Chapter- Five

Data Collection and Analysis

 Concept of Data
• The information or facts collected through
record, observation and measurement is
known as data.
• Data are classified as subjective and objective,
quantitative and qualitative and primary and
secondary.
Considerations while formulating plan
for Data collection
• Objective- Researcher should be clear about
the objective of collecting data.
• Scope- Scope determines the nature of data
to be collected. It determines the population
and sample.
• Sources of information-Sources of
information are primary and secondary.
 Cont…
• Method of data collection-The researcher
should decide any one method of data
collection considering to research objective,
nature of research and size of population.
• Unit of data collection- The researcher should
clarify the unit of data collection.
• Wrong unit creates problem in comparing
data and developing result.
 Cont..
• Degree of accuracy- Absolute accuracy is
impossible but high degree of accuracy is
pre-requisite for the research.
 Types of Data
Data may be classified in various ways:
• Primary vs. Secondary data
• Qualitative vs. Quantitative data
 Primary and secondary data
• Primary data- Data that has been collected
by the researcher himself/herself as per the
objective of the research is known as primary
data.
• Primary data can be generated through
administration of questionnaire, telephone
contact, observation, group discussion,
interview, etc.
 Secondary data
• Secondary data- If a researcher uses the data
developed by others in the past for their own
purpose is known as secondary data.
• Secondary data can be obtained from
published and unpublished sources.
 Qualitative and Quantitative data
Qualitative-
• Data collected on the basis of quality or
characteristics is known as qualitative data.
• The data that can be observed and not measured.
Quantitative- quantitative data deals with numbers.
The data that can be measured length, height, area,
volume, weight, speed, time, temperature,
humidity, cost, members, age, etc.
 Primary Sources of Data
• Interview- The data collection method where data
are collected by asking questions orally to the
respondents is known as interview.
• Questionnaire- A questionnaire is a formal list of
questions designed to gather response from
respondents on a given topic, issue or event.
• Observation- A method of collecting data where
researcher observes, analyses and interprets the
events or works personally is known as
observation.
 Secondary Sources of Data
Published sources-
• Government reports and publications
• Publication of Semi- government
organizations
• Reports and publications of international
organizations.
• Private publications
 Cont…..
• Unpublished Sources- Some data and
information are not published after the
completion of the work.
• Reports of private offices and organizations,
Some secret information of government and
non-government organizations, record of
hospitals, schools and dissertations of
students.
 Cont….
• Computerized database-Computerized
database consist of information that has been
made available in computer for electronic
distribution.
 Advantages of Secondary Data
• Easy to generalize-
• Economy-
• Quick
• Helps to cross check
• Reliability-
 Disadvantages of Secondary Data
• Determination of reliability of secondary
data is very difficult- Issues will be contextual
but the secondary data are developed in one
situation but the issue might be different.
• Chances of manipulation- Data may be
manipulated by the previous researchers to
achieve the research objectives.
• Inherent limitation- Limitations of secondary
data are obvious in new research.
• Do not match the need of
situation-Secondary data does not match the
new situations.
• Difficult to find rationality- It is very hard to
find out the rationality of the information of
data and wrong selection of data leads to
wrong research.
 Primary Data: Sources and Methods
• Questionnaire-A questionnaire is simply a
‘tool’ for collecting and recording information
about a particular issue of interest.
• It is mainly made up of a list of questions, but
should also include clear instructions and
space for answers or administrative details.
• Questionnaires should always have a definite
purpose that is related to the objectives of the
research.
Principles of questionnaire writing
• Target the vocabulary and grammar to the
population be surveyed
– Avoid using special words
– Use short and simple sentences
– The respondent should not need to reread the
question in order to understand.
 Cont….
• Avoid ambiguity, confusion, and vagueness-
– Ambiguous questions mean different things to
different people.
– An example- what is your income? The
respondent does not know whether you mean
monthly or annual income.
– Do you go for morning walk regularly?
– Questions that use such terms as usually,
normally, frequently are ambiguous.
 Cont..
• Avoid leading questions- Leading questions
are a major source of bias in questionnaire
writing.
Example-
• I assume you would agree with me that the
teachers do a great job for our children.
 Cont…..
• Avoid double-barrelled questions-Two or
three different things cannot be asked in one
question.
• Example- Does your company have pension
and health insurance benefits?
 Cont..
• Don’t assume the respondents are experts on
themselves-Suppose you want to test the idea
that students give better evaluation to
teachers who tell a lot of jokes in class.
• Do you rate a teacher higher if he or she tells
many jokes? (wrong way)
• How would you rate the following teacher?
How many jokes does the teacher tell in class?
(Right way)
• Avoid asking recall-dependent questions-
People have limitations, especially when it
comes to memory of past events.
How did you feel about your math teacher in
school when you were eight years old?
Be careful of inadequate alternatives- Are you
married? Yes-No
Does this question refer to present or former
martial status?
• How would the person answer who is
widowed, separated, or divorced?
• Ask for only one piece of information at a
time- Please rate the bank in terms of its
location and services?
 Cont……
• Ensure those you ask questions have
necessary knowledge- Do you agree with the
recommendations of the Rayamajhi
commission for those who misused power and
authority during the Historic people’s
movement of 2006?
 Cont…
• Sensitive issues- It is difficult to obtain
truthful answers to sensitive questions.
Suppose you have a question like. “ Have you
ever copied other student’s answer in an
examination? This question is very sensitive.
• End the questionnaire in a gentle and friendly
manner- At the end of questionnaire, you
must express your gratitude to your
respondents for their time and efforts.
 Components of a questionnaire
• Explanation information- The researcher
provides explanation information to the
respondents to explain the purpose of the
study.
Dear Respondent:
I am undertaking a study on “VRS scheme and its effects on
employees’ Productivity in the context of public sector banks
in Nepal”. This study is undertaken in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for my BBA degree.
 Basic information
• This is the main part of the questionnaire.
• Basic information desired from the study, of
course, refers to that information which is
needed to solve the problem, which prompted
the study to be undertaken.
• This part of the questionnaire thus covers all
necessary subjects under investigation
adequately.
 EXample
Please check (✔) the appropriate answer:
• My work is fascinating (a)Yes (b) No (c) No Opinion

• I am satisfied with my work (a) Yes (b) No (c) No Opinion

I
 Classification Information
• At the end of the questionnaire, a section on “
classification information” or “ personal
information” can be designed.
• Demographic items should not be presented
first on the questionnaire.
• Most of the commonly gathered classification
information include: (a) age, (b) gender, (c)
education, (d) martial status (e) family
income, (f) occupation and so on.
 Cont…
• Example
Please check (✔) the appropriate category:
Age Education
-under 25 -Literate
-High School
-25-35
-36-45
 The Research Interview
• Interview technique is widely used in research
for collecting primary data.
• There are different types of interviews.
Structured interview
Unstructured interview
 Face-to-Face interviews
• The most common method of obtaining
survey data is the face-to-face interview.
• The interviewer talks to the respondent’s
directly.
• Interview methods are suitable in specific
situations.
• The use of either structured or unstructured
interview has to be selected.
 Cont……
• The researcher has to select this method
considering the time, cost, and other practical
considerations of administration. Examples of
face-to-face interviewing methods
• In-street interviewing
• Interviewing in-colleges
• Interviewing in-home
• In-hall interviewing
• In-office interviewing
 Telephone Interviews
• Telephone interview today is a
well-established technique of data collection.
• In a telephone interviewing, the interviewer
contacts respondents by telephone rather
than by mail.
• The interviewer uses a structured interview
schedule to be administered.
 Cont…
• This type of interviewing is best suited when
many respondents are to be researched over a
wide geographical area and the time available
for interviews is very short.
• Questions are asked verbally, the interviewer
must be careful about the use of words.
 Computer-Assisted interviewing
• Surveys and questionnaires are the most
widely implemented web-based methodology.
• The Internet can be used for the whole range
of surveys from structured questionnaire to
unstructured interviews, and even
observational studies and experimental
designs (Walliman, 2010).
Two types of computer-assisted interview
program.
• Computer-assisted telephone interviewing
(CATI).
• Computer-assisted personal interviewing
(CAPI).
 Cont…
• It is quick and more accurate gathering of
information.
• The data analysis process is also much easier.
• The field costs are low.
 Focus Group interview
• Focus on the certain issue and collect
maximum information from the group of
respondents.
• Interview is taken with the small group of 6 to
8 people.
• Focus groups have been extensively used in
marketing research, in political campaigning,
and as part of public policy and
communications research.
 Cont….
• Recently, focus group interviews have been used
in social, health, linguistics, and environmental
research studies. Example
• Assessing the impact of advertisements before
going public.
• Developing community awareness to prevent HIV/
AIDS.
• Investigating public attitudes and sensitivities
towards growing unplanned urbanization in
Nepal.
 Observation
• In observation method no questioning of or
communicating with people occurs.
• Simply watch people or situations and record
the observed data.
• Observation is the process of recognizing and
noting people, objects, and occurrences rather
than asking for information.
 Cont…..
• The careful watching and recording of
somebody or something in a systematic way
to establish knowledge (Creswell, 2014).
• Observation represents a time consuming and
expensive way of gathering data.
 Methods or Types of Observation
• Participant and non-participant observation.
 Meaning and Definition of Data
Analysis
• Data analysis is an important stage of the
research process.
• Raw data conveys little information as such it
must, therefore, be compiled, analyzed, and
interpreted carefully before its full meaning
and implications can be understood.
 Organizing and preparing Data
• The process of transforming data is called
analysis.
• Processing technique is used to make data
valid, simple and reliable.
 Editing
• Editing is the first step in data processing.
• It implies checking and correcting the data
gathered from questionnaires, interviews, and
observations in a systematic way to ensure
their accuracy and completeness.
• This is the step whereby you try to eliminate
errors or points of conclusion in the raw data.
• Editing should be done as soon as possible
after the data have been collected.
 Editing
The editor of data should look at each collection
form with respect to the following criteria:
Completeness- It is very common for a
questionnaire to be returned with one or
more specific questions unanswered.
This is known as item non- response.
 Editing
Consistency- Each questionnaire should be
examined to determine if it is internally
consistent.

Accuracy- Accuracy of responses needs to be

properly checked.
 Coding
• Generally nominal and ordinal measurement
require coding.
• Interval and ratio measurements produce
numbers itself.
• All data should be enter in numerical form so
that statistical analysis is possible.
• But some variable can be assigned in text
instead of number, such as M for Male or F for
female.
 Coding
Coding is a procedure of replacing a data word with a
code word. We should follow certain rules to assigning
code to the word or text.
For example,
We can use N for Nepali, C for Chinese and Cd for
Canadian.
1 for male and 2 for female.
1 for CEO, 2 for Manager, 3 for Assistant, 4 for Helpers.
Strongly Agree -1, Agree -2, Not Decided – 3,
Disagree-4, Strongly Disagree – 5.
 Classification
• Classification refers to dividing of the data into
different categories, classes, groups or heads.
• Dividing to the data into different classes is
based on the characteristics.
 Classification
Classification of data can be made on the
following bases:
• Geographical classification-The data is classified on
the basis of area or places like villages, district, Zone,
development region etc.
• Chronological classification- The data based on time
frame is known as chronological classification.
• Qualitative classification- The data are classified on
the basis of their characteristics or qualities then such
classification is known as qualitative classification.
 Classification
• Quantitative classification- Classification of
data on the basis of class interval is known as
quantitative classification of data,
facts/information like production, value,
marks obtained, weight.etc.
 Tabulation
• Tabulation is the process of arranging data in
a systematic manner into rows and columns.
• It converts data into frequency distribution.
• It is the final step in collection and compilation
of data.
• It is made to simplify the presentation of data.
 Advantages of Tabulation
• Helps to make data easily understandable
• Facilitates comparison
• Saves time and energy
• Avoids repetition
• Can easily remember
 Presentation Data in Tables
• Simple table
• Complex table
– Two way table
– Three way table
– Manifold table
Simple Table
Two way Table
Three way Table
Manifold Table
 Graphs and Charts
• Tables provide a compact summary of the
distribution, it is not particularly easy to
extract.
 Bar Diagram
• A bar chart uses bars to show comparisons
between categories of data.
• These bars can be displayed horizontally or
vertically.
• A bar graph will always have two axis. One
axis will generally have numerical values, and
the other will describe the types of categories
being compared.
 Horizontal and Vertical Bar Charts

• Horizontal Bar Chart

When the classification is qualitative or
geographic, horizontal chart is preferable.
• Vertical Bar Chart
Vertical Bars are more appropriate for data that
are classified quantitatively or Chronologically.
 Simple bar diagram
• Simple bar diagram- A bar diagram that
presents the single dimension or variable of
the data.
Simple bar diagram
 Sub-divided bar diagram
• Sub-divided bar diagram-A diagram that
presents the total value and parts of a set of
the data is known as sub-divided bar diagram.
Sub-divided bar diagram
 Percentage bar diagram
• Percentage bar diagram- A bar diagram that is
prepared considering to the various
dimensions of a subject or variable in
percentage is known as percentage
bar-diagram.
Percentage bar diagram
 Multiple bar diagram
• Multiple bar diagram- A bar diagram that is
prepared to present the two or more than two
sets of data is known as multiple bar diagram.
Multiple bar diagram
 Pie Chart
• Pie chart- A pie chart is the diagrammatic
presentation of data in the percentage of the
value.
Pie chart
 Graphs and Techniques of Drawing a
graph
A presentation of relationship between two
variables in the form of picture is known as
graph.
 Time Series graph
• Time series graph- Distribution of data on the
basis of units of time is known as time series
data.
Time Series graph
 Scattered diagram
• A graph that is prepared to see the
distribution of two variables is known as
scattered diagram.
• Scatter diagrams are used to investigate the
possible relationship between two variables
that both relate to the same "event.”
Scattered diagram
 Graphs presenting functional
relationship
• Behaviors of dependent variables are based
on the changes in independent variables.
• Y= F(x)
1. Linear relationship- If a graph present the
horizontally straight line while presenting the
relationship between two variables is taken as
linear relationship.
Linear relationship
 Non-linear relationship
• If the diagram does not present straight line
while putting the values of the variables then
such relationship is non-linear relationship.
Non-linear relationship
 Statistical techniques
• Descriptive Statistics
• Inferential Statistics
 Descriptive statistics
Descriptive statistics
• Descriptive statistics provide a concise
summary of data. You can summarize data
numerically or graphically.
• For example, the manager of a fast food
restaurant tracks the wait times for customers
during the lunch hour for a week and
summarizes the data.
 Descriptive statistics
Statistic Sample value

Mean 6.2 minutes

Standard deviation 1.5 minutes

Range 3 to 10 minutes

N (sample size) 50
 Frequencies
• The most widely used method of data analysis
and interpretation is frequency distribution.
• The frequency of a particular data value is the
number of times the data value occurs.
• For example, if four students have a score of
80 in mathematics, and then the score of 80 is
said to have a frequency of 4. The frequency
of a data value is often represented by f.
 Percentages
• A percentage is a common language symbol.
• One of the most useful features of the
percentage is that it can reduce everything to
a common base and thereby allow meaningful
comparisons to be made.
 Mean
• The "mean" is the "average" you're used to,
where you add up all the numbers and then
divide by the number of numbers.
• The mean is the usual average, so:
(13 + 18 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 16 + 14 + 21 + 13) ÷ 9 =
15
 Median
• The "median" is the "middle" value in the list of
numbers. To find the median, your numbers have
to be listed in numerical order, so you may have
to rewrite your list first.
• The median is the middle value
13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21
There are nine numbers in the list, so the middle
one will be the (9 + 1) ÷ 2 = 10 ÷ 2 = 5th number:
13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21
So the median is 14.
 Mode
• The most frequently occurring value in a data
set
 Mode -- Example

• The mode is 44.

• There are more 44s
than any other value.
Measures of spread
Range
The range is the difference between the highest
and lowest scores in a data set and is the
simplest measure of spread. So we calculate
range as:
• Range = maximum value - minimum value
• For example, let us consider the following
data set:
• 23 56 45 65 59 55 62 54 85 25
The maximum value is 85 and the minimum
value is 23. This results in a range of 62, which
is 85 minus 23. Whilst using the range as a
measure of spread is limited, it does set the
boundaries of the scores.
• The range can be used to detect any errors
when entering data. For example, if you have
recorded the age of school children in your
study and your range is 7 to 123 years old you
know you have made a mistake!
 Quartiles
• Quartiles tell us about the spread of a data set
by breaking the data set into quarters, just like
the median breaks it in half.
• Measures of central tendency that divide a
group of data into four subgroups.
• Q1: 25% of the data set is below the first
quartile
• Q2: 50% of the data set is below the second
quartile
• Q3: 75% of the data set is below the third
quartile
 Mean deviation
• It is used as a measure of dispersion where
the number of values or quantities is small.
• It tells us how far, on average, all values are
from the middle.
 Standard deviation
• Standard deviation is a measure of the dispersion of a
set of data from its mean; more spread-apart data has a
higher deviation.
• Standard deviation is calculated as the square root of
variance.
• In finance, standard deviation is applied to the annual
rate of return of an investment to measure the
investment's volatility.
• In the finance industry, standard deviation is one of the
key fundamental risk measures.
 Inferential statistics

• Inferential statistics use a random sample of

data taken from a population to describe and
make inferences about the population.
• Inferential statistics are valuable when it is not
convenient or possible to examine each
member of an entire population.
 Inferential statistics

• For example, it is impractical to measure the

diameter of each nail that is manufactured in
a mill, but you can measure the diameters of a
representative random sample of nails and
use that information to make generalizations
about the diameters of all the nails produced.
 Procedure for Testing Hypothesis
• State the null and alternative
hypothesis-Researcher should set the
hypothesis based on the literature. Research
should set both null and alternative
hypothesis.
• Establish a level of significance-The level of
significance signifies the probability of
committing errors that is accepted. If 5% level
of significance is accepted.
• Choosing a suitable test statistic- For the
purpose of rejecting or accepting null
hypothesis, a suitable statistical tool is chosen
which is known as test statistics.
• Obtain the critical value- We shall consult the
appropriate table for finding out the critical
value like H0 at Z(5%) = 1.96.
• Conclusion-By comparing the tabulated and
calculated value, researcher draws the
conclusion.
• If calculated value is less than or equal to
tabulated value at a certain level of
significance then null hypothesis is accepted.
 Parametric and Non- parametric Test
for Testing Hypothesis
• Parametric test-If the information about the
population is completely known by means of
its parameters then statistical test is called
parametric test∗ Eg: t- test, f-test, z-test,
ANOVA Parametric Test.
• It can be applied only for Interval or Ratio
scale.
 Non- parametric Test
• Non-parametric Test- If there is no knowledge
about the population or parameters, but still it
is required to test the hypothesis of the
population. Then it is called non-parametric
test∗ Eg: mann-Whitney, rank sum test,
Kruskal-Wallis test Nonparametric test.
• it can be applied only for nominal or ordinal
scale
 t-test
• A t-test is an analysis of two populations
means through the use of statistical
examination; a t-test with two samples is
commonly used with small sample sizes,
testing the difference between the samples
when the variances of two normal
distributions are not known.
 Z-test
• A z-test is a statistical test used to determine
whether two population means are different
when the variances are known and the sample
size is large.
 Z-test
• The z-test is a hypothesis test in which the
z-statistic follows a normal distribution.
• The z-test is best used for greater than 30
samples because, under the central limit
theorem, as the number of samples gets
larger,
• The samples are considered to be
approximately normally distributed.
 Anova
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a
hypothesis-testing technique used to test the
equality of two or more population (or
treatment) means by examining the variances
of samples that are taken.
• Suppose the National Transportation Safety Board
(NTSB) wants to examine the safety of compact
cars, midsize cars, and full-size cars. It collects a
sample of three for each of the treatments (cars
types). Using the hypothetical data provided
below, test whether the mean pressure applied to
the driver’s head during a
crash test is equal for each types of car. Use
α=5%.
 Important Non-parametric test
• Chi-square test - Chi-square is a statistical test
commonly used to compare observed data
with data we would expect to obtain
according to a specific hypothesis.
• The data is collected in nominal scale.
• The sample size is more than 50.
• Correlation- A pearson correlation matrix
indicates the direction, strength and
significance of relationship between two
variables among the variables under study.
• Regression- a statistical technique that is used
to see the degree of relationship between
dependent and independent variable is known
as regression analysis.
• Time series Analysis-A statistical technique
that is used to study the variation in the
variables on the basis of time is known as time
series analysis.
• Multivariate Analysis-Many statistical
techniques focus on just one or two variables
• Multivariate analysis (MVA) techniques allow
more than two variables to be analysed at
once
Methods of collecting qualitative Data
• Depth interview-In-depth interviewing is a
qualitative research technique that involves
conducting intensive
individual interviews with a small number of
respondents to explore their perspectives on a
particular idea, program, or situation.
• A depth interview is a loosely
structured interview. It allows freedom for
both the interviewer and the interviewee to
explore additional points and change
direction, if necessary.
• Focus Group Interview-Focus groups are
generally used to collect data on a specific
topic.
• A focus group generally involves 6-10 persons.
• Such discussion is recorded using tape
recorder, videos etc.
• Telephone focus group
• Online focus group discussion
• Video-conferencing focus group discussion
 Analysis of qualitative Data
• Data reduction-Data can be reduced through
tabulation, categorization, coding, comparison,
case analysis and integration.
• Data display- Data presentation is made
preparing table, figure, diagram.
• Drawing conclusions-The researcher should draw
conclusions from the presentation and analysis of
data.
• The researcher should check biasness and
reliability in data that reflects the reliability and
validity of research.
 Analysis of qualitative Data
• Data reduction-Data can be reduced through
tabulation, categorization, coding, comparison,
case analysis and integration.
• Data display- Data presentation is made
preparing table, figure, diagram.
• Drawing conclusions-The researcher should draw
conclusions from the presentation and analysis of
data.
• The researcher should check biasness and
reliability in data that reflects the reliability and
validity of research.
Methods of Analyzing qualitative Data
Content Analysis- content analysis is a research
technique for the systematic, objective and
quantitative descriptions of the content of
data collected through interviews,
questionnaires, schedules and other
expression in written or verbal form.
 Features of Content Analysis
• Systematic- Content analysis should be logical
and systematic.
• Objectivity- Analysis of content must be
purposive and unbiased.
• Generalizability-The findings drawn from the
content analysis should be applicable in
practice.
 Guidelines for content Analysis
• Clear operational definition of the units of
analysis- The units that a researcher wants to
analyze must be first identified and defined
clearly.
• Clear definition for the response
category-Responses obtained from the
respondents must be classified into different
groups and such groups must be able to present
research objectives and they must be
independent to each other.
 Cont….
• Analysis of material-Every material should be
thoroughly observed and analyzed before
developing categories of data for content analysis.
• Decision on developing categories-Researcher
should decide about creation of classes of data.
• Maintaining impartially- A neutral person should
be used who does not know the purpose of
content analysis while analyzing the content for
the research work.
• The validity of the content analysis should be
assessed- The validity of the results of content
analysis depends on the materials analyzed.
 Limitations of content Analysis
• Non-reliable result
• Difficult to categorize data
• Difficult to get clear and appropriate
information
• Costly
• Difficult to generalize
 Narrative Analysis
• Narrative analysis is another widely used method
of qualitative analysis.
• Narrative occur when one or more speakers
engage in sharing and recounting an experience
or event.
• The respondents give a detailed account of
themselves and are encouraged to tell their story
rather than answer a predetermined list of
question.
• Example of narrative is the autobiography or life
history.
 Elements of Narrative analysis
• Understanding level- In narrative analysis,
people tell the stories on the basis of
experience about on a subject or event.
• Such stories widen the understanding of the
people on such subjects or events.
• Data Collection-Data can be collected from
the autobiography, individual letters and
diaries and personal interviews.
• Analysis- Data can be analyzed by writing
memo or summaries of the stories.
• People’s understanding over events- People’s
understanding over any event or subjects,
cultural context and their communities.
• Key actors and events-Narrative analysis
helps to know their autobiography and
understand their understanding over certain
people or event.
 Thematic Analysis
• A technique of qualitative data analysis that is
used to identify the major points of data,
analyse them and prepare report is known as
thematic analysis.
• It is often used to analyze data in primary
qualitative research.
 Steps in Thematic Analysis
• Reviewing the previous literature-The first
stage is to go through the previous relevant
literature which you have reviewed.
• Generating initial codes- When you read a
document, underline or highlight passages,
and make notes.
• Descriptive themes- Focus on repeated words
or phrases, any cases or evidence mentioned
in the document.
• Reviewing themes- Researcher should review
the data and theme to find out whether such
theme is real or not.
• Defining and naming themes- First of all,
generating clear definitions and names for
each theme.
• Preparing report- Finally, Pulling all evidences
together including your own feelings as well as
the views of those being interviewed, you
present and analyze the emerging themes.