Disc Contents © IPA, 2006 - Indonesia, Oil and Gas Fields Atlas: Vol.

6: Eastern Indonesia, 1988

Contents

INTRODUCTION
Search

When Luki Witoelar proposed the idea of an for the data sheets and to use the original cross-
-
Atlas of the Oil and Gas Fields of Indonesia it sections and maps provided by PERTAMINA or
was envisaged that a record of the successful the operating company. As a consequence of
exploration of the past would encourage the this decision and the page format of the Atlas,
explorationists of today to develop and refine the field maps are not to the same scale. How-
their play concepts for future exploration. The ever every map and section has a scale on it, and
Atlas would also serve as a valuable reference every effort has been made to standardise the
for the engineers and geologists involved in the symbols used. A legend for the symbols and a
development of oil and gas fields in Indonesia. simplified stratigraphic column for each of the
basins in this volume is included at the begin-
Since then a considerable amount of data has ning of Section 111.
been collected for all the oil and gas fields in
Indonesia. A conscious decision was made to The oil and gas fields within the Atlas have been
publish this volume on Eastern Indonesia first, organised alphabetically. The loose leaf format
since this is a relatively under-explored area of was selected to enable the reader, should he
Indonesia where many new Production Sharing wish, to re-organise the Atlas to suit his indivi-
Contracts have recently been awarded. The duaI requirements. Once a11 the volumes of the
other volumes of this Atlas will be published as Atlas have been published it is hoped that a
the final editing of each volume is completed. future project would be an up-grading of the
Atlas, to include those discoveries which have
With a work of this magnitude many com- yet to be developed.
promises have to be made. In particular it was
decided only to include in the Atlas those oil The sub-committee shared great enjoyment
and gas fields which have produced, or are cur- putting this volume together. We hope it has
rently produc ing. It has also not been possible met the goals envisaged, and more importantly,
in some cases, to obtain all the necessary data or that it will be a reference work for those active
to verify the data as the oil company records in the petroleum industry in Indonesia and
have been lost over the years since the fields elsewhere.
were first discovered and developed. As a con-
sequence the published data represents the
most reliable data which are currently available S. Courteney P.J. Moulds
to the sub-committee. Initially an effort was Chairman Chairman, 1981-1987
made to standardise units and scales for each IPA Oil and Gas
field. However this caused many delays. There- Fields Atlas
fore the sub-committee elected to use SPE units Sub-committee

1
 *

EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION HISTORY

The eastern part of Indonesia comprises a vast (BPM) established the first commercial produc-
region that includes the large island of Sulawesi, tion. Between 1913 and 1942, 8 million barrels
the Banda Arc from Timor to Seram/Moluccas were produced from the Bula Field and its off- -
and the western part of the island of New shore extension the Lemun field, discovered
Guinea. In general terms this region is geologi- in 1930. Following the Japanese occupation
cally distinct from the rest of Indonesia in (1942-44) the field lay idle until 1969 when Gulf
having a significant section of unmetamorpho- +Western drilled additional exploration and
sed Mesozoic and Paleozoic rocks. It is also development wells and produced an additional
an area of great tectonic complexity where 1.1million barrels of oil. In 1972 a new reservoir
numerous microplates have developed in res- in Pleistocene reefal carbonates was discovered
ponse to the convergence of three major crustal in the Lemun field. Also in 1972 AAR Ltd. (now
units - the Eurasian, Australian and Pacific +
CSR Petroleum Ltd.) acquireh Gulf Western’s
plates. Despite a fairly continuous, though low interest, and renewed exploration resulted in
intensity, search for oil in this region, beginning the production of an additional 4.2 million
in the late 19th century, only three sedimentary barrels of oil up to 1985.
basins have produced commercial quantities of
oil. These are the Bula basin (Seram), Bintuni The structure of Seram illustrates the complexity
basin (Eastern Bird’s Head, Irian Jaya) and the of the eastern Indonesia region. The island com-
Salawati basin (Western Bird’s Head, Irian Jaya). prises an accretionary prism where the Irian
Of these three only the Salawati basin has pro- Jaya segment of the Australian plate is being
duced a significant volume of hydrocarbons in subducted beneath the Banda Arc along the line
World terms. of the Seram trough in a southward direction
(O’Sullivan et al, 1985). The coherent slices con-
sist of a series of deep to shallow water pelagic
Seram sedimentary rocks stripped from the subducted
Australian plate, incorporated with pelagic
The earliest oil exploration in the region was in rocks of oceanic origin derived from the overrid-
1887, on the island of Seram, prompted by the ing Eurasian plate.
reported presence of numerous seeps on the
island (O’Sullivan et al, 1985). The first explora- Since continued subduction of the less dense
tion well was drilled by the Bula Oil Company continental plate is impossible this process is
in 1887 and the second well, in the same year, believed to be coming to a halt. The resultant
which flowed 200 BOPD from Pleistocene sands structures consist of low and high angle reverse
was the discovery well for the Bula field. Addi- faults , the planes of which generally dip to the
tional wells were drilled between 1897 and 1913 southwest. Mud diapirs are also common within
when the Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij the accretionary prism.

2
The early Mesozoic to Paleogene sediments in the Bintuni and Salawati basins of the Bird’s
comprise a complex sequence of shallow to deep Head region. In 1935 the Nederlandsche Nieuw
water limestones and sandstones while the Mio- Guinea Petroleum Maatschappij (NNGPM)
cene to early Pliocene sequence consists of deep obtained a concession to explore for oil in Irian
water clays with exotic blocks, described as an Jaya and in 1936 discovered the Klamono field,
olistostrome (Audley Charles et al, 1976) or tec- reservoired in limestones of the Kais Formation,
tonic melange (Tjokrosapoetro and Budhitrisna, in the Salawati basin.
1982), but possibly of diapiric origin (Barber ef
al, 1986). The productive Bula basin contains The first wells were drilled near oil seeps on
sediments of Late Pliocene and Pleistocene age surface anticlines but further drilling at
in a small marginal, northward facing basin Klamono revealed that in the subsurface the
overlying the accretionary prism. reservoir was provided by a high relief, pinnacle
reef build-up in the Kais Formation. Draping of
Although the great majority of oil produced to the younger beds over the reef had resulted in
date on Seram has been from sandstones and the surface structure. Further attempts to locate
carbonates of Pleistocene age, of great signifi- reefs from surface structures were however,
cance for future exploration in the eastern Indo- largely unsuccessful in the Salawati basin.
nesia region is the small amount of production
that has been obtained from Mesozoic forma- Two other small fields, Mogoi and Wasian, were
tions.These include smal1,shallow pools in the discovered in the Bintuni basin during the
Nief area with production from the Jurassic period 1935-1942, also reservoired in the Kais
Manusela Formation and in the Belien pool, Formation. In these fields however, the relief of
where production is from sandstones of the the build-ups is much less than that at Klamono
Triassic Kanikeh Formation, More recently CSR and the reservoir properties of the Kais Forma-
has succeeded in producing oil from the Kani- tion are generally poor.
keh Formation at Bula Tenggara. Recent studies
(Price, 1987) strongly suggest that the oils pro- Commercial exploitation of these discoveries
duced from the Pleistocene reservoirs were was delayed by World War I1 and production
sourced from the Mesozoic section. at Klamono began in 1949 followed by Mogoi
and Wasian in 1954. Production at Mogoi and
Wasian was abandoned in 1961, after some 7
Irian Jaya MMBO had been produced but Klamono con-
tinues to produce at the present day with cumu-
Oil exploration began in Irian Jaya in 1906 and lative production of over 30 MMBO.
numerous oil and gas seeps were reported from
the Mesozoic and Tertiary formations, especially The results of NNGPM’s initial exploration

3
work led oil exploration groups, such as Trend PERTAMINA Unit V discovered the Linda field,
Exploration and the Phillips group, to re-initiate just east of Walio, and brought this and the
exploration in the late 1960's and early 1970's. nearby Sele field on production in 1979. To date
In 1970 Trend Exploration signed a PSC with the Salawati basin has produced over 300
Pertamina to explore for oil in the onshore por- MMBO, of which Walio field alone had produ-
tion of the Salawati basin. Using geomorphic ced nearly 150 MMBO by the end of 1987,
analysis of the area from aerial photographs, making it the only giant field to have been
a reef trend was delineated where pinnacles, discovered in eastern Indonesia thus far.
similar to Klamono, could be expected to be
developed. A seismic program was then shot to Production in the Salawati basin peaked at over
confirm the geomorphic anomalies and the first 100,000 BOPD in 1976 declining fairly rapidly
well, Kasim-1, was spudded in 1972 on the lar- thereafter. The Salawati fields are characterized
gest feature. This well, with an initial test rate of by having an extremely strong water drive - des-
840 BOPD, was the discovery well for the Kasim pite production of more than 3.5 billion barrels
field. of fluid from Petromer Trend's fields there is
virtually no loss of reservoir pressure. Early in
Following this success, additional seismic was the production life of the fields, water influx
acquired and.the Walio and Jaya fields were became a significant problem - high permeabi-
discovered in 1973, both in Kais Formation lity fractures and porosity zones being major
reefs. The Jaya discovery tested up to 23,000 paths for water encroachment, bypassing oil in
BOPD and confirmed the existence of a major oil less permeable zones.
play in the Salawati basin. During an intense
period of exploration a total of seven oil fields It was decided in Petromer Trend's area to pro-
and four gas fields were discovered and have duce using high volume submersible pumps
been commercially exploited by Petromer Trend and to build large scale water handling facilities.
up to the present time, with cumulative produc- In this way oil production could be maintained
tion of over 250 MMBO. despite the increasing volumes of water pro-
duced. By 1987 total fluid production had reac-
Meanwhile the Phillips group, working offshore hed over 1.3 million barrels a day with an ave-
and on Salawati Island were also pursuing the rage water cut per well of 98%. To lift such
Kais reef play. In 1975 they discovered the Sala- volumes of fluid an electrical generation plant
wati "A" field and followed this by discoveries was installed (which has been powered by gas
in four other small oil bearing reefs and one turbines since 1983) with a working capacity of
condensate bearing reef. Commercial produc- 40 MW. By 1988 field development has been
tion by Phillips began in 1977 and in 1984 these largely completed with mid-field spacing down
fields reverted to PERTAMINA. to 7- 10 acres.

4
The Bintuni and Salawati basins are late Tertiary of the Sorong Fault zone, caused a massive
features developed as successor basins over influx of clastic deposits of the Klasafet Forma-
a series of tectonic terranes accreted during tion which terminated reef growth in the Sala-
the Palaeogene. The basement consists of a wati basin. At the same time major folding,
sequence of Siluro-Devonian turbiditic sedi- thrusting and uplift took place in the Lengguru
ments of the Kemum Formation. The late Foldbelt providing the classic sediments of the
Palaeozoic to Mesozoic section consists of pre- Klasafet Formation in the Bintuni basin. Up to
dominantly shallow water shales and sands- 20,000 feet of clastic deposits infilled the rapidly
tones, with coals in the Permian section, which formed basins by the end of Pliocene time. A
in the Salawati and Bintuni basins are interrup- major tectonic episode took place during Pleis-
ted by numerous unconformities and non- tocene time resulting in the present complex
sequences indicating that the Bird’s Head area fault system. The reefs of the Kais Formation are
was generally a regional high throughout this thus sealed by Late Miocene and Pliocene clas-
time. tics forming ideal traps.

In early Eocene time the Bird’s Head area The source of the oils in the Salawati and Bin-
became the site of shallow water carbonate sedi- tuni basins has long been a point of conjecture.
mentation through the late Miocene time - inter- In the Salawati basin the most likely source is a
rupted in those areas adjacent to land-masses by combination of overpressured shales of Late
clastic deposition of the Oligocene Sirga Forma- Miocene age overlying the Kais Formation and
tion in the north. basinal carbonates of the Klamogun Formation
and possibly paralic Sirga Formation sediments.
During Miocene time the Bird’s Head area deve- In the Bintuni basin strong arguments have
loped into two distinct basins (the proto-Sala- been put forward to suggest a Permian or other
wati and Bintuni basins) in which pelagic shales pre-Tertiary source.
and limestones were deposited (Klamogun For-
mation). Towards the end of Miocene time the To date no significant commercial production
rate of sub sidence increased and pinnacle reefs has been obtained from formations other than
developed on the margins of the Salawati basin. the Kais in the Salawati or Bintuni basin areas,
In the Bintuni basin pinnacle reefs are apparen- none at all being obtained from the pre-Kais
tly not developed. This has been ascribed to Tertiary or Mesozoic section. This is where the
over- rapid subsidence in response to tectonic major future potential of eastern Indonesia may
activity in the Lengguru Foldbelt. lie.

By the end of Miocene time uplift in the Nor-

thern Bird’s Head, associated with development C. Gibson-Robinson

5
LEGEND AND GLOSSARY

Cross-sections

Plugged and abandoned well Symbol as for maps except for:

Well with minor oil shows
Oil well ....
***a
***a
***a
Oil Zone
Suspended oil well .....
..... Gas Zone
Oil and gas well

Gas well ,& Normal fault

Deviated oil well

Reverse fault
Oil Zone
Gas Zone
OWC Oil water contact Glossary
GWC Gas water contact
OAPI = American Petroleum Institute
GOC Gas oil contact BOPD = Barrels of oil per day
BCPD = Barrels of condensate per day
Productive limit
BWPD = Barrels of water per day
Line of cross-section BCF = Billion cubic feet
BTU = British thermal unit
Major normal fault, teeth indicating "C = degrees Celcius
downthrown block cu ft = cubic feet
CP = centipoise
Major normal fault, position DST = drill stem test
approximate, teeth indicating GL = ground level
downthrown block in = inches
KB = Kelly bushing
Minor normal fault, teeth indicating m = meters
downthrown block MMCF = million cubic feet
Minor normal fault, position MMSCFD = million standard cubic feet per

approximate, teeth indicating day

downthrown block MMBO = million barrels of oil
md = millidarcies
Minor reverse fault, teeth indicating NA = not available/not applicable
upthrown block psi = pounds per square inch
PT = production test
Minor reverse fault, position sq km = square kilometers
approximate, teeth indicating TSTM = Too small to measure
upthrown block ~ . m = ohm-meters

7
IPA Oil & Gas Fields Atlas

EASTERN INDONESIA - STRATIGRAPHY

BULA BASIN
RELATIVE
AGE SEA LEVEL
(M YEARS)

+
+0-@

PLEISTOCENE
2 3ATHYAL

6 ALAS BLOCK

I LAY
-
MIOCENE
E
I L.
ADDLE TO
IUTER
SHELF

OLIGOCENE

JlEF BEDS
3ATHYAL
PALEOCENE
65

CRETACEOUS
3ATH
141 -rv

-
,AMAN SAMAN
IMESTONE
JURASSIC IEARSt
)UTER
SHELF
8ATHYI:
195
1 TRIASSIC
YY
NTER
Nc?
EA R S

PERMIAN

230

CARBONIFEROUS

345
I L.

!
DEVONIAN
395
SILURIAN
435
ORDOVICIAN.
Modified after Price et a1 (1987)

8
 IPA Oil & Gas Fields Atlas

EASTERN INDONESIA - STRAT GRAPHY

I SALAWATI BASIN
RELATIVE
AGE FORMA- LITHO- SEA LEVEL
(M YEARS) TIONS LOGY & - -0
REG. RANE
PLEISTOCENE SELE
2 ~

KLASAMAN 7
PLIOCENE
Text.11-
6
M
vv
:ARB0
IATE
KLASAFET
KA'S1
MIOCENE
'LAT-
ORM
hh

I OLIGOCENE I SlRGA
I EOCENE I
I
FAUMAI
-2
Nc

65
I PALEOCENE WARIPi
-
CRETACEOUS LANGAN

141
NON
DEPOSI-
TION/
JU RASSlC
EROSION
195
I TR IASSIC I TIPUMA
)PEN
IARINE
vc*
230 )PEN
IARINE

280

345
DEVONIAN
395 KEMUM
SILURIAN
435
I ORDOVICIAN. I
Modified after Phoa and Samuel (1986)

9
IPA Oil & Gas Fields Atlas

EASTERN INDONESIA -STRATIGRAPHY

I 1 BINTUNI BASIN

MIOCENE

EOCENE

65

CRETACEOUS

141

195
TRIASSIC
230
PERMIAN

280

CARBONlFEROUS

345
I I
DEVONIAN
395

435
+
Modified after Chevallier and Bordenave (1986)

10
IV. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Audley-Charles, M.G. and Carter, D.J., 1977, exploration in Bintuni basin and Bomberai
"Interpretation of a regional seismic line Trough, Irian Jaya", Proc. I.P.A. Sixth Ann.
from Misool to Seram: Implications for Conv. 11, pp.43-67.
regional structure and petroleum explora-
tion", Proc. I.P.A. Sixth Ann. Conv. 11, pp. Dow, D.B. and Sukamto, R., 1984a, "Western
3-11. Irian Jaya: The end - product of oblique
plate convergence in the late Tertiary", Tec-
Australian Petroleum Company Propriety Ltd., tonophysics 106, no.1-2, pp. 109-139.
1961, "Geological results of petroleum
exploration in Western Papua 1937-1961", DOW, D.B. and Sukamto, R., 198413, "Late
lour. Geol. SOC. of Aust. 8, no. 1, pp. 1-33. Teriary to Quarternary tectonics of Irian
Jaya", Episodes 7, no. 4, pp. 3-9
Barber, A.J., Tjokrosapoetro, S. and Charlton,
T.R., 1986, "Mud volcanoes, shale diapirs, Dow, D.B., Robinson, G.P. and Ratman, N., 1985
wrench faults, and melanges in accretio- "New hypothesis for formation of the
nary complexes, Eastern Indonesia", Bull. Lengguru Foldbelt, Irian Jaya, Indonesia",
Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 70, no. 11, pp. 1729- Bull. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. 69, no. 2, pp.
1741. 203-214.

Chevallier, B. and Bordenave, M.L., 1986, "Con- Froidevaux, C.M., 1977, "Tertiary tectonic
tribution of geochemistry to the explora- history of the Salawati area, Irian Jaya,
tion in the Bintuni basin, Irian Jaya", Proc. Indonesia", Proc. I.P.A. Sixth Ann. Conv. I,
I.P.A. Fifteenth Ann. Conv. I, pp. 439-460. pp. 199-220.

Choquette, P.W. and Pray, L.C., 1979, "Geologic Gibson-Robinson, C. and Sudirdjah, H., 1986,
nomenclature and classification of porosity "Transgressive development of Miocene
in sedimentary carbonates", Bull. Am. Ass. reefs, Salawati basin, Irian Jaya", Proc.
Petrol. Geol. 63, no. 2, pp. 207-250. I.P.A. Fifteenth Ann. Conv. I, pp. 377-403.

Cockcroft, P.J., Gamber, D.A. and Hermawan, Hendardjo, K.S., 1986, "Paleoenvironment and
H.M., 1984, "Fracture detection in the diagenetic history of Kais Formation,
Salawati basin of Irian Jaya", Proc. I.P.A. KBSA, Irian Jaya", Proc. I.P.A. Fifteenth
Thirteenth Ann. Conv. 11, pp. 125-151. Ann. con^. I, pp. 423-438.

Cockcroft, P.J., Edwards, G.A., Phoa, R.S.K. and Koesoemadinata, R.P., 1976, "Tertiary carbonate
Ried, H.W. , 1987, "Applications of pres- sedimentation in Irian Jaya with special
sure analysis and hydrodynamics to petro- reference to the northern part of Bintuni
leum exploration in Indonesia", Proc. I.P. A. basin", Proc. I.P.A. Carbonate Seminar, pp.
Sixteenth Ann. Conv. 11, pp. 27-56. 79-92.

Collins, J.L. and Qureshi, M.K., 1977, "Reef 0' Sullivan, T., Pegum, D. and Tarigan, J., 1985,

Appendix
 "Seram oil search, past discoveries and Proc. I.P.A. Fifth Ann. Conv. I, pp. 41-59.
future oil potential", Proc. I.P.A. Fourteenth
Ann. Conv. I, pp. 3-20. Samuel, L. and Phoa, R.S.K., 1986 "Problems. of
source rock identification in the Salawati
Pieters, P.E., Pigram, C.J., Trail, D.S., Dow, D.B., basin, Irian Jaya", Proc. I.P.A. Fifteenth Ann.
Ratman, N., and Sukamto, R., 1983, "The Conv. 11, pp. 404-422.
stratigraphy of western Irian Jaya", Proc.
Twelfth Ann. Conv. I, pp. 229-261. Soeparjadi, R.A., 1974, "Changing outlooks of
Irian Jaya". Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Ann. Conv.
Pigram, C.J. and Panggabean, H., ,1981, "Pre- San Antonio, USA.
Tertiary geology of western Irian Jaya and
Misool Island: Implications for the tectonic Tjokrosapoetro, S. and Budhitrisna, T., 1982,
development of eastern Indonesia", Proc. "Geology and tectonics of the northern
I.P.A. Tenth Ann. Conv., pp. 385-399. Banda Arc", Bull. GRDC 6, pp. 1-15.

Pigram, C.J., Robinson, G.P. and Tobing, S.L., Vincellette, R.R., 1973, "Reef exploration in Irian
1982, "Late Cainozoic origin for the Bintuni Jaya, Indonesia", Proc. Z.P.A. Second Ann.
basin and adjacent Lengguru fold-belt, Conv., pp. 243-277.
Irian Jaya", Proc. I.P.A. Eleventh Ann. Conv.
11, pp. 109-126. Vincellette, R.R. and Soeparjadi, R.A., 1976, "Oil
bearing reefs in the Salawati basin, Irian
Price, P.L., O'Sullivan, T. and Alexander, R., Jaya, Indonesia", Bull. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol.
1987, "The nature and occurrence of oil in 60, no. 9,pp. 1448-1452.
Seram, Indonesia", Proc. I.P.A. Sixteenth
Ann. Conv. I, pp. 141-173. Visser, W.A. and Hermes, J. J., 1962, "Geological
results of the exploration for oil in Nether-
Redmond, J.L. and Koesoemadinata, R.P., 1976, lands New Guinea", Koninkklijk Nederlands
"Walio oil field and the Miocene carbonates Geologisch Mijnboukundug -GenootschapVerha-
of Salawati basin, Irian Jaya, Indonesia", keZingen, Geological Series 20.

Appendix