𝑟- (6.

38 × 10& 𝑚 + 350 × 10- 𝑚)-

𝑇 = 2𝜋[ = 2𝜋[ = 5500 𝑠
𝐺𝑚< (6.67 × 10)** 𝑁𝑚# /𝑘𝑔# )(5.98 × 10#( 𝑘𝑔)

4. A satellite orbits Earth 270 km above Earth’s surface. Calculate the free-fall acceleration at this altitude.
#
𝑟< # 6.38 × 10& 𝑚
𝑎 = 𝑔 Y Z = (9.8 𝑚/𝑠 # ) S T = 9.0 𝑚/𝑠 #
𝑟 6.38 × 10& 𝑚 + 270 × 10- 𝑚

5. What is the gravitational field strength of the Earth at a distance of 200 km from the Earth’s surface?

𝐺𝑀< (6.67 × 10)** 𝑁𝑚# /𝑘𝑔# )(5.98 × 10#( 𝑘𝑔)

𝑔= = = 9.21 𝑚/𝑠 #
𝑟# (6.38 × 10& 𝑚 + 200 × 10- 𝑚)#

Learning Outcome Number of Periods

Topic 8: Work, Energy and Machines 4
Section 8.1: Work and Energy
(KPIs 8.1.1–8.1.10)

• Practice Questions (Addition to Specified Example Questions)

Multiple choice question

1. Which of the following is not a unit of work? either positive or negative, depending on
√ D.
the direction the object moves
A. 𝐽
4. In which of the following cases is the network
B. 𝑁𝑚 positive?
√ C. 𝑁/𝑚
Work done to hold a set of 25 kg barbells
D. 𝑘𝑔𝑚# /𝑠 # A.
and walk forward
Work done to raise and lower a set of 25
B.
2. A watt is equivalent to ____. kg barbells to and from the floor ten times
A. 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚/𝑠 - Work done to hold a set of 25 kg barbells
C. at a constant height for
B. 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚# /𝑠 3 min
Work done to kick a set of 25 kg barbells
√ C. 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚# /𝑠 - √ D.
and cause them to roll across the floor
D. 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑚# /𝑠 #
5. You throw a baseball straight up. Compare the sign
3. If the force on an object is in the negative direction, of the work done by gravity while the ball goes up
the work it does on the object must be ___. with the sign of the work done by gravity while it
goes down.
A. zero
The work is positive on the way up and
A.
B. positive positive on the way down
The work is positive on the way up and
C. negative B.
negative on the way down
21
 The work is negative on the way up and the mass of the object times its
√ C. C.
positive on the way down acceleration
The work is negative on the way up and on D. the mass of the object times its velocity
D. the way down because gravity is always
downward
6. A 35-N bucket of water is lifted vertically 3.0 m and
11. What is the minimum energy needed to change
then returned to its original position. How much
the speed of a 1600-kg sport utility vehicle from 15.0
work did gravity do on the bucket during this
m/s to 40.0 m/s?
process?
√ A. 1.10 MJ
√ A. 0 J
B. 10.0 kJ
B. 45 J
C. 20.0 kJ
C. 90 J
D. 40.0 kJ
D. 180 J

12. How much work must be done by frictional forces

7. Person X pushes twice as hard against a stationary
in slowing a 1000-kg car from 20 m/s to rest?
brick wall as person Y. Which one of the following
statements is correct?
Both do positive work, but person X does A. −1 × 10( 𝐽
A.
four times the work of person Y B. −2 × 10( 𝐽
Both do positive work, but person X does
B. √ C. −2 × 10D 𝐽
twice the work of person Y
C. Both do the same amount of positive work D. −4 × 10D 𝐽
√ D. Both do zero work
13. An object hits a wall and bounces back with half
8. How much kinetic energy does a 0.30-kg stone of its original speed. What is the ratio of the final
have if it is thrown at 44 𝑚/𝑠? kinetic energy to the initial kinetic energy of the
object?
√ A. 290 J
A. 1/2
B. 440 J
√ B. 1/4
C. 510 J
C. 1/8
D. 580 J D. 1/16

9. Which of the following bodies has the largest 14. A truck has four times the mass of a car and is
kinetic energy? moving with twice the speed of the car. If 𝐾/ and 𝐾,
A. Mass 3M and speed V refer to the kinetic energies of truck and car
respectively, it is correct to say that _____.
B. Mass 3M and speed 2V
A. 𝐾/ = 𝐾,
√ C. Mass 2M and speed 3V
B. 𝐾/ = 2𝐾,
D. Mass M and speed 4V
C. 𝐾/ = 4𝐾,
10. The amount of work required to stop a moving √ D. 𝐾/ = 16𝐾,
object is equal to _____.
15. How large a net force is required to accelerate a
A. the velocity of the object 1600-kg SUV from rest to a speed of 25 m/s in a
distance of 200 m?
√ B. the kinetic energy of the object
A. 200 N
22
 B. 400 N A. −93 𝐽
C. 1600 N B. − 87 𝐽

√ D. 2500 N C. 39𝑁
√ D. 87 𝐽
16. How much work must be done by frictional forces E. 93 𝐽
in slowing a 1000 𝑘𝑔 car from 10 𝑚/𝑠 to rest? 20. A stone is held at a height h above the ground. A
A. −1 × 10( 𝐽 second stone with four times the mass of the first one
is held at the same height. The gravitational potential
√ B. −5 × 10( 𝐽
energy of the second stone compared to that of the
C. −1 × 10D 𝐽 first stone is _____.
D. −5 × 10D 𝐽 A. one-fourth as much
B. one-half as much
Questions 17 and 18
C. twice as much
The graph below shows the energy of a brick
dropped from a height of 8.0 𝑚. √ D. four times as much

21. A person carries a 2.00-N pebble through the path

shown in the figure, starting at point A and ending at
point B. The total time from A to B is 6.75 min. How
much work did gravity do on the rock between A and
B?

17. Based on the energy data in the graph, what is the

approximate mass of the brick?
√ A. 1 kg A. –56 J
B. 2 kg √ B. –30 J
C. 3 kg C. 30 J
D. 4 kg D. 56 J

18. What is the approximate speed of the brick 1 𝑠 22. Jill does twice as much work as Jack does and in
after it is dropped? half the time. Jill's power output is ___.
A. 3 m/s A. the same as Jack's power output
√ B. 10 m/s B. one-fourth as much as Jack's power output
C. 30 m/s C. twice Jack's power output
D. 50 m/s √ D. four times Jack's power output

19. What is the work done by gravity if a ball 33. A force produces power P by doing work W in a
weighing 58𝑁 falls through a vertical height of 1.5𝑚? time T. What power will be produced by a force that
does six times as much work in half as much time?
23
 A. 𝑃/12 C. 20 W
B. 𝑃/6 D. 80 W
C. 6𝑃
√ D. 12𝑃 29. An escalator is used to move 20 people (60 kg
24. Which of the following situation requires the each) per minute from the first floor of a department
greatest average power? store to the second floor, 5 m above. Neglecting
√ A. Lifting a 5 kg block to a height of 2 m in 2 s friction, the power required is approximately ___.
Pushing a block across a level surface with
B. A. 100 W
a net force of 10 N at a velocity of 3 m/s
Changing the kinetic energy of a rolling B. 200 W
C.
wheel from 15 J to 55 J in 20 s
√ C. 1000 W
D. Burning a 10 W lightbulb for 20 h
D. 2000 W
25. At what minimum rate is a 60.0 𝑘𝑔 boy using
energy if he takes 10.0 𝑠 to run up a flight of stairs 30. The graph below represents the relationship
that is 10.0 𝑚 high? between the horizontal force exerted by a boy and
A. 6.0 W the distance a cart moves.

√ B. 600 W
C. 1000 W
D. 6000 W

26. How many joules of energy are used by a 1000 W

motor that runs for 1.0 hour?
A. 3.6 J
What is the total work done by the boy when pushing
B. 2.8 kJ the cart by 4.0 meters?
C. 60 kJ A. 5.0 J

√ D. 3.6 MJ B. 7.5 J
√ C. 120 J
27. At what minimum rate is a 60.0 kg boy using
energy when, in 10.0 s, he runs up a flight of stairs D. 180 J
that is 10.0 m high?
31. Diego pulls a sled across level snow as shown. If
A. 6.0 W
the sled moves a distance of 65.3 m, how much work
√ B. 600 W does Diego do on the sled?
C. 1000 W
D. 6000 W

28. A person holds an 80-N weight 2m above the

floor for 30 seconds. The power required to do
this is _____.
√ A. 0 W
A. 2.67 kJ
B. 10 W
B. 3.27 kJ
24
 √ C. 12.0 kJ D. 14.7 kJ

Answer the following questions.

1. You lift a pumpkin to a height of 0.80 m to check it out. How much work do you
do on the pumpkin when you lift it from the ground?
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 = (𝑚𝑔)𝑑 0.80 m
𝑊 = (3.2 𝑘𝑔)(9.81 𝑚/𝑠 # )(0.80 𝑚)
𝑊 = 25 𝐽

2. A child in a tree house uses a rope attached to a basket to lift a 22 N dog upward through
a distance of 4.7 m into the house. How much work does the child do in lifting the dog?

The applied force equals the weight as long as the basket does not accelerate. mg
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 4.7 m
𝑊 = (22 𝑁)(4.7 𝑚) = 103 𝐽

3. To move a suitcase up to the check-in stand at an airport, a student pushes with a horizontal force through a
distance of 0.95 𝑚. If the work done by the student is 32 𝐽, what is the magnitude of the force he exerts?
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑
𝑊 32 𝐽
𝐹= = = 34 𝑁
𝑑 0.95 𝑚

4. A sailor pulls a boat a distance of 30.0 m along a dock using a rope that makes a 25.0° angle with the horizontal.
How much work does the rope do on the boat if its tension is 255 N?
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑 cos 𝜃
𝑊 = (255 𝑁)(30.0 𝑚) cos 25.0˚ = 6930 𝐽

5. . A 13 𝑔 goldfinch has a speed of 8.5 𝑚/𝑠. What is its kinetic energy?

1 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 # = (0.013 𝑘𝑔)(8.5 𝑚/𝑠)# = 0.47 𝐽
2 2

6. The kinetic energy of a small boat is 15000 𝐽. If the boat’s speed is 5.0 𝑚/𝑠, what is its mass?
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 #
2
2𝐾𝐸 2(15000 𝐽)
𝑚= # = = 1200 𝑘𝑔
𝑣 (5.0 𝑚/𝑠)#

7. What is the speed of a 0.15 𝑘𝑔 baseball whose kinetic energy is 77 𝐽?

1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 #
2
2𝐾𝐸 2(77 𝐽)
𝑣=[ =[ = 32 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚 0.15 𝑘𝑔

25
8. At 𝑡 = 1.0 𝑠, a 0.40 𝑘𝑔 object is falling with a speed of 6.0 𝑚/𝑠. At 𝑡 = 2.0 𝑠, it has a kinetic energy of 25 𝐽.

a. What is the kinetic energy of the object at 𝑡 = 1.0 𝑠?

1 1 𝑚 #
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 # = (0.40 𝑘𝑔) Y6.0 Z = 7.2 𝐽
2 2 𝑠

b. What is the speed of the object at 𝑡 = 2.0 𝑠?

2𝐾𝐸 2(25 𝐽)
𝑣=[ =[ = 11 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚 0.40 𝑘𝑔

c. How much work was done on the object between 𝑡 = 1.0 𝑠 and 𝑡 = 2.0 𝑠?
𝑊 = ∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸+ − 𝐾𝐸"
𝑊 = 25 𝐽 − 7.2 𝐽 = 18 𝐽

9. What is the gravitational potential energy of a 0.25 𝑘𝑔 ball when it is 1.3 𝑚 above the floor?
𝑃𝐸41=E"/! = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = (0.25 𝑘𝑔)(9.81 𝑚/𝑠 # )(1.3 𝑚) = 3.2 𝐽

10. The gravitational potential energy of a person on a 3.0 𝑚 high diving board is 1800 𝐽. What is the person’s
mass?
𝑃𝐸41=E"/! 1800 𝐽
𝑚= = = 61 𝑘𝑔
𝑔ℎ (9.81 𝑚/𝑠 # )(3.0 𝑚)

11. How much work is required for a 73 𝑘𝑔 runner to accelerate from rest to a speed of 7.5 𝑚/𝑠?
1 1
𝑊 = ∆𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑖 2
2 2
1 1
𝑊 = (73 𝑘𝑔)(7.5 𝑚/𝑠)2 − (73 𝑘𝑔)(0)2 = 2053 𝐽
2 2

12. The figure below shows a girl of mass 30 𝑘𝑔 at rest on a playground slide. She slides down from a vertical
height of 3𝑚 and reached the ground with a speed of 5 𝑚/𝑠.

a. Calculate the gravitational potential energy of the

girl at the top of the slide with respect to the ground.
𝑃. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ = 30 × 10 × 3 = 900 𝐽

b. Calculate the kinetic energy of the girl at the end

of the slide.
1 1
𝐾. 𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 # = × 30 × 5# = 375 𝐽
2 2

c. What is the useful work done to change the speed

26
 of the girl?
1
𝑊 = ∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 # − 0 = 375 𝐽
2
13. At time 𝑡 = 1.0 𝑠, a 2.0 𝑘𝑔 object is falling with a speed of 4.0 𝑚/𝑠. At time 𝑡 = 2.0 𝑠, it has a kinetic energy of
25 𝐽.

a. What is the kinetic energy of the object at 𝑡 = 1.0 𝑠?

1 1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 # = (2.0 𝑘𝑔)(4.0 𝑚/𝑠)# = 16 𝐽
2 2

b. What is the speed of the object at 𝑡 = 2.0 𝑠?

1 2𝐾𝐸
𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣 # ⟹ 𝑣 = [
2 𝑚

2(25 𝐽)
𝑣=[ = 5 𝑚/𝑠
2.0 𝑘𝑔

c. How much work was done on the object between 𝑡 = 1.0 𝑠 and 𝑡 = 2.0 𝑠?
𝑊 = ∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸+ − 𝐾𝐸" = 25 𝐽 − 16 𝐽 = 9 𝐽

14. A barrel of mass 40 𝑘𝑔 is raised to a height of 1.5 𝑚 by rolling it up a rough ramp as shown below. The length of
the ramp is 8.0 𝑚. The force 𝐹 applied to the barrel acts parallel to the ramp.

a. Find the increase in gravitational potential energy.

𝐺𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
𝐺𝑃𝐸 = (40 𝑘𝑔)(10 𝑚/𝑠 # )(1.5 𝑚) = 600 𝐽

b. Find the force 𝐹 if the work done against friction is 200 𝐽.

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 j𝑊+ k = (𝐹 × 𝑑) − (𝐺𝑃𝐸)
200 = (𝐹 × 8.0 𝑚) − (600 𝐽)
800 𝐽
𝐹= = 100 𝐽
8.0

15. A pitcher accelerates a 0.14 𝑘𝑔 hardball from rest to 42.5 𝑚/𝑠 in 0.060 𝑠.
a. How much work does the pitcher do on the ball?
1 1
𝑊 = ∆𝐾 = 𝑚𝑣+ # − 𝑚𝑣" #
2 2
1 1
𝑊 = (0.14 𝑘𝑔)(42.5 𝑚/𝑠)# − (0.14 𝑘𝑔)(0)# = 130 𝐽
2 2

b. What is the pitcher’s power output during the pitch?

𝑊 130 𝐽
𝑃= = = 2200 𝑊
𝑡 0.060 𝑠

27
16. A small motor runs a lift that raises a load of bricks weighing 836 𝑊 to a height of 10.7 𝑚 in 23.2 𝑠. Assuming
that the bricks are lifted with constant speed, what is the minimum power the motor must produce?
𝑊 𝑚𝑔ℎ (836 𝑁)(10.7 𝑚)
𝑃= = = = 386 𝑊
𝑡 𝑡 23.2 𝑠
17. An ice cube is placed in a microwave oven. Suppose the oven delivers 105 𝑊 of power to the ice cube and it
takes 32000 𝐽 to melt it. How long does it take for the ice cube to melt?
𝑊 32000 𝐽
𝑡= = = 307 𝑠
𝑃 105 𝑊

18. A boy pushes a suitcase with a horizontal force of 200 𝑁 at a constant speed of 2.0 𝑚/𝑠. Find the power
developed by the boy.
𝑃 = 𝐹𝑣 = (200 𝑁)(2 𝑚/𝑠) = 400 𝑊

19. Complete the table below with the SI units and their equivalent in terms of base units for each of the quantities.

Quantity SI Units Base Units

Work Newton- meter or Joules 𝐾𝑔 𝑚# /𝑠 #

Energy Newton- meter or Joules 𝐾𝑔 𝑚# /𝑠 #

Power Watt or Joules/second 𝐾𝑔 𝑚# /𝑠 -

20. The force shown in the figure below acts on an object that moves along the x axis.

a. How much work is done by the force as the object moves from
𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 2.0 𝑚?
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 (𝑊) = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 2.0 𝑚
1
𝑊 = × (2.0 𝑚 − 0. 𝑚)(0.8 𝑁) = 0.8 𝑁𝑚
2

b. How much work is done by the force as the object moves from 𝑥 = 2.0 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 4.0 𝑚?
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 (𝑊) = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑥 = 2.0 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 4.0 𝑚
1
𝑊 = × (4.0 𝑚 − 2.0 𝑚)(0.8 𝑁) = 0.8 𝑁𝑚
2

c. What is the total work done?

𝑊;I/=A = 0.8 𝑁𝑚 + 0.8 𝑁𝑚 = 1.6 𝑁𝑚

28
21. The net force on an object changes with its position according to the
force-position graph shown below. Find the work done between x = 0 m
and x = 70 m.
𝑏* ℎ* 𝑏# ℎ#
𝑊= +
2 2
30 × (−20) 40 × 25
𝑊= +
2 2
𝑊 = 200 𝐽

22. Use the force-displacement graph shown below to calculate the work
done by a force to move an object by 6 𝑚.
𝑊 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
1
𝑊 = 𝑏ℎ + 𝐿𝑊
2
1
𝑊 = (3)(30) + (6 − 3)(30) = 135 𝐽
2

23. A 1100 kg car is coasting on a horizontal road with a speed of 19 m/s. After passing over an unpaved, sandy
stretch 32 m long, the car’s speed has decreased to 12 m/s.

a. Was the net work done on the car positive, negative or zero? Explain.
The net work done on the car must have been negative because the kinetic energy decreased.

b. Find the magnitude of the average net force on the car in the sandy section of the road.
1 1
𝑊 = −𝐹𝑑 = ∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣+ # − 𝑚𝑣" #
2 2
1 # # 1
𝑚j 𝑣+ − 𝑣" k (1100 𝑘𝑔)(12# − 19# 𝑚# /𝑠 # )
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝐹 = 2 = 2 = 3700 𝑁
𝑑 32 𝑚

24. A 65 kg bicyclist rides his 8.8 kg bicycle with a speed of 14 m/s.

a. How much work must be done by the brakes to bring the bike and rider to a stop?
1 1
𝑊 = ∆𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣+ # − 𝑚𝑣" #
2 2
1
𝑊 = 0 − (65 + 8.8 𝑘𝑔)(14 𝑚/𝑠)# = −7200 𝐽
2

b. What is the magnitude of the braking force if the bicycle comes to rest in 3.5 m?

29
 |𝑊| |𝑊| 7200 𝐽
𝐹= = = = 2100 𝑁
𝑑 𝑥 3.5 𝑚

25. Does friction always do negative work? If yes, explain why. If no, give an example of friction doing positive
work.
From the definition of work, 𝑊 = 𝐹 ∙ 𝑑, indicates that if the force vector points opposite to the displacement vector,
then 𝑊 = −𝐹𝑑 . Because the friction force always opposes the direction of motion, we conclude that, friction
always does negative work.

26. How is work calculated when force and displacement are in the same direction?
When the force and displacement vectors are in the same direction, work is calculated as force multiplied by the
displacement.

27 Is it possible to do work on an object that remains at rest? Explain.

No, it is not possible to do work on an object that remains at rest because the displacement will be zero. Because
work is the parallel component of force multiplied by displacement, if the displacement is zero, the work will be
zero.

28. How does the kinetic energy of an object change if its speed doubles? Triples?
The kinetic energy is proportional to the square of an object’s speed. Therefore, the kinetic energy of an object will
increase by a factor of 4 if its speed doubles, and increase by a factor of 9 if its speed triples.

29. If positive work is done on an object, does its kinetic energy increase, decrease, or stay the same? Explain.
The work-energy theorem states that the net work done on an object is equal to its change in kinetic
energy. If positive work is done on an object, its change in kinetic energy will be positive, which means
that its kinetic energy will increase.

30. Engine 1 does twice the work of engine 2. Is it correct to conclude that engine 1 produces twice as much power
as engine 2? Explain.
Power is the rate at which work is done, not the total amount of work done. Therefore, no, it is not correct to
conclude that engine 1 produces twice as much power as engine 2 unless we also know that engine 1 does twice
the work of engine 2 in the same period of time.

31. If the rate at which work is done on an object is increased, does the power supplied to that object increase,
decrease, or stay the same?
Power is the rate at which work is done. Therefore, if the rate at which work is done on an object is increased, the
power supplied to that object will increase.

32. System 1 has a force of 10 𝑁 and a speed of 5 𝑚/𝑠. System 2 has a force of 20 𝑁 and a speed of 2 𝑚/𝑠. Which
system has the greater power? Explain.
The power delivered to an object is the applied force multiplied by the speed of the object. The power applied to
system 1 is 10 N of force multiplied by 5 m/s, or 50 watts. The power applied to system 2 is (20 𝑁)(2 𝑚/𝑠) =
40 𝑊. We conclude that a greater power is applied to system 1.

33. An object moves with constant velocity. It is safe to conclude that no force acts on the object? Why, or why not?
No. Because it is not accelerating we can conclude that the net force acting on the object is zero, but there could be
several forces acting on the object in such a way that the net work done on the object by all the forces is zero. In
this way Newton’s second law (the net force must be zero because it is not accelerating) agrees with the work-
energy theorem (the net work must be zero because it does not gain or lose kinetic energy).

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34. Four joggers have the following masses and speeds. Rank the joggers in order of increasing kinetic energy.
Indicate ties where appropriate.

The kinetic energies of each jogger is:

1 1
𝐾9 = (𝑚)(𝑣)# = 𝑚𝑣 #
2 2
1 1 9 1
𝐾: = F 𝑚G (3𝑣) = F 𝑚𝑣 # G
#
2 2 2 2
1 1 # 3 1
𝐾J = (3𝑚) F 𝑣G = F 𝑚𝑣 # G
2 2 4 2
1 1 # 1
𝐾K = (4𝑚) F 𝑣G = 𝑚𝑣 #
2 2 2

By comparing the magnitudes of the kinetic energies, we arrive at the ranking C < A = D < B

35. Is it possible for the kinetic energy of an object to be negative? Explain.

No. Mass is always positive, and even if a negative velocity were included in the calculation, it is squared because
*
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 # . We conclude that the kinetic energy is always a positive quantity
#

36. Four forces do the following amounts of work in the indicated times. Rank these forces in order of increasing
power produced. Indicate ties where appropriate.

Powers produced by each force:

𝑊9 5𝐽
𝑃9 = = = 0.50 𝑊
∆𝑡9 10 𝑠
𝑊: 3 𝐽
𝑃: = = = 0.60 𝑊
∆𝑡: 5 𝑠
𝑊J 6𝐽
𝑃J = = = 0.33 𝑊
∆𝑡J 18 𝑠
𝑊K 25 𝐽
𝑃K = = = 0.20 𝑊
∆𝑡K 125 𝑠

By comparing the magnitudes of the powers we arrive at the ranking.

𝑃K < 𝑃J < 𝑃9 < 𝑃:

37. The table below lists the mass and speed of four objects A, B, C and D.

Objects Mass Speed Kinetic energy

A 1.0 4.0 8.0 J
B 2.0 2.0 4.0 J
C 0.5 4.0 4.0 J
D 4.0 1.0 2.0 J

a. Complete the table above by calculating the kinetic energy of the objects A, B, C and D.

b. Which two objects have the same kinetic energy?

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 Objects B and C

38. Rank the gravitational potential energies from the

highest (first) to the lowest (last) for objects 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, and 𝐷
as shown in the diagram below.

𝐺𝑃𝐸: = 𝐺𝑃𝐸J > 𝐺𝑃𝐸9 > 𝐺𝑃𝐸K

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