Smart Waste Management 2023-24

Abstract
In 2008 the number of devices on the internet exceeded the number of people on the internet. It is
esti-mated in 2020 there would be over 50 billion devices connected. Internet of Things (IOT) is
starting to support the process connecting real-world to the Internet. Sensors and microprocessors are
recording and transmitting data to the Internet. Rapidly increasing Internet-connected sensors means
that new classes of technical capabilities and applications are being created. Constant monitoring is
deepening the understanding of the internal and external worlds encountered by humans. High-
frequency data processing is developing how humans adapt to the different kinds of data flows
enabled by the IOT.

In this thesis, microcontroller-based embedded system is designed to monitor greenhouse

environmental variables. In addition to monitoring temperature and moisture, the user can control
greenhouse environment through relays. The system was designed using Arduino Due
microcontroller and its development environment. Arduino webserver monitoring system was
programmed using the C programming language. The sensor data is read and processed by Arduino
and it is displayed to the user through the web interface. Website programming is designed with
AJAX, HTML and CSS languages. The main aspects of designing the system were the simple
usability and the low cost of manufacturing. User interface is designed to be used by people who
have no prior computer knowledge.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER CONTENT PAGE

NO.
1. COMPANY PROFILE 9
1.1. Brief history of the organization 9
1.2. The products and the services offered by the 9
Organization
1.3. Current Research and Development 10

ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT 11

2.
2.1. Research and Development 11
2.2. Process adopted for Software Development 11
2.2.1. Waterfall Approach 13
2.2.2. Version Control Systems 14
2.2.3. Bit Bucket 15
2.3. Roles and Responsibilities of Individuals in 15
the Department

3. TASKS PERFORMED 17
3.1. About Embedded Systems 17
3.2. Designing an Embedded System 18
3.3. Implementation 19
3.4. Testing 20
3.5. Arduino 23
3.6. Arduino IDE 24
3.7. Arduino DUE 25
3.8. Arduino Shields 26
3.9. Sensors 27
3.10. Software 36
3.11. Raspberry Pi 38
3.12. Project Work 39
3.12.1. Prototype Screenshot 41
3.12.2. Implementation Code 42
3.12.2. Steps of Algorithm 44

4. REFLECTIONS
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46
4.1. Training Experience 46
4.2. Interpersonal Skills Developed 47
4.3. Internship Outcomes 48
4.4. Non –Technical Outcomes 49
4.5. Conclusion 51
4.6. References 52
4.7. CO,PO and PSO Justification 54

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CHAPTER 1
1.1 Brief history of the Organization
With the active participation of its multi-disciplinary Assignment Execution Team,
PraLoTech Solutions has emerged as a leader in the ITES in India and has established itself in the
field of software development, data processing, data conversion, digital printing, Digitization, System
integration, smart card personalization, IT facility management and other IT enabled services.

PraLoTech Solutions, incorporated in 2018, is a professionally managed, rapidly growing,

multifaceted Information technology company.

PraLoTech has successfully completed few e-governance projects for the various
departments of Govt of Karnataka.

PraLoTech is being trusted by many clients who are looking for reliable and quality services
for their business.

PraLoTech Solutions LLP is currently operating and managing in Bangalore and giving
services to e-commerce business services.

PraLoTech Solutions LLP adopted project team and dedicated organization structure. In
project based organization, the project manager’s directors have a high level of power to oversee and
control the project assets. The project manager in this structure has downright power over the project
and can secure assets expected to fulfill project targets from inside then again outside the parent
organization, subject just to the extension, quality, furthermore, budget constraints are identified in
the project.

1.2 The Products and the Services Offered By Organization

Company offer the key products and services you would expect from a leading Microsoft
Gold and Oracle partner including Web, Software Development and Mobile application, Integration,
Consultancy and Support Services.

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What sets us aside is our focus, vision and capability to deliver. We are highly accredited,
come highly recommended and invest heavily in both product development and our first class
consultants.
PraLoTech Solutions is one of India most well-known and well-trusted solution provider.
Today, PraLoTech Solutions stands as a source of reliable and innovative products that enhance the
quality of costumer's professional and personal lives.
PraLoTech Solutions is rooted in Bangalore. PraLoTech Solutions LLP is a leading solution
provider in all technologies hardware and software , has extensive experience in research and
development.

Its employees in all the branches are active in the areas of production, software development,
Implementation, system integration, and training.

1.3 Current Research and Development

Software Development and IT Consulting

● Full Stack Development on JAVA

● Website Building and Web App Hosting with payment gateway integration

● Android App development with Payment Gateway Integration and Playstore deployment

● Desktop Applications

● QA and Software Testing

● Product Developments

● Embedded programs

● Raspberry,Arduino and IOT Components

Contact Information

● Company Name : PraLoTech Solutions LLP

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● Venue : #1, Silicon Plaza, Subash Nagara

Near TC Palya Signal, K R Puram

Bangalore-560049

● General Phone No : +91 9611431872

● Company Email : [email protected]

● Website : www.pralotech.com

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Chapter 2
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

2.1 Research and Development

Research and development is one of the means by which the business of the company can
experience future growth by developing new products or processes to improve and their
operations. The activities that are classified as R&D differ from company to company, but
there are two primary models, with an R&D department either being staffed by engineers and
tasked directly with developing new products. In this company, the R&D department is staffed by
the engineers.

R&D is an important means for achieving a future growth for the company, with the invention
of the new technologies for the efficient growth of the company. The kind type of R&D being
conducted in the company is basic research as well as applied research. When the research
aims to understand a subject matter more completely and build on the body of knowledge
relating to it, then it falls in the basic research category. The findings of such research may often
be of potential interest to the company.

Applied research has more specific and directed objectives. This type of research aims to
determine methods to address a specific customer/industry need or requirement.

2.2 Processes Adopted for Software Developments

Software Development Life cycle (SDLC) was introduced to address the problems faced during the
software development process. It is a disciplined and systematic approach that divides the
software development process into various phases, such as requirements analysis, design, and coding.
The SDLC aims to produce high quality software that meets or exceeds customer expectations,
reaches completion within times and cost estimates. The phase-wise development process helps
us track schedule, cost, and quality of the software projects.

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There are six phases in SDLC:

Feasibility analysis
Includes analysis of project requirements in terms of input data and desired
output, processing required to transform input into output, cost-benefit analysis, and
schedule of the project. The feasibility analysis also includes the technical
feasibility of a project in terms of available software tools, hardware, and skilled
software professionals. At the end of this phase, a feasibility report for the entire
project is created.

Requirement analysis and specification

It includes gathering , analyzing validating , and specifying requirements. At the
end of this phase, the Software Requirements Specification (SRS) document is
prepared. SRS is a format document that acts as a written agreement between the
development team and the customer. SRS acts as a input to the design phase and
includes functional, performance, software, hardware , and network requirements
of the project.

Design
Includes translation of the requirements specified in the SRS into a logical
structure that can be implemented in a programming language. The output of the
design phase is a design document that acts as an input for all the subsequent
SDLC phases.

Coding
Includes the implementation of the requirements specified in the design
document into executable programming language code. The output of the coding
phase is the source code for the software that acts as input to the testing and
maintenance phase.

Testing
Testing includes detection of errors in the software. The testing process starts
with a test plan that recognizes test-related activities , such as test case
generation, testing criteria, and resource allocation for testing. The code is
tested and mapped against the design document created in the design phase.

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Maintenance
Include the implementation of changes that the software might undergo over a
period of time, or implementation of new requirements after the software is
deployed at the customer location. The maintenance phase also includes
handling the residual errors that may exist in the software even after the
testing phase.

The company is making use of the waterfall model approach for developing the projects.

2.2.1 Waterfall approach

The waterfall approach describes the software development process in a linear

sequential flow. This means that any phase in the development process begins only if
the previous plan is complete. The waterfall approach does not define the process to
go back to the previous phase to handle changes in requirement. Therefore, different
projects may follow different approaches to handle such situations.

The waterfall approach is the earliest approach that was used for software
development. Initially, most projects followed the waterfall approach because they did
not focus on changing requirements.

Every software developed is different and requires a suitable SDLC approach

to be followed based on the internal and external factors. Some situations where the
use of Waterfall model is most appropriate are :

Requirements are very well documented, clear and

fixed. Product definition is stable.
Technology is understood and is not
dynamic. There are no ambiguous
requirements.
Ample resources with required expertise are available to support the product.
The project is short.

The advantage of waterfall development is that it allows for

departmentalization and control. A schedule can be set with deadlines for each stage of
development and a product can proceed through the development process model
phases one by one. Development moves from concept, through design,
implementation, testing, installation, troubleshooting, and ends up at operation and

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maintenance. Each phase of development proceeds in strict order.

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The disadvantage of waterfall development is that it does not allow for much
reflection or revision. Once an application is in the testing stage, it is very difficult to go
back and change something that was not well-documented or thought upon in the concept
stage.

2.2.2 Version Control System

Version control system also known as revision system is used in the software
development process for recording the changes to project done over time. A version
control system is a repository of files, often the files for the source code of computer
programs, with monitored access. A component of software configuration management,
version control, also called as source control. It is the management of changes to
documents, computer programs, large web sites, and other collections of information.

Changes are usually identified by a number or letter code, termed the “revision
number”, “revision level”, or simple “revision”. For example, an initial set of files is
“revision 1”. When the first change is made, the resulting set is “revision 2”, and so
on. Each revision is associated with a timestamp and the person making the change.
Revisions can be compared, restored, and with some types of files, merged.

Version control systems most commonly run as stand-alone applications, but

revision control is also embedded in various types of software. Software developers
sometimes use revision control software to maintain documentation and configuration
files as well as source code.

As teams design, develop and deploy software, it is common for multiple

versions of the same software to be deployed in different sites and for the software’s
developers to be working simultaneously on updates, bugs or features of the software
are often only present in certain versions (because of the fixing of some problems and
the introduction of others as the program develops). Therefore, for the purposes of
locating and fixing bugs, it is vitally important to be able to retrieve and run
different versions of the software to determine in which version (s) the problem
occurs. It may also be necessary to develop two versions of the software
concurrently.

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2.2.3 Bit Bucket

Bit Bucket is the git solution for professional teams. It is a distributed version control
system that makes it easy for us to collaborate with the team. Bit Bucket is only
collaborative Git solution that massively scales. The second wave of adoption will be
moving the full software development workflow to the cloud for the same
reason applications moved accelerating business velocity. Bit Bucket server gives
secure, fast, enterprise-grade controls, like fine-grained permissions and powerful
management features.

2.3 Roles and Responsibilities of Individuals in the Department

Software Engineer
Software Engineer are also known as application programmer, software
architect or system programmer/engineer. The work of the software engineer
typically includes designing and programming system-level software: operating
systems, database systems, embedded systems and so on. They understand how
both hardware and software function. The work involves talking to clients and
colleagues to assess and define what solution or system is needed, which means
there are a lot of interaction as well as full-on technical work.

System Analyst
System Analyst is also known as product specialist, systems engineer, solutions
specialist, technical designer. Systems Analyst investigate and analyse business
problems and then design information systems that provide a feasible solution,
typically in response to requests from their business or a customer. They gather
requirements and identify the costs and the time needed to implement the project.
The job needs a mix of business and technical knowledge, and good
understanding of people. It’s a role for analyst programmers to move into and
typically requires a few years experience from graduation.

Business Analyst
Business Analyst is also known as business architect, enterprise-wide information
specialist. Business Analysts are true midfielders, equally happy talking with
technology people, business managers and end users. They identify
opportunities for improvement to processes and business operations using the
information technology.
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The role is project based and begins with analyzing customers needs, gathering and
documenting requirements and creating a project plan to design the resulting
technology solution. Business analysts need technology understanding, but don’t
necessarily need a technical degree.

Network Engineer
Network Engineer is also known as hardware engineer, network engineer.
network engineering is one of the more technically demanding IT jobs. Broadly
speaking the role involves setting up, administering, maintaining and upgrading
communication systems, local area networks and wide area networks for an
organisation. Network engineers are also responsible for security, data storage and
disaster recovery strategies. It is a highly technical role and you’ll gather a
hoard of specialist technical certifications as you progress.

Web Developer
Web developer is also known as web designer, web producer, multimedia
architect, internet engineer . Web development is a broad term and covers
everything to do with building websites and the entire infrastructure that sits
behind them. The job is still viewed as the trendy side of IT years after it
first emerged. These days web development is pretty technical and involves
some hard-core programming as well as the more creative side of designing
the user interfaces of new websites. The role can be found in organisations
large and small.

Technical Consultant
Technical consultant is also known as IT consultant, application specialist,
enterprise- wide information specialist. The term consultant can be a tagline
for many IT jobs, but typically technical consultants provide technical expertise
to, and develop and implement IT systems for external clients. They can be
involved at any or all stages of the project lifecycle pitching for a contract, refining a
specification with the client team, designing the system, managing part or all of the
project, after sales support or even developing the code. A technical degree is
preferred, but not always necessary.

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CHAPTER 3
TASKS PERFORMED

3.1 ABOUT EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is an applied computer system that is built to control a range of functions.
Because of rapidly evolving technology the meaning of embedded systems is a vastly fluctuating
definition. Ad-vancing technology causes decrease in the cost of manufacturing and allows
implementation of various hardware and software components to embedded systems. Embedded
system is dedicated to a specific task. Systems normally consists of inputs, outputs and a small
processing unit. Most of the devices used in our everyday life are some kind of embedded systems.
Devices like mobile phones, watches, and elevators are all embedded systems. Most of the embedded
systems are reactive systems, which means that the information received by the system is constantly
processed and the system acts based on the information. The information changes according the
interaction system and the environment. Arduino embedded is a specialized form of Distributed,
grid, and utility embedded and it takes a style of grid embedded where dynamically stable and
virtualized resources are available as a service over the internet. Furthermore, Arduino embedded
technology provides many maturity features such as on-demand, resources scalability, portal
applications, etc. However, these features influenced by many security issues (defeating attackers,
key distribution and cryptographic aspects) due an open environment associated with Arduino
embedded.

 Embedded System Architecture

Embedded system architecture is a generalization of the system. Architecture does not show
detailed implementation information such as software source code or hardware circuit design.
The hardware and software components in an embedded system are presented as part of
composition of interacting elements. Elements are representations of hardware and software,
leaving only behavioral and inter-relationship information. A structure is one possible
representation of the architecture. A structure is a snapshot of the system’s hardware and
software at design time or at run-time, given a particular envi-ronment and a given set of
elements. An embedded systems architecture is used to resolve challenges early in a project.
Without defining or knowing the internal level of implementation the architecture is the first

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tool used to analyze the system. The architecture can be used as a high-level blueprint defining the
infrastructure of a design.

3.2 Designing an Embedded System

When designing an embedded system multiple different models can be used to approach the
design. The four cornerstones of embedded system modelling are big-bang, code-and-fix,
waterfall and spiral model. Most of the many models used in system design are based on
single model, but combination of the cornerstone models can be sometimes applied. In big-
bang model, no planning is executed before de-veloping the system. The code-and-fix model
requirements are defined but no processes are prepared before the start of development. The
waterfall model uses strict process for developing a system in steps, each part of the system is
developed step by step. The spiral model is a similar model to waterfall model. The
development process is concluded systematically and between steps feedback is obtained and
in-corporated back to the process. Between step feedback and systematic progress model is
shown in Graph 3. In the Graph 3 waterfall and spiral models have been combined into one
system design model. (Arduino 2005.)

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GRAPH 3. Design and Development Lifecycle Model (adapted from Arduino 2005).

3.3 Implementation

Implementing the design is one of the final phases of embedded system design. Traditionally,
the design and implementation of control systems are often separated, which causes the
development of embedded systems to be highly time consuming and costly. Having accurate
design of architecture and system model helps to save money and time in the implementation
phase. There are several tools built to ease the implementation of the system. The
implementation and development process of the embedded sys-tem’s hardware and software
layer is made possible with development tools. One of the tools used on the hardware side is
Computer-Aided Design (CAD). CAD is used to simulate circuits at the electrical level. In order
to study a circuit’s behavior before the final circuit and software is implemented simula-tion is
used to test the hardware. Screen capture of the software is shown in Graph 4. Integrated Devel-
opment Environment (IDE) is used to aid the implementation of the software side in embedded
systems. More information about Integrated Development Environment is found in chapter 3
under Arduino IDE. After implementation, functional testing selects tests that assess how well
the implementation meets the requirements of the product. (Arduino UNO.)

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GRAPH 4. CAD software for circuit simulation

3.4 Testing

The goals of testing is to assure the quality of a system. The tester is trying to determine if the
system is operating according to its design. In other words, the tester is trying to determine if the
error also known as a bug is found from the system. Testing can be also used to track whether
bugs have been fixed. Arduino describes in the quotation what bugs are and how they behave in
a system.

Under testing, bugs usually stem from either the system not adhering to the architectural
specifications— i.e., behaving in a way it shouldn’t according to documentation, not be-having
in a way it should according to the documentation, behaving in a way not mentioned in
documentation— or the inability to test the system. (Arduino 2005, 563).

The types of bugs encountered in testing depend on the type of testing performed to the system.

There are four generally used models to test the system: static black box testing, static white box

testing, dy-namic black box testing, or dynamic white box testing. Table 1 shows techniques
used for testing. Black box testing means that a tester has no access to schematics or source
code.

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to the tester. White box testing also known as clear box or glass box testing is where the tester
has access to the source code and the schematics of the system. Static testing is used when the
system is not running, whereas dynamic testing is applied when the system is running.

Black Box Testing White Box Testing

Static Testing the product specifications Process of methodically reviewing

Testing by: hardware and code for bugs without
ex-ecuting it.
1. Looking for high-level
fundamental problems, oversights,
omissions (i.e., pretending to be
customer, research existing
guidelines/standards, review and
test similar software, etc.).

2. Low-level specification testing

by insuring completeness,
accuracy, preciseness, consistency,
relevance, feasibility, etc.

Dynamic Requires definition of what

Testing software and hardware does, Testing running system while looking
includes: at code, schematics, etc.

● data testing, which is Directly testing low-level and high-

level based on detailed operational
checking info of user
knowledge, accessing variables and
inputs and outputs
memory dumps. Looking for data
refer-ence errors, data declaration
● boundary condition testing,
errors, computation errors, comparison
which is testing situations errors, control flow errors, subroutine
at edge of planned parame-ter errors, I/O errors, etc.
operational limits of
software

● internal boundary testing,

which is testing powers-of-
two, ASCII table .

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● input testing, which is

testing null, invalid data

● state testing, which is

testing modes and
transitions between modes
soft-ware is in with state
variables

i.e., race conditions, repetition

testing (main reason is to discover
memory leaks), stress (starving
software = low memory, slow
CPU, slow network), load (feed
software = connect many
peripherals, process large amount
of data, web server have many cli-
ents accessing it, etc.), and so on.

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3.5 ARDUINO

Arduino is an open source tool for developing computers that can sense and control more of the
physical world than desktop computer. It is an open-source physical embedded platform based
on a simple microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the
board. The software is written in C or C++ programming language. The Arduino development
board is an implementation of wiring, a similar physical embedded platform, which is based on
the processing multimedia programming environment. (Arduino 2011a.)

This single chip microcontroller has a microprocessor, which comes from a company called
Atmel. The chip is known as an AVR. The AVR chip is running at only 16 MHz with an 8-bit
core, and has a very limited amount of available memory, with 32 kilobytes of storage and 2
kilobytes of random access memory. Basic model of Arduino is shown in Graph 5. Arduino
setup build around Atmel microprocessor causes it to be easy and popular to be used in all
different kinds of DIY projects.

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3.6 Arduino IDE

Arduino IDE is programming environment that allows the user to draft different kind of programs
and load them into the Arduino microcontroller. Arduino uses user-friendly programming language,
which is based on programming language called Processing. After the user has written his code, IDE
compiles and translates the code to the assembler language. After translating the code, the IDE
uploads the pro-gram to the Arduino microcontroller. Arduino IDE has a built-in code parser that
will check the user written code before sending it to the Arduino. IDE software includes the set of
different kind of programs that are ready to be tested on the device. After testing the program it can
be uploaded to the Arduino by USB cable that vary in different models (Banzi 2011, 20-21). Graph 6
shows a screen capture of java-based Arduino IDE.

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3.7 Arduino Due

Arduino Due is the Arduino Microcontroller family’s first development board based on the Atmel
SAM3X8E ARM Cortex-M3 CPU that is shown in GRAPH 7. It has 54 digital input/output pins, 12
analog inputs, an 84 MHz clock, an USB OTG capable connection, 2 DAC (digital to analog), 2
TWI, a power jack, an SPI header, a JTAG header, a reset button and an erase button.

Arduino Due has extended memory capabilities with 512kb of FLASH memory and 96kb or SRAM.
The difference to other Ar-duino family boards is that the logical level voltage is 3.3v, the most of
the Arduino boards run 5v on logical level. Arduino Due is the extended version of the Arduino
family and it has all the basic func-tionalities of an Arduino. The microcontroller does not lack its
usability because it has good compatibil-ity with different module boards (shields). (Arduino 2011c.)

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3.8 Arduino Shields

Shields are boards that can be stacked on top of the Arduino circuit board extending its
capabilities. The picture of Arduino Ethernet shield presented in Graph 8. The different shields
follow the same philoso-phy as the original toolkit: they are easy to mount, and cheap to
produce. (Arduino, 2011d). Arduino Shields are designed to improve the versatility of the simple
board. Almost every model of Arduino is compatible with shields designed to it. Shields do not
only improve Arduino by giving it more connected sensors or circuits. They also contain code
libraries made for the specific usage of the shield. Most common reason to buys shield for
Arduino is that the project requires more input or output devices, which default port amount
cannot provide. After the community have started developing different shields by themselves,
Arduino manufacturers have started to embed shields directly into Arduino circuit boards. Easy
install and removal of the shield gives opportunity to use Arduino in all different type of
projects. (Banzi 2011.)

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3.9 Sensors

The purpose of a sensor is to respond an input physical property and to convert it into an
electrical signal that is compatible with electronic circuits (Fraden 2010, 2). Sensors are
electronic devices that measure a physical quality such as light or temperature and convert it to a
voltage. Example of digital temperature and moisture sensor is presented in Graph 9. There are
two types of sensors: digital and analog. Digital sensor output varies between one and zero,
which translates to sensors voltage range. Analog sensor can output any value between its
voltage ranges. Its voltage output changes according to the reading from the sensor. Digital
sensor output is ON (1) often 5v, or OFF (0), 0v. Analog sensor is used to measure precise
numerical information like temperature or speed. Analog sensors can output almost an infinite
range of values. Sensors are used to expand the capabilities of the Arduino. Sensor output is
connected to input pin of Arduino and the data is converted to digital form. Some sensors have
analog to digital converter embedded to the sensor so the data is outputted as digital data. Those
sensors which don’t have onboard analog to digital converter, data is sent analog to Arduino
which then uses its onboard converter to convert data to digital. After data is processed to digital
form, it can be processed on the microcon-troller. (Karvinen & Karvinen, 2014.)

TYPES OF SENSORS :

 Humidity Sensor (DHT11) : The DHT11 is a basic, ultra low-cost digital

temperature and humidity sensor. It uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to

measure the surrounding air, and spits out a digital signal on the data pin (no analog input
pins needed). Its fairly simple to use, but requires careful timing to grab data.

Digital moisture and temperature sensor

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DHT11 Specifications:

Operating Voltage: 3.5V to 5.5V.

Operating current: 0.3mA (measuring) 60uA
(standby) Output: Serial data.
Temperature Range: 0°C to
50°C. Humidity Range: 20% to
90%
Resolution: Temperature and Humidity both are 16-bit.
Accuracy: ±1°C and ±1%

 HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine distance to an object like bats do. It offers
excellent non-contact range detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an easy-to-use
package. It comes complete with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver modules.

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HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor Specifications :

 Power Supply :+5V DC

 Quiescent Current : <2mA

 Working Current: 15mA

 Effectual Angle: <15°

 Ranging Distance : 2cm – 400 cm/1″ – 13ft

 Resolution : 0.3 cm

 Measuring Angle: 30 degree

 Trigger Input Pulse width: 10uS

 Dimension: 45mm x 20mm x 15mm

How Does it Work?

The ultrasonic sensor uses sonar to determine the distance to an object. Here’s what

happens:

The transmitter (trig pin) sends a signal: a high-frequency sound.

When the signal finds an object, it is reflected and the transmitter (echo pin) receives it.

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 `
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 SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS

Soil moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content in soil.[1] Since the direct gravimetric
measurement of free soil moisture requires removing, drying, and weighting of a sample, soil
moisture sensors measure the volumetric water content indirectly by using some other property of the
soil, such as electrical resistance, dielectric constant, or interaction with neutrons, as a proxy for the
moisture content.

The relation between the measured property and soil moisture must be calibrated and may vary
depending on environmental factors such as soil type, temperature, or electric conductivity.
Reflected microwave radiation is affected by the soil moisture and is used for remote
sensingin hydrology and agriculture. Portable probe instruments can be used by farmers or
gardeners.

Soil moisture sensors typically refer to sensors that estimate volumetric water content. Another class
of sensors measure another property of moisture in soils called water potential; these sensors are
usually referred to as soil water potential sensors and include tensiometers and gypsum blocks.

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 Heart beat Sensor

A person’s heartbeat is the sound of the valves in his/her’s heart contracting or expanding as they
force blood from one region to another. The number of times the heart beats per minute (BPM), is
the heart beat rate and the beat of the heart that can be felt in any artery that lies close to the skin is
the pulse.

Two Ways to Measure a Heartbeat

Manual Way: Heart beat can be checked manually by checking one’s pulses at two locations- wrist
(the radial pulse) and the neck (carotid pulse). The procedure is to place the two fingers (index and
middle finger) on the wrist (or neck below the windpipe) and count the number of pulses for 30
seconds and then multiplying that number by 2 to get the heart beat rate. However pressure should be
applied minimum and also fingers should be moved up and down till the pulse is felt.

Using a sensor: Heart Beat can be measured based on optical power variation as light is scattered or
absorbed during its path through the blood as the heart beat changes.

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Principle of Heartbeat Sensor

The heartbeat sensor is based on the principle of photo phlethysmography. It measures the change in
volume of blood through any organ of the body which causes a change in the light intensity through
that organ (a vascular region). In case of applications where heart pulse rate is to be monitored, the
timing of the pulses is more important. The flow of blood volume is decided by the rate of heart
pulses and since light is absorbed by blood, the signal pulses are equivalent to the heart beat pulses.

 GPS Sensor : Global Positioning System (GPS )sensors are receivers with antennas
that use a satellite-based navigation system with a network of 24 satellites in orbit around
the earth to provide position, velocity, and timing information.

GPS Sensor

 GSM
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GSM is a mobile communication modem; it is stands for global system for mobile
communication (GSM). The idea of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is
widely used mobile communication system in the world. GSM is an open and digital cellular
technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services operates at the 850MHz,
900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency bands.

GSM system was developed as a digital system using time division multiple access (TDMA)
technique for communication purpose. A GSM digitizes and reduces the data, then sends it
down through a channel with two different streams of client data, each in its own particular
time slot. The digital system has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.

 GSM Architecture

A GSM network consists of the following components.

● A Mobile Station: It is the mobile phone which consists of the transceiver, the display and
the processor and is controlled by a SIM card operating over the network.

● Base Station Subsystem: It acts as an interface between the mobile station and the network
subsystem. It consists of the Base Transceiver Station which contains the radio transceivers
and handles the protocols for communication with mobiles. It also consists of the Base
Station Controller which controls the Base Transceiver station and acts as a interface
between the mobile station and mobile switching centre.

● Network Subsystem: It provides the basic network connection to the mobile stations. The
basic part of the Network Subsystem is the Mobile Service Switching Centre which
provides access to different networks like ISDN, PSTN etc. It also consists of the Home
Location Register and the Visitor Location Register which provides the call routing and
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roaming capabilities of GSM. It also contains the Equipment Identity Register which
maintains an account of all the mobile equipments wherein each mobile is identified by its
own IMEI number. IMEI stands for International Mobile Equipment Identity.

 Features of GSM Module:

● Improved spectrum efficiency

● International roaming

● Compatibility with integrated services digital network (ISDN)

● Support for new services.

● SIM phonebook management

● Fixed dialing number (FDN)

● Real time clock with alarm management

● High-quality speech

● Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure

● Short message service (SMS)

The security strategies standardized for the GSM system make it the most secure
telecommunications standard currently accessible. Although the confidentiality of a call and secrecy
of the GSM subscriber is just ensured on the radio channel, this is a major step in achieving end-to-
end security.

 GSM Modem

A GSM modem is a device which can be either a mobile phone or a modem device which can
be used to make a computer or any other processor communicate over a network. A GSM
modem requires a SIM card to be operated and operates over a network range subscribed by
the network operator. It can be connected to a computer through serial, USB or Bluetooth
connection.

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A GSM modem can also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and
software driver to connect to a serial port or USB port on your computer. GSM modem is
usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone. The GSM modem has wide range of applications
in transaction terminals, supply chain management, security applications, weather stations
and GPRS mode remote data logging.

 Working of GSM Module:

From the below circuit, a GSM modem duly interfaced to the MC through the level shifter IC
Max232. The SIM card mounted GSM modem upon receiving digit command by SMS from
any cell phone send that data to the MC through serial communication. While the program is
executed, the GSM modem receives command ‘STOP’ to develop an output at the MC, the
contact point of which are used to disable the ignition switch. The command so sent by the
user is based on an intimation received by him through the GSM modem ‘ALERT’ a
programmed message only if the input is driven low. The complete operation is displayed
over 16×2 LCD display.

 Intelligent GSM Device for Automation and Security

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In these days, the GSM mobile terminal has become one of the items that are constantly with
us. Just like our wallet/purse, keys or watch, the GSM mobile terminal provides us a
communication channel that enables us to communicate with the world.

The requirement for a person to be reachable or to call anyone at any time is very appealing.
In this project, as the name says project is based on GSM network technology for
transmission of SMS from sender to receiver. SMS sending and receiving is used for
ubiquitous access of appliances and allowing breach control at home. The system proposes
two sub-systems. Appliance control subsystem enables the user to control home appliances
remotely and the security alert subsystem gives the automatic security monitoring.

The system is capable enough to instruct user via SMS from a specific cell number to change
the condition of the home appliance according to the user’s needs and requirements. The
second aspect is that of security alert which is achieved in a way that on the detection of
intrusion, the system allows automatic generation of SMS thus alerting the user against
security risk.

3.10 Software
In Arduino programming there are two main functions. Main functions are setup() and loop().
Setup() function is only operated once when device is booted up, it is mostly used to setup
initiation settings. Loop() is ran after the setup() function has finished, loop() function will run
repeatedly until power off or reset button is pushed (GRAPH 14). Arduino programming is
supported by wide amount of libraries. Large amount of open-source libraries are available from
Arduino community. Setup() function flowchart describes the setup process of the system
(APPENDIX 1).

Programming of the software was first started from the sensors and the real time clock module.
Arduino IDE provided libraries to help reading data from DHT22 and RTC modules. Soil
moisture sensor (Graph 11.) data was read directly from analog pins. Data from sensors and RTC
was printed out to IDE’s serial the monitor for testing purposes (Graph 15). One of the
requirements of the system was that there would be long-term data saved for charting purposes.
Arduino provides a SD card library, which was used to create a function sdCardDatalog ()
(APPENDIX 4/2). The function saves sensor data and the time to the SD card on the W5100
network shield. To provide user remotely monitor their greenhouse through webpage, webserver
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needed to be established. Webserver libraries were created for Arduino but they did not meet the
requirements of the system. Better web script support was needed to the project, so new
webserver was designed to fit precisely the system requirements. Live charting was designed to
display data for the user on the website. Without JavaScript support on the webserver, internet
connection would have been needed. The new webserver enables the system to be used offline in
local area network with-out internet connection.

 Arduino IDE with serial monitor.

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3.11 Raspberry Pi
Raspberry Pi (/paɪ/) is a series of small single-board computers developed in the United
Kingdom by the Raspberry Pi Foundation in association with Broadcom.[15] The Raspberry Pi
project originally leaned towards the promotion of teaching basic computer science in schools
and in developing countries.[16][17][18] The original model became more popular than anticipated,
[19]
selling outside its target market for uses such as robotics. It is widely used in many areas,
such as for weather monitoring,[20] because of its low cost, modularity, and open design. It is
typically used by computer and electronic hobbyists, due to its adoption of HDMI and USB
devices.

After the release of the second board type, the Raspberry Pi Foundation set up a new entity,
named Raspberry Pi Trading, and installed Eben Upton as CEO, with the responsibility of
developing technology.[21] The Foundation was rededicated as an educational charity for
promoting the teaching of basic computer science in schools and developing countries.

Sold units of the Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is one of the best-selling British computers.[22] As of December 2019, more
than thirty million boards have been sold.[23] Most Pis are made in a Sony factory in Pencoed,
Wales,[24] while others are made in China and Japan.[25]

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3.12 .PROJECT WORK

We are currently experiencing a fast development of Smart Cities where engineers, urban
planners, architects and city managers are joining forces with the goal of boosting up the
efficiency of municipal services and increasing benefits and convenience to their communities [1].
In this case, efficiency may be related to a wide spectrum of factors such as quality of life,
economy, sustainability, or infrastructure management. ICT has been highlighted as one of the
key enablers for Smart Cities/Societies regardless of the context or specific goals of each
individual service, application or action under this umbrella [2]. In this paper, we describe how an
integrated cyber physical system design, based on the combination of different disciplines in
engineering, and taking advantage of municipal wireless access networks can lead to smart ways
of improving the management of cities. The proposed system lays over the foundation of
Geographic Information Systems (GIS), applied graph theory on graph optimization, and machine
learning. It consists of an IoT based prototype with sensors measuring the waste volume in
trashcans or containers, with the capability of transmitting information to the Internet via a
wireless link. This data is used to optimize the management and strategies of waste collection
logistics.

 Purpose of the project

Cities generate lot of waste and aggregation of this unattended waste will cause serious health care
problems. So a smart way of collecting this waste is needed , collection trips has to be applied which
are optimistic and on demand.

 Scope
In this work we cover Design of smart bin and trip planning using graph theory for waste collection
from bins..

 Problem Statement
Cities generate lot of waste and aggregation of this unattended waste will cause serious health care
problems. So a smart way of collecting this waste is needed , collection trips has to be applied which
are optimistic and on demand.

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 Existing System
Existing systems are based on manual routing trips at frequent intervals. This approach has following
disadvantages

1. Wastages of cost since not optimistic

2. Many places fill up fast and always dirty

Some automated systems based on smart bin are available but in this trip optimization is not
considered

 Proposed System
We propose a system based on three concepts Geographic information systems, graph theory and
machine learning

The system has two important components

1. Smart Bin
2. Server

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Smart Bin : The smart bin automatically calculates the level of trash
and informs to the Server.
It has sensors , Microcontroller, Access Network Interface , Battery

Ultra sonic sensors are used to measure the level of trash and this is informed via access network
interface to the Server system.

Architecture for the bin end shows above, here Microcontroller works on the devices like GSM or
GPRS Shield, buzzer and Ultrasonic sensors.

Microcontroller accepts the analog inputs and gives the digital output.

GSM/GPRS Shield: GPRS stands for General Packet Radio Service, which is a packet oriented
mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular networks.

Buzzer: This device gives the output with the Sound.

Ultrasonic Sensor: this sensor sends out the high frequency sound pulse and then times how long it
takes for the echo of the sound to reflect back.

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3.12.1 . Prototype Screenshot

3.12.2 . Implementation Code

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial mySerial(7, 8);

// defines pins numbers

int trigPin = 9;
int echoPin = 10;

int lastsend=0;

// defines variables
long duration;
float distance;

float lastfilled=0; //initiallizing to zero

int fullbindistance=11; // setting the distance of bin accordingly
int buzzerpin = 13;

void setup()

mySerial.begin(9600);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(buzzerpin, OUTPUT);// Sets the buzzer as an Ouput
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
Serial.begin(9600); // Starts the serial communication

delay(100);

void loop()

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{
/* this loop is to send signal from ultrasonic sensor which send signals by settings given for trigpin
with high , low and delay seconds & calculates distance & percentage which is placed inside bin */

// Clears the trigPin

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); // setting trigpin to low and wait for 2microsec of delay
delayMicroseconds(2);

// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds

digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH); // again setting pin to high for trigpin and adding delay of
10microsec
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW); //setting trigpin to low

// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

// Calculating the distance

distance= duration*0.034/2;

// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor

Serial.print("\nDistance: ");
Serial.println(distance);

// calculates the percentage

float percent=(fullbindistance-distance)*100.0/fullbindistance;

Serial.print("Percent:");
Serial.print(percent );
Serial.print(" % \n");

//SendMessage(percent);

if (lastsend==2) // check if the 6 sec has passed

{
if (percent!=lastfilled) // if percentage is not equal to lastfilled thn send msg to numbr given
{
SendMessage(percent);

if (mySerial.available()>0) // read sms status from gms

Serial.write(mySerial.read());

Serial.println("Sent SMS: "); // to display on moniter serial and accordingly in next line
lastfilled=percent; // resetting once 3sec is completed

lastsend=0; //resetting to zero

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Else

{
lastsend=lastsend+1; // incrementing
}

delay(1000*3); //setting delay in microseconds

if( percent > 10)

{
digitalWrite(buzzerpin, HIGH);
delay(8000);
}

else
{
digitalWrite(buzzerpin, LOW);

}
}

void SendMessage(float percent)

{

mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1"); //Sets the GSM Module in Text Mode

delay(1000); // Delay of 1000 milli seconds or 1 second
mySerial.println("AT+CMGS=\"+919611431872\"\r"); // Replace x with mobile number
delay(1000);
mySerial.print(percent);// The SMS text you want to send
//mySerial.print("");
delay(1000);
mySerial.println((char)26);// ASCII code of CTRL+Z
delay(1000);

3.12.3. Steps Of Algorithms

1.Randomly create the initial population of individual string of the given TSP problem and
create a matrix representation of the cost of the path between two cities.
2.Assign the fitness to each chromosome in the population using fitness criteria measure.

F(x) = 1/x
where,
x represents the total cost of
the string.

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The selection criteria depends upon the value of string if it is close to some threshold value.3.
Create new off-spring population from two existing chromosomes in the parent population
by applying crossover operator.

4.Mutate the resultant off-springs if required.

NOTE: After the crossover off spring population has the fitness value higher than the
parents.

5.Repeat step 3 and 4 until we get an optimal solution to the problem.

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Chapter 4
REFLECTIONS
4.1Training Experience

An internship is a form of experiential learning that integrates knowledge and theory

learned in classroom with practical application and skill development in professional
settings. Internships give us the opportunity to gain valuable applied experience. They are
the way to gain relevant work experience, get your professional network. An internship can
provide career-building experience and be a stepping stone to our dream job.

My first internship experience has been very useful in increasing my career skills.
The computer-based internship has greatly broadened knowledge in the computer
technology field. Noticeably every moment I have spent on the internship has taught me that
in pursuing my career I must be alert at solving a problem

An internship with a company which is well established is a brilliant source of

knowledge. Firstly, I was able to physically see and experience the concepts that I have
learnt in my academics. On the other hand, I will be able to gain some very important
insights of working with senior officials in reality. A person can gain a lot of benefits from
participating in an internship. An internship allows us to acquire experience, build our
resume, and to gain training in our field of choice. So, building our resume with job
experience from the internship is very beneficial.

An internship provides the opportunity to gain hands on work experience that we just
can’t get in the classroom. The primary purpose of the internship is to add value to the
educational experience of the students. It facilitates concrete experiences that encourage the
link between theory and practice. It provides an experimental learning opportunity for
students to apply their concepts, knowledge and skills gained in real situation, to evaluate the
acceptability of a future career area, to increase their competitiveness for future employment
and to develop an awareness of community, economic and social issues in a global society.

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4.2 Interpersonal Skills Developed

Interpersonal skills are the tools that people use to interact and communicate with
individuals in an organizational environment. The areas of interpersonal skills which
were able to develop are:

Verbal communication
The verbal communication refers to how and what words use to communicate with the
individuals in the working organisation. Here it is not just how and what words are used
to communicate with individuals. But also, it is important to communicate through
words with the correct tone and manner. This internship has provided the opportunity to
improve the verbal communication and how to behave well in the working
environment.

Non-verbal communication
This includes facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the voice, gestures displayed
through body language (kinesics) and the physical distance between the communicators.
This skill is also very important part of communication, especially when
communicating with the people of higher positions. In the internship I was able to do the
above in a more thoughtful way.

Listening skills
Listening is the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages in the
communication process. Listening is key to all effective communication, without the
ability to listen effectively messages are easily misunderstood – communication breaks
down and the sender of the message can easily become frustrated or irritated.

Problem solving
Everybody can benefit from having good problem-solving skills as we all encounter
problems on a daily basis; some of these problems are obviously more severe or
complex than others. It would be wonderful to have the ability to solve all problems
efficiently and in a timely fashion without difficulty, unfortunately there is no one way
in which all problems can be solved. With the help of my guides I was able to learn a
little bit about how to solve the problems that occur during work.

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4.3 Internship outcomes

Internship outcomes are:

This internship has taught me how to deal with sudden changes in my workload and
has improved my team-working skills.

I have learned how to work independently and be responsible in a professional

setting, I had to keep myself accountable in order to get the job done.

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4.4 Non-Technical Outcomes

Exercising Leadership

Behaving Professionally.

Behaving ethically.

Listening effectively

Addressing colleagues and superiors appropriately.

Allocating time effectively.

Adapting effectively to changing conditions.

Participating as a member of a team.

Developing appropriate work place attitudes.

Understanding and managing personal behavior and attitudes.

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Teamwork: Teamwork is such an important aspect of running

successful company and my internships have taught me how to do this
on a business level. Teamwork is the ability to work well with other
people and be adaptable in order to deal effectively with the demands
placed on team, which I have achieved to an expected extent.
Employers will ask us to demonstrate this skill in our application by
working with other people and cooperating with them to get the best
result.

Skills:
Aim of the internships teaches us are the skills we need to
work in that field. I learned how to take a company’s value,
needs, and voice. I got opportunity to learn new technologies
like IOT. I learnt about my strengths and weakness by creating
learning objectives and receiving feedback from our
senior’sengineers.

How to behave at office:

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I did not know exactly what to expect how office environment

will be there. The environment here at the company is quite
relaxed, yet it taught me how to behave in the workplace.
Simple working in the office and getting used to everything her
has definitely prepared me for whatever my next position may
be. Art office everyday events has taught me more about
teamwork, and how people can come together to get things
done. Although, sometimes I have to remind myself to use my
inside voice, I feel I’ve adapted to the office life relatively well.

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4.5 CONCLUSION
A systematic approach in designing the microcontroller based system for measurement
and control of the three essential parameters for plant growth, temperature, humidity
and soil moisture, has been followed. The system has successfully overcome of the
existing systems by reducing the power consump-tion, complexity and the cost at the
same time providing a precise form of maintaining the environment. The results
obtained from the measurement have shown that the system performance is quite
reliable and accurate.

Arduino microcontrollers are constantly evolving development platform. Vastly

advancing technology can easily bypass technology used in Arduino Due and make
the technology outdated. Growing open-source community is constantly developing.
More advanced software is programmed to work similarly with monitoring
environment variables.

Environment variable monitoring DIY projects are common in open-source

communities. Multiple greenhouse or household plant monitoring projects can be
found online. The key factor that sets this greenhouse-monitoring project apart from
other DIY monitoring systems is that the user can easily ac-cess the data through the
web interface and the user can affect the environment inside the greenhouse through
the interface. Usually web interfacing monitoring systems require multiple hardware
to handle hosting services. To narrow down the cost of hosting and monitoring system
was combined to one de-vice.

For further research, the system could be designed to operate in a wireless

environment. Wi-Fi technol-ogy would be considerable option to provide free access
to user interface. Alternatively, even further taken option can be 3G or 4G cellular
connectivity. Accessing the monitoring data regardless of distance to the location of
the greenhouse would make monitoring more efficient and less time consuming. Data
could be accessed via internet with the handheld device.

Coming to project work, We have reviewed the present answers for survey canister
accumulation and recognized the open issues. Most arrangement were not proposing
successful answer for gather the waste financially. Finally By implementing this
SmartBin we can get, Waste Level detection inside the dustbin, Transmit the
information wirelessly to concerned, The data can be accessed anytime and from
anywhereThe real-time data transmission and access and Avoids the overflows of
Dustbins.

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4.6 REFERENCES

⮚ Aarons Creek Farms. 2012. Greenhouse Buying Guide. Available:

http://www.littlegreen-house.com/guide.shtml. Accessed: 26 April
2016.

⮚ Arduino. 2011a. Introduction. Available:

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Introduction. Accessed: 13 April
2016.

⮚ Arduino. 2011b. Arduino Uno. Available:

http://arduino.cc/en/Main/arduinoBoardUno. Accessed: 14 March
2016.

⮚ Arduino. 2011c. Arduino Due. Available:

http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoBoardDue. Ac-cessed: 19
March 2016.

⮚ Arduino. 2011d. Arduino Shields. Available:

http://arduino.cc/en/Main/ArduinoShields. Accessed: 15 April 2016.

⮚ Banzi, M. 2011. Arduino – Getting Started with Arduino. Maker

Media, Inc.

⮚ Banzi, M. 2012. Available:

http://www.ted.com/talks/massimo_banzi_how_arduino_is_open_sou
rc-ing_imagination#. Accessed: 14 March 2016.

⮚ Evans, B. 2011. Beginning Arduino Programming. 2-3. New York:

Apress.

⮚ Fraden, J. 2010. Handbook of Modern Sensors: Physics, Designs, and

Applications. Pringer Science & Business Media.

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⮚ Fritzing. 2013. Fritzing: a tool for advancing electronic prototyping

for designers. Available: http://fritz-ing.org/home/. Accessed: 26
March 2016.

⮚ Frueh, A. 2012. Soil Moisture Sensor. Available:

http://gardenbot.org/howTo/soilMoisture/how-to_moisture-
sensor_big.png. Accessed: 21.4.2016.

⮚ FTD Automation Pvt. Ltd. 2012. OrCAD PSpice A/D. Available:

http://www.ftdautomation.com/up-load/orcad_pspice/PSpice.jpg.
Accessed: 24 March 2016. 26

⮚ Karvinen, T. & Karvinen, K. 2014. Getting Started with Sensors:

Measure the World with Electronics, Arduino, and Raspberry Pi.
Maker Media, Inc.

⮚ Karvinen, T. & Karvinen, K. 2009. Sulautetut. Helsinki: Readme.fi.

⮚ Llemos, J.A. 2015. How does an Arduino sketch work? Available:

http://japaalekhin.llemos.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/arduino-
software.jpg. Accessed: 26 March 2016.

⮚ Mäenpää, Y. 2011. Arduino – Perusteista hallintaan. Hämeenlinna:

Robomaa.com.

⮚ Noergaard, T. 2005. Embedded Technology : Embedded Systems Architecture :

A Comprehensive Guide for Engineers and Programmers. Burlington, MA,
USA: Newnes. ProQuest ebrary.

⮚ Robotshop. 2016. Humidity and Temperature Sensor - DHT22. Available:

http://www.robot-shop.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/im-age/800x800/9df

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78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/h/u/humidity-temperature-sensor-dht22.jpg.
Ac-cessed: 20 March 2016.

⮚ SparkFun Electronics – DHT22. 2010. Digital-output relative humidity &

temperature sensor/module DHT22 (DHT22 also named as AM2302).
Available:
https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sen-sors/Temperature/DHT22.pdf.
Accessed 29 March 2016.

⮚ Timmerman, G. J. & Kamp, P. G. H. 2003. Computerized Environmental

Control in Greenhouses, PTC.

⮚ Vizcayno, D. 2015. The Future of Technology, Privacy, Security and Risks

(part 3 of 5). Available:
https://dcvizcayno.files.wordpress.com/2015/08/as1.png. Accessed: 19 March
2016.

Department of ECE K K GEC K R Pete Page 57

 4.7 CO, PO and PSO Justification

 COURSE OUTCOMES
After going through the internship the student will be able to:
CO1: Apply engineering and management principles
CO2: Analyze real-time problems and suggest alternate solutions
CO3: Communicate effectively and work in teams
CO4: Imbibe the practice of professional ethics and need for lifelong learning.

 PROGRAM OUTCOMES

PO1: Engineering Knowledge:

Knowledge on manufacturing process of Industrial power

systems and applications of power electronics.

PO2: Problem Analysis:

Introduction of modern devices like IGBT, MOSFET helped
enhance the performance of products.

PO3: Design /Development of solutions:

Customizable Design without compromising on performance.

PO5: Modern tool usage:

ORCAD, MATLAB and Single Line Drawings.
 PO9: Individual and Teamwork:
Worked individually in analyzing the sensors and the circuits and
preparing presentation and in the team for the design of embedded
systems.

PO10: Communication:
Communicated effectively with team members to clarify doubts and
discuss solutions to problems. Completed the report and provided
presentation on the task performed at the internship under the
instructions of the mentor.

 PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES

PSO1: Core Engineering: The graduates will be able to apply

the principles of Electronics and Communication in core
areas.

PSO2: Soft Skills: An ability to use latest hardware and

software tools in Electronics and Communication
engineering.

PSO3: Successful Career: Preparing Graduates to satisfy

industrial needs and pursue higher studies with social-
awareness and universal moral values.
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