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Air-Conditioning Systems

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till 4 ton, prob: noise at staart & stop, compression mounting gets weaker due to vibration
1. Unitary systems
a. Single Package Units

Window type A/C

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Upto 10 ton
An inverter air conditioner uses microprocessors to control the
speed of its compressor motor to match the required output. Once
the room is cool or warm, an inverter air conditioner lowers the
speed of the motor to save energy and maintain the desired
temperature.

Disadvantages of Using Inverter Air Conditioner

• High Initial Cost: ...

• Repair and Maintenance Costs: ...
• Compatibility with Voltage Fluctuations: Can't
... start at low voltage
• Inverter Air Conditioners are not Suitable for Large Spaces: ...
• Require long time running condition to get the energy
benefit:..
• Maintenance Requirements: ...
• Lifespan:

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25 ton b. Split Systems

prob: whole unit starts together as one indoor unit

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(i) Ducted Split Type A/C:

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prob: compressor will take entire load

(ii) Multi Split Type A/C:

till 50 ton
Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)/ divides entire load intu equal numbers
Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) System:
prob: chances of leakage as line is long. 10/12 years lifespan, expensive
adv: good for part load

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2. Chiller Type or
Central A/C

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Ducting System:

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Cooling Tower:

Central Air conditioner with Air cooled Condense

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a. All Air systems

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The overall functions of the air-handler are to draw in outside air and return air, mix them, condition the mixed air, blow the
conditioned air into the space, and exhaust any excess air to outside

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The air quality in a space is affected by pollution from the occupants and other contents of the space. This pollution is greater
or lesser extent, reduced by the amount of outside air brought into the space to dilute pollutants. Typically, densely occupied
spaces, like movie theatres, and heavy polluting activities,as cooking, require a much higher amount of outside air

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there is a heater in the duct to each zone. A zone thermostat can then control the heater to maintain the desired zone2/16/2024
setpoint temperature. The system, shown in Figure 2-14, is called a reheat system, since the cool air is reheated as necessary
to maintain zone temperature.
Figure 2-14 illustrates the basic air-conditioning system, plus ducting, to only two of many zones. The air to each zone passes
over a reheat coil before entering the zone. A thermostat in the zone controls the reheat coil. If the zone requires full cooling, the
thermostat will shut off the reheat coil. Then, as the cooling load drops,thermostat will turn on the coil to maintain the zone temp

vav 108

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VAV disadv: 1. poor air circulation in the conditioned space at lower flows;
2.dumping of cold air into an occupied zone at low flows;
3. inadequate fresh air supplied to the zone.
Improved diffusers have made it possible for the designer to avoid dumping and poor room circulation. However, the problem of
inadequate outside air for ventilation needs additional care when the system is being designed.
in a constant volume system
In the VAV system, one cannot set the outside air proportion. As the zone flows are
reduced due to low thermal load,
the proportion of outside-air-for-ventilation
needs to increase. As a result, the outside-air volume must be
maintained at all volume flows. This can be achieved in a
number of ways, but the process
requires a sophisticated, and potentially more expensive control system that
is not required in constant volume systems

Variable Air Volume systems are more energy efficient than the reheat systems. Again, assume28that the basic system provides
air that is cool enough to satisfy all possible cooling loads. In zones that require only cooling, the duct to each zone can be fitted
with a control damper that can be throttled to reduce the airflow to maintain the desired temperature.

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In small systems, the variable-volume supply may be achieved by using a relief damper, called a “bypass,” at the air 2/16/2024
handling unit. The bypass allows air from the supply duct through a control damper into the return duct

As the zones reduce their air requirements, the bypass damper opens to maintain constant flow through the supply fan. This
arrangement allows for the constant volume required by the refrigeration circuit. For smaller systems, this method can provide
very effective zone control without creating problems that may occur when the airflow is varied across the direct expansion
refrigeration coil. Unfortunately, this system keeps the fan working at near full load.
Adv VAV: 1. low initial costs and low
operating costs. Initial costs are low because the system only requires single runs of duct and a simple control at the end of the
duct. Operating costs are low because the volume of air, and therefore the refrigeration and fan power, closely follow the actual
load of the building.
There is little of the
cool-and-reheat inefficiency
of the reheat system

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hot & cold air mixing is done nder thermostat reading, in the proportions required to maintain space temp.
ADV: 1. very responsible to changes in load of the zone
2. easy switching over to winter heating
3. design flexibilty
Disadv: 1. cost of two supply air ducts, both of which must be large enough to handle air flow.
2. designed for high velocity air movement to decrease size, fan power increase.
3. inherent damped leakage in terminal units: higher air quantity required 4. duct heat gain increase due to double lengh, initioal
cost

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b. All-Water system

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c. Air-Water system

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