pe fete ie ‘Cte ta ty tH wa vovelé te tn 1) The sibs and position of The fo was f The share and positon ofthe tengy, fe tndeesimad the ry yore KE the Gy the Engtiss a ed Woe in 9 ney, iiglly 00 lbs abla co see thatthe outlet hay fila Vowel Ge) a8 fn the word nce hee orgs and thereat at (eis walftersnee abtengetaighs ively line $5 4 mebilively open veel. Tonjus aged Bb mo saying or moving the Idi Jew tp oF dow. The following fn Miference bet i fr (a 2 The front and back part o Thmaking theo vowels f ean describe for :» ME can produce yo hich the back of oyel inthe word cxtm, (3 fore vowel aac but compared with (a:) tis pact of tie wngue isthe hiphedt point, A sowel ely buck vowaCardinal vevele Fhchticans have developed a tet of vowel Gabe es ec eehee i efvowls whch we armged nite, t-system, and people being irleed la phonetic an wt Xo earn yaks than acutely unl ecogne fer cohests sme eating ofthe cardial vowels Use meen the leat Of Engsh sony, Hearing stow the range of vowels thatthe tnman vocal appare.s can ene aiming ase way of detriting, cusifving und eemparing vowels via Primary cardinal vowels mary cardinal vowels are-he vowel iat re foo fils to the sate European languages Be Secondary cardinal vowels Secondary cardinal vowels are less Tilia us A quadrilateral shape thas bocome tracitional to locate cardinal vowel the shape recommended by the tntereational Phi ose ue’ agua itestay ic Association : Vowel [) Cardinal vowel no. 1 has the symbol [i] and itis defined as the vowel whichis as close an fs front a je Is possible to make ® Vowel without obstructing the flow of air enough rcslon fale Is the hissing sound that one hears in corsonants hey produce friction noise orf, Vowel [a) Cardin vowel no, Stas the symbo! (n} and is defined as the most open and back vowel at ins possible to make,Vowel ay a I sek ly ni ee 10.2,3, Gani 9 ememePont tis pone to pur to Kis useful to me Irboaton. Although the liga en’ have man Besiles Thee tapes areinponan Rese met? A” EM ae hg ng 1, Rounded ips Woe the cere of the tps ae bog tara eck rag Sis mow cel) sen in catia amet SA) oe SIDS Ep 2: Spread tips Ie shape of spread lps i with te | stile, This is most cleny seen in ‘Neutral tips Wher the Bs te rt sotiabiy ound rye Tene met Eth peg yg then they re hesitating (yrten ur) bar nese ie oan 47 ENGLISH SHORT VOWELS ccc © Triphthongs Stort yowels ae = 6 : orvets a the lips moved ey rt ech they a for cardinal vowel no, 1 {iFa rpeisea bait wien oi. 25) tvs py } PCRS ng fowel ~. 5 Howeitat cies op aa crn vo le Wor ve" xe Thelen i, i sear vowel, arate siagram ho thn ina o Height The tip position is newt. Example ‘This Vowel is hot quilt thtiy back, nd ben igs me slighty rounded. Bxanscie wo Vowel » ‘The fantest cardinal wove | ese ore Open ard ceiieal: The lips are rounded are: Hut. pall. push i) Yoyel ‘Thewe is one otter share vowel, or ribo iva Thix central wove i ena egy Ika Vary famiier sound in Eng ntatd inthe frst syllable of the weeds ine ‘oppose, ‘pettus’, for exumple. So dierén, Troms the other vowels ty seg) important ways, 4@ ENGLISH LONG VOWELS ‘Long voiwels ar the vowels whic ge Dien the sort vowels in itr eb he length of al English vee! soins v : the ty of sound hit follows then a remind you dat these vowel hiss feng mark made of 0 ‘The five loag vowels ured sth but} quality, Ive compare 0 sanpiet wiih with us or a With vee in quality, The difereoe in gal ir the resuik fom differences in tongue shape and pos rite sath mn ist of one Vows Sib ion, and lip pos ll acVowel WS Yoel le ieaer torial vowel na. 1 () . iie closer and more ont it short vowel of "id, pin “at Altiough the 1onge thape is nor ib ditferen fom Sardinal vowel no. 1, the lips are ony slighty sprlif syd tis result in arth feu vowel cuality, Example words are: ‘bent, mes Vowel» This is a mid-cenical vowel which 15 vsed in mos: Gap) eccenes ax w hesitation stand (written 'er), but which many Teamers Find 4 spy. The lip postion is nevint Example wonts are "bird, fom, purse. Vowel: This is an open vowel inthe rope: lip position is neairal, Example wordy a ‘Vowel a Thi tongue bel ght for this vowel js between cardinal vowel no. 6 {o] and no. 7 {0} end closer toe liter. This vowel is almost fully bock and has que stiong Bip-rundling Example words ere: ‘board, Yorn, "bose! 1a), butmot ss back os this. The Vowel u The nertest cartinal vowel 10 this is-no. [u), but BEC js much While the lips are moderately rounded. Exataple words arc: food! ‘soon, ose back andiesscloe,fotleck FAN Ft cog SRR ed ee ob ty ac rook PY! Sout ue ik fan 99 ty) iow fe Like 9968 brucemeas aint Ned tWinperchitiectesn eprie 49 DIFHTHONG DIPHTHONGS: qo | er | fea | ws | ua | or | oy Ba ae |e 88) ar | au tein | The ord eiphtno “diphahenges,” rea Piplifiongs begin with Hilable, Your mous Latin word “alpheh agus! nd the Greek word f vowel sound aid change 1 anciny vote tion changes slight hads GS. msiAse ciel ditions which are the follows A cendsiane icelege nar SMH ecu aijoni B Youd. H-quickty slides jnto @ long B vound. fee Uy ae. lank aun Ndi oan Sg sc i © soured As a cliphehone it ha ali to aoe | Fesportant points * ilonponant «oie thet the clase « Vowels fo Tose jis pure quali, Fos | # Ipiondlogieal pateras, dip Sie sound, commbinstlon of Wo vowels i lien combine aiid j=anicribe thems in phon oe never pul the eng ASE ies eran Be mre yaa et eateries ShuepromosThis dhphibong is promourced w [Wore = a! souns Tas iphones pronsenced wt [eras ee neiticed asa short A sound sin SES SEROMA seandi stopped comppes) Prom, A Sonkofamtsoind where be iow ran low bets Ny and tole eck 4 PF, hate ierc estar | } 7 Umeugs hve tives, but moa mea ae al 3 ra i TOROREN sd where ; aoe seu wher he alow par echney Ute ote a : Spo Mino sounds Ie "n""," or ag” Alaa agses ee ae Attlee i F)-Aepisoine sound has gio ie stp bc ten tenia teat i sor ofearbinedeund Fnkefiaune he" a" Atieusac sear ck : nee ne, Foals ma Alveolar riage uf on tie rogf ofthe mauth be: ween the tpper tee Htsed Ih conjunction withthe ip of the tego to male mary oxnda f SoM palate; she softtlésue ia the bick of the rot ty the ha la a ‘moi, Whi ed In cjg, Fir piatenestcttitingsetS take my sans i Gets i Sao py ha conn 0 wc var ana pg thee 4 «Bibi pve G89 i fpf sound ™ Mokclssplanis cyiiadewitivih ee found nwortethe:pe somite Te) Fymtol ne PA) crete hy ound i, Later tt esl reac i ‘Poi sound - Waiced stop made With both lips. Found in words bi " ‘Tiesto inthe 5 in ak eter thas woually rep (EPA aha repuesents tls sous frveen producing /p/ wnt / lathe ‘As you teay have noticed, the only differene while all ther factors remain the same. 1's common, including in English, to have paira of wont that are except ont is voiced and the othe fs uxvolced. {you're having trot sounds, try to Wemify a corresponding sound with a different voicing cenially eon |g nuniegeerai| } ik iba nasal 7 7 ind sould 4 Nase! sound fomied while the ips are shut. Found in. words like: man, them, humomief-TIE resens this sousi s/o. Letier thot usually represent it symbol in the (IPA) thee i Fw i "he (TA) aha epeetenie on nme 1 6, Lae ve inde by punt thing. etn, Ach Sine ond Ie ha hist 787 Latest IM yow re cusious about tis ame Bound ie Gros a WV sound Noise fhicalive made ty pus breathe, fo represent it“ Hou might save Semetines there We symb0! in tip of te tongae on the P24 sap mace with hep fe Hs, 049. The sy nthe (PA) en goth Fooralin words like 4 et represents thls sounia. frésound Volga fecative made by puting the cp te tongue erty on the alee “words like 200, os, clothe, asthma: The symbol nthe (PA) dat repress ele tid, Lesters shat wayalty nepresentit:“7," sometinies °" Se nasa a) Jacsound . “Nats sun forme wile ie tip ofthe tonaue i on the alven 0, Ain, winwer-Thesyinbo ine TPA) that restos ti represent: "W f laterat vy es Nsound cB -TReAWwilar lateral apyproximant is» ype of consseantsoind tal jn sen Found words: leg lon. The symbot in ihe IBA) tae represenss rel, ave me ¢ | poualyeolae aera! approniraars is 1D Mion ‘Volcstessficauive made hy putting We tp of th Found in yords like: she, sure, 963 fepeoserts this sound in/f.Lt Aisound Voss ative mide by puting the tin af the tonne «le i past ie seal ig | File bit past tee veohie dg, symbol in the (TRAY tt that azully represent fh’ ceetites Found ii words like: genre, pleasure, beige, equation, zeinuros visi bol in ie (HPA) that reprenenis this sound! is "Letters that usually rep ni ometimes Volcclessafricaie made wih the tp ofthe tiyule othe avtolar ridge. Found it wet Ike: chair, narute, ack, The symbol inthe (JPA) that represents this sound is tJ Lett that usually represent it: "eh? sometimes *t"oy ~~ ss eee mn one RESO OA Te aes cane Volved alfticate made with the 45 ofthe tongue on 840 fae did yous udgmect Toe one Tate eae MHS Fou i wnt gg 4 Latter tht Unt apenas isan age ame een MSA oy Palatal upproaiman (iy) ha ‘sound ‘he Voled pala eaeuene Fore Rares es outue: The yobol nie Pay ne ne ater tat sul ropresoit i" ; msi Oa Ny, fd muse . Armetietny sop sound called wep rip taney ii ote ‘henge agian she alveolar ridge Fane Is word he bane <_Thesymabe inthe TPA) that epcaene sara at Tis le avoir sown that might dontise you, The in because e's Arparican accents ad sess another way ti Avovcar ere S15 You saw previously tha he goal scp te sndonds of weds Howsves Amescans sometimes isd theslop tha the 2 and sounds fronounce tie word “but pproxirnt is » pe of eae oat igi Hl, hater, cee Letters that usa reo Way 19 replace the eat in the mide of Words, oigh tually exclisive. For example, an American woul with a In the middle, butnot a /d. Meanwhile, ooounced witha fe tut not a2), st eatin an American asec Wiis eetualy the tener “> in many other 'anguages like Spanisa, Kersan, and yibol even looks like some degenerate letter") in x aber Version of i, whichis why tne lower “a” ivtenr ele plasive (e/g ‘Bi sourd Volosless stop msde with the back of the téngue othe soft Aa, skin, queen, unique, thiek, chaos, The TL Letters that sully represent it: “K," iifsound ileed sop rind ith the back ofthe tongue on the sof pale, Found in words ie Fs beg, Bigger. The symbol in the (IPA) that represents ths sound is //. Letter that ui, ‘preset t"'g” kon, ex ed by it, 130Rata ci rie ith ick of throu ton 2 us: Poy a sin ga ik. The sya in tPA) tha epee sso Ne ‘Letets tba uaally represent it "ng," rometimes par of ny part of nee 2D Theaters “4” cab robles bec te und sot fou fy Sound bute iti, Nice ifercce wen “ings hegee e ‘finger has that extra /y/ sound, tut “singer” dosen't wie ‘Thin ffereose i randon ad siould Se meniorzed js ike the perc her ae fe ics tht eat hel, For cxnrple, i's word ends A folowing /p/ sound. There also no /y/ sound if "ng Wilh ay vee Into parcipies er gerunds. na then honing sound Glosal sop mice by sung wn releasing sirfow throu ub-ob, Kitten, Manhattan, bet, important (American Aepresents ths snd i 7, Letors that ally preset i “1 he begining ofybiah You might be a litle canted by this backwards question marc locking sytbol, te Dest vay ao ear ant fel iis vo say/the Word “non.” You'l fel your vel cord ae fe Hash a morenk inorder vo block your aie, which i What liguits eal alec wap In to proncinicea vowel wii Beiish accents, but Is eipeciliy by thls add he Botts Found mun The s3ubol in the PA) fap with such a strong, Fars nthe endl, ba Volctlessfricative aude by a forced bueath * pleasure, beipe, equation, seizure, vision, 7 48/8), Leters that usually repeeaent it Consooants din word ie gan bo! in the (IPA) that represents thie ud it, 2 sounet beby | oranati eee in Iseooiy | shidan|ifeay (Ree, | w 2 ; ie ola lian lem | 4 sxwelter snocge smengured _|{arnbstee | \ Tose, ——— oor PHONETIC wor: | ,,phstere | 488 |voro.|raagenrno foun) | OS | wae wai hal | ats wil aS {twin} [ 2 ia twa eat (end dant | OV pam | ONS to) ov | pon | eyKou 5 PHONETIC LK TRANSCRIFTION eS o a ag {eo | ev | fan ; ee fon) cu | by wobe few | eve | vie Pot |" treat | ever oi bay Poise | imi | ove She atid | car feieloy a i tsi] eve AU} | TRIFRTHONGS ra Whe mort complex English sounds ofthe vowel type ve the tripbtho ties parece anivey ite ene Miaka eee (00 vowel to wnother and then to mthird Al; vowel daurds are produced Intetroption. For example, a caretOT pronuciation quality similar tow, goes on to x glide tows th Use the symbol), then ends with a to represent the prontinelstin of hou the pronureation ‘The triphthengs exn be look described inthe list stich, with © se eto em art o=wi9 fut e ou sist = 003 The principal ruse of almiculiy foe the fersigr learner i that in pe extent of the Yoel micvement is very small, except io very caret Of this, the middle of he three vowel qualities of the triph hinrdiy be heard sn the resulting sounds ci Ficut to distng acd long vowels To ac to the difficulty, there ls alvo the pro {felt to contain one or t¥o syflables. Words suck as fre’ aca ae hour avo are probably ‘by mont Enplith speakers (with BBC pronursintion) co cansst of only one ylante, whee ‘plever'plesgior"slower wisva ars more likely 10 be hard es twa syllables, ny Englinh the incision, Breau ie» ob 0 the pet) oat he tinting a tiphihongcs B90 tach van on a ee Sete FSH feelin aye seat ofonef A Ming Tre Inking tte dap 8 Ss sar ne Ps ta help en ye oh ten en Sheet ule wore gett 3 ton, Yaya Gs Now, Sree ‘3"power ow | 412 SYLLABLE AND syzu, ot Syllable LABIC STRUCTURE, A pylisble ta it of sound the sonsoharts that cluster ar ‘Structure Fatble Suture coinbintion of alowable sepmenis and Hingoage speci Paris Soimpsted ot x cert pes sono Gana eae ores Pernt Loy Hit ng yale si eigenen Parte Deseripilon [eaten —— | Gases Initial segment ofa syllable ‘Opiicear cy Ceres ible, conasiing of 8) Oblieniry ugleus ant cod (sce belo Nudie Oblgaea | = Code Gosing iegment oF ayable | Oplerat I Ermple Here i an example ofthe syllable structure of the Bo ish word Une 9 . ee a es be nutteus | ructeus code 7 y v6 & yc we } } oe wo!ee ¥ Abusing thitie AU jitter wr, aaa SOV Se eRE cies Cy woman | we Souaidered heavy, Some Uarieungee trea | dhecey Rt shart vow tance ollowed by a cononatt (cata) Fits ton bracching ty ‘Some lenguages teat vith | wewel (cis) fottowed by 4 cnc | oxi) asi _f Etat wih eonwsenet cag ——— Hiss b0 fel eorsonang onan Diagrary Hoe is dingears of «stable 413 WorD stress English leagvage as ts ows thoy ead its own vosa Peart ld iser and ler than sie Whett & word bas more thin ts importance thes the ation ‘igher pitch FO eae the word chap ix sessed on te Syllable; The mt ayliable, oh Sill be lotder and slignuy longer than the isi cg Hable—teo. The intensity ofeach lbs this example cac be illustrated as followsThis raph epee he ety Papen ed ueteed ane 8 MP Mg ete Innportaat polit regain word siren Sip * A sot ean only have one stress. tna vecydong BAN ictal ge, |THE SE ne © Only Vowels are stressed, not conso: naais, © © There are any exceptions tothe es The word stress rule in Bog sary rele Use aictonary Ici important 19 Word stress rutes L Two-Syltable nouns and adjecaves 2 TworSyllabie verbu and prepssitions 3, Thiee-Syilable words 4 Words ending in erly 3. Words ending in consonants and in y 6 Words with various endings 9, Words eeding it ace, e, §. Stress on the second from the 9, Sireis on the thir from enc syllable $OWoid nress fr compound word 11.Proper nouns EnRefiexive pronouns Numbers A. Two-Syllable nowns and adjoctives imost two syilabie nouns and adjectives, the iat wile takes en Examples: + BAMplea * CARton ih ace complicated, Remember tht yn check the word stress of new wonts, the Fight sable, s0 people ca hea snd ns 10 ard werd+ LAX * RCEIVE = dRECT AMONG * sSIDE » beTWEEN * cre Mare abies word stress on two-ayilable words © About 80% of e-syltatie words get ther stress oh the frit svleble © ret of ecu excelsis ule but very Sev none and ajectives ssi ‘On their second eylabte * Verbs tnd prepotitions vreally get siceay ‘Sxteptions to this oo, second Sylinble, bt thee ihe Note: Fae eats May tole Word ier sitet canbe pronounced nt sitent aja ‘ise tess change also changes the part cf specch of the wart Examples: ® PREsent=s sit noun): nan past or fst (adjective) # BRRENT'—to ghesomahingto someone (verh) + OBjes-—sorseas you cin eeand tach (noun + oblECT =to disagree with something (vert) 3. Three Syiable words Eo ree lite i lok ate werd eninge stu the owing ae guide: 4. Words ending in erty Fes three-pilable words ening wih the autaes er crt, the sires i placed ote fn syllableWards teding in consonants an Bere ia.a word tit ends in» camsosant or ina, stress, Examples: © RARIty © Puna * GRAdie © GBporcus Words with various endings Take « good look athe The sires i going jo be ont th syllable feng Examples: ® able: ADDable, Duna ® ial: dinwENTis), i mUSieln, phySIcian, liNfcar AUGHAbi © try Bakery, SCEnery © ble: rStstible, imPOSaitte, TE AG ACHAIG, plaTOnie, charac # few: dinBEtis, pedi Attics, TOpica # loi classiCAtion, repoSItion, vegeTAtion # lat Média, bacTERIa, vicTORIs lent: NOREUien, PAtiers, ANcient © Wis: mySTERIows, reLigious, YARIout © inh: SELAsh, ENglish, PUnish * esis: hypNOsis, dingNOsis as MOnised othe st. Mee ne re ier Ho words f al syllable length, + side: temoNADE, cniSADE, CADE se: aGREE, jamborEE, guaran TEC ‘eet: sightSEER, puppeTEER ‘eee: SiamESE, Japan ESE, chEESE. Stes GASETTE, CorvEr Te, towels TTE ‘ue; UNIQUE, physIQUE ‘80: baL ON, afteNOON, ear FON 5, Stress on thi.second from the sod syllable utes onthe ancond lable orn hs nd of he word wih wat ing a no lon. Exumples: = iCONie GRAPHic hypevTENsicn taleVision nuTRition reveL.Ation ‘Note: Native English speskers dont alvays agws on whet to place the stress on w word Fer [, example, some people ptonource televinion as "TELevision” while ters say "lesen? ‘D Stress on the third from end syllable ‘Pat stress on the third from end syllable with words that end in ey, fy. phy, gy and wl Reamples: . deMOcraey geOGraphy Aulergy A ‘NAUtical é CLAvity CRitical wee ee eneeeeSEA Todd (364 + foo ICBiand (ice +tand ‘TOOTHeaste (tooth + pasts) FOOTEatt (toot + ball) ‘BAsketball Casket + bal) Tt Compound adjectives Acompound adjeciveis en adjective mice ott las ‘Ofte, Hyphens ate used in rompound adjectives. In lice inthe stressed syllable of he ecard word 9 Words ‘ompatind sdjestives the matt stteas + Giesn Minute # old-FAshioned ML, Compound verbt ‘esmipcund verb is when # subject us to cr more verbs. The stress cn th second ron {the last part Examples: + Matilda foves bread but SeTESTS butter + Sersh baked cockies and ATE them up + Des lave o cit bones and love to DRINK. water oe an © PROject manager* Applic INCORPORATED 42. Reflexive pronouns Reflexive pronoiine show o example: Phit mvselt ‘The second syilable usually takes the sizes, Examples: © mySELF + themSELVES © oMSELVES 13. Numbers Ifthe numbers mite of en, the stress i placed nthe first syllable, Examples: = TEN = Firty © ONE-hundred 4.14 WEAK FORMS IN CONNECTED Pi ‘Weak forms are ayllable sounds that become unsrested in connected speech itd as di then pronounced as = schve Example Inthe sentence belnw the first ‘dois a Weak form aid the soon js arressed. What da,yoa want to do this evening? ‘These words have no sess, and vo they are weakened. That wacened fort i called wal form’ 8 oppased to 2 "strong form’, which isthe fall fore ord pronounced wih ‘stress, The gramiatios) words "him wid “to” are unstesses nd have a weal form wi pranounped inside a rentence Features of Weak Forms ‘The extent of viriatich in wenk forms depends lmgely upon specd of woerancs, the sont and more careful the delivery the greater the tendency to preserve form nearer 1 tha of isolate word Le. the strong form, at haat act he pen he pct ae gpPores Weak fora have ene of Pinter Fie Pl rth 1 Battin sian ra = i = z fae ewan Voowele ed cation Redietlon tn the Lemgit of sys Tnwush cates itis ener tan 5 sather vane ce org fre at Trample r ‘Seng oem weak eto on of he wee ROLES For rae use or Inconaincsmtens the 2 Bion of that ek tina eset a weak STRONG Fonnss ofthe weak frat Wid he srsng fous used when a weak form word occu Fe yu thom’? Many wouk fori words never th els tentnce, Whee fn ef seatetce eg the Jou, Weak ore in inal pa ‘Gis, Some words particulary seri provous whe weak for word Soe hie nota him. Sane in the ease fom Lo 2. A-stroes form is. sa 4, A along. form is used eh exphasine 2. You muscive im rere mor 4, A strong form is used whet pit end” a the end of aie Another point to cemersber it 6g ‘her’ ‘have’, Oco eventhough! this isu on ste Gr the pergove ot qt or ‘ced ig You shouldnt i Yogine th uke with nial Coniractions ane Weak Yorms A asian ia shortened fon famine fopther to form conttany. T Spoken ingeage(o.. drs, Henry and replacing the Inspech thre is an wa of ove {6g the wes fom of be and hive ar vaedshevigl pave angeo! voctoulary. Whin pr ‘be and have, the auxiliaries take their weak be written as rections e.g. ‘she has’ Ia rity, fy pede ste Words a reprodace bei tian. Weak fons sposch Instone pronnty 26s are comma with he ular Yat ms. There are spake ax weak forms aPiro rt ate Sata lone _ 1 Reicer ae ic cermin, 3 Elvin of vues nd cater, ‘Reduction in the Length ene) oF of he weak Sm RULES FOR THE USE oF STRONG Forms Anges eontec he sing Sof he weak forms words ci und 4 The ston foes. vaed satin w weck fr ‘ae YOU Sori? Many weak Soin 6: soe words particu oe % Anes form's us Meset cour a he ai oF ene i: Whe Sur Lhe nd OF sealing. he goer 1 ner Weak forms fa weak form word is cones As re dv ay wih aso word, Re ‘Gavel 19 and from London « ts ba : 60g fox (9 Ginphisisye-2 You must give him nore money ne A Ariong form is tped when c werk form word ix que or ‘ated, x. You thou pt ‘and’ atthe end of arerten . i Avoiter point tp yemetaber i th nk form urd hove spel ant Eg foe’, ave! Occurs ay the bog srg of u sedtenee, te pron Usui ital 9 even thoiight this uually on : Contescions and Weak Forms Asontacion ie shore ferbioe togrtser to form eortmeto Spoken language (e.g dear, doc Atrsnd replacing the tt Ihapeect tere san wea of overlap bexwonr. weak farms and sorts: Weak forms Gh thewesi forms oft an use) ae used throughout connec prec n slot pos Wawida ange of vocabulary, Whan personal prnoune ar ced wis sh axe eand have, the auxlaries ake their wenk fons, Thee we pokes us wank foros a8 ny Se'uritan as ccnretioné og "she hts ~'hws, ey have they ome words anced In wating that repeduce ening one ety suited by an apostrophleROD Li yonian si Honiis Eaglish Words are stressed when's cal Tis ty kt one strong foe ay Englith fs nress-time lengiage lian Sete Mee peal vets, wile ria otis can Got stressed. Using ‘ira ead 9 tore fluently Foresimple © She com ys + Mins fom Chisegs Here ae these two seneces ns + She can ply satin © Mary fom Chicano Tbe he eral iron ak ome wel en © ean mating frye * cay in eat fm ay! Piva mi er stay rm a sal ee ee on ae 8 spk Ey ete vowel Os oud © valine verbs ian, de, be, Been ea, coud, es, Has ha, tal. shoul, Vos wre Sal + prepositions 2, for fron, of ro pronouns he, her, him Gonjanctions or, ond uot partite lle ce 0, Funetion words huve bord song end weak foris ta Eaglis ‘Alot of function ros he eek fom He owl to be [Wore | strons fore The | Ai ~ shen stn before the vos! Bx hay have Dough he ppl 7s sires onthe conte Ex I'm bute demonstrative pronpistor ‘relative pronoun. as 2 dernans en chink that ve [tae aPhe ie ots The we Oe & wear f ay bed fu "Schl heeding ns em ithe eloutten * What ery + Whe: 04 Ik at © VON Trem) est nituations * The tien fs frome hi © He les her, but ug 3 Sirs on opposie prop, 1) Ltravel to and from fon 4 Sicesson the pu Mesure zt th wisessty corsa, ® You must chooss is or, ‘The Words tha: hey Pronencitin, the felons Strong fo CE pronusciatin ind wink he (urd Lat este ee = MT bers otfJ —415 ASSIMILATION Inphonsléey, wssimitation More tikea barby sound, apscchy, for cramale, thandbag" Assinilaion cocurs whist ean offie next wot be hot potato! Tae (4) fn or an out Cites Within a word of bah ‘Types of assimilation (1) changes 601 before fer! (for! p 487 Shanges ta! b Foetore fm) 4/0 i 2 /n/ehanges vo / 1 / te 3, MtFchanges toi) before BV Kckanges o/s bafece a 9, 6 2. 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