week 02 is the first week of our ‘flipped classroom’ or ‘blended learning’ approach.
There are some activities associated with Pivot Tables in the Week 02 lecture. Pivot Tables
and Charts are NOT covered in your textbook.

Instead, you need to have completed the WEEK 02 Moodle Lesson-Videos, the Pre-Class
Exercises and the Moodle QUIZ, BEFORE the Interactive lecture in Week 02.

So, in summary, you will need to do the following:

1. Complete “WEEK 02 Moodle Lesson-Videos”

(located in the BEFORE Interactive Lectures PART I: PRE-CLASS MOODLE LESSONS
section on Moodle).

2. Complete Week 02 Pre-Class Exercises, followed by the WEEK 02 Pre-Class

Moodle QUIZ
(these are both located in the BEFORE Interactive Lectures PART II: PRE-CLASS
MOODLE QUIZZES section on Moodle.

ALL TO BE DONE PRIOR TO LECTURE 2.

Your performance in the WEEK 02 Pre-Class Moodle QUIZ will be reviewed by your lecturer
and tutor.

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o Attend the Week 02 Interactive Lecture with your laptop ready to work on the
data you were introduced to in the pre-class exercises.

In preparation for the flipped lecture in Week 02, you will need to download the following
files from the Week 02 folder in the Interactive Lectures section on Moodle.

1. Elecmart.xlsx and Hospital Quality.xlsx (Data files for use in these Week 02 Pre-
Class Exercises.
2. Lecture notes for the Week 02 Interactive Lecture.

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