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Lec 3

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8 views

Lec 3

Uploaded by

Yahia Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FLUID MACHINERY 2

Lecture 3

Shaft Power Cycle


• High velocity in turbomachinery: ΔKE cannot be ignored.
• Compression and expansion are irreversible adiabatic processes (entropy
increases).
• Fluid friction: pressure losses in CC, HE, inlet and outlet ducts.
• No perfect heat exchange keeping the size in mind.
• More work for compression due to bearing, ‘windage’ friction in the
transmission between compressor and turbine, and to drive ancillary
components such as fuel and oil pumps.
• Cp and γ vary throughout due to changes of T, chemical composition.

• η for ideal cycle is clear. Open cycle with internal combustion express
the performance in terms of fuel consumption per unit net work
output, Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC).

• Mass flow is assumed to be the same. Bleeding from compressor to


cool turbine (1 to 2%) is compensated by the addition of fuel.
Stagnation Properties

• KE terms in the steady flow energy equation can be accounted for


implicitly by making use of stagnation enthalpy.

• h0 is the enthalpy which a gas stream of h and V would posses when


brought to rest adiabatically and without work transfer.
Stagnation Properties
For Compressor
𝜸 𝟏
𝑷𝒐𝒆 𝜸
𝟏
• ηc =
𝑷𝒐𝒊
∆𝑻𝒐
𝑻𝒐𝒊

𝜸
𝑷𝒐𝒆
• 𝑷𝒐𝒊 = ηc
∆𝑻𝒐 𝜸 𝟏
𝑻𝒐𝒊

• =
ηc
For Turbine
∆𝑻𝒐

• ηT = 𝑻𝒐𝒊
𝜸 𝟏
𝑷𝒐𝒆 𝜸
𝟏 𝑷𝒐𝒊

𝜸
𝑷𝒐𝒆
• 𝑷𝒐𝒊 =
∆𝑻𝒐 𝜸 𝟏
ηT𝑻𝒐𝒊
𝜸 𝟏
𝑷𝒐𝒆 𝜸
• 𝒐= 𝑻 𝒊 𝑷𝒐𝒊
• Losses due to friction & turbulence occurs throughout the whole plant.
1. Air side intercooler loss
2. Air side heat exchanger loss
3. Combustion chamber loss (both main and reheat)
4. Gas side heat exchanger loss
5. Duct losses between components and at intake and exhaust
• The pressure losses have the effect of decreasing rt relative to rc

• Reduces net work output from the plant

• Gas turbine cycle is very sensitive to irreversibilities

• ΔP significantly effects the cycle performance


• 𝜂𝑐 < 𝜂𝑠 and this difference increases with number of stages (r).

• Meaning work is required due to ‘preheat’ effect.

• Similarly for a turbine 𝜂𝑡 > 𝜂𝑠. Frictional ‘reheating’ in one stage is partially
recovered as work in the next.

• Polytropic efficiency is the isentropic efficiency of an elemental stage in the


process such that it is constant throughout the whole process.
𝜂𝑠𝑐 = 𝑑𝑇′/ 𝑑𝑇 = constant

𝑇/𝑝(𝛾−1)/𝛾 = constant
• For Compressor

𝒏
𝑷𝒐𝒆 𝒏 𝟏
∆𝑻𝒐
𝑷𝒐𝒊 =
𝑻𝒐𝒊
• For Turbine

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