QUESTION FORMATION

• PREPOSITION: Where is she from? // What are they talking about? //

• SUBJECT: Who lives in this house? // How many people came to the party?
• Could you tell me where the bus goes? (here is a sentence)

AUXILIARY VERBS

• Do you + verb...? Yes, I do. / No, I don't

• (Verbs that aren't BE) I like dogs, but my husband doesn't.
(VERB BE) Jin's coming, but Anna isn't.
• I loved the film. So did I.or I like it. // I haven't finished yet. Neither have I.
• I'm good at playing basketball. So am I. Or I'm not.
• I went to a physic yesterday. Did you? // I'll make the dinner. Will you? That's great!
• You didn't lock the door! I did lock it, I promise. // Silvia isn't coming. She is coming.
• You won't forget, will you?

PRESENT PERFECT

Present Perfect Simple: Present Perfect Continuous:

HAVE/HAS + past participle HAVE/HAS + BEEN+ Verb-ing
* To talk about past experiences without saying * For continuous actions wich have JUST
WHEN something happened finished (but which have present results).
I've been to Australia. I've been shopping all morning. I'm exhausted.
Have you ever broken your leg?

* ALREADY/ JUST / YET

I've already finished my lunch.
We've just phoned the doctor.

* FIRST / SECOND / LAST TIME /

SUPERLATIVES
It's the best book I've ever read.
It's the first time we've done this.

* For finished actions (non-specified time) * For repeated actions, especially with a TIME
connected in some way with the present. expression. E.g.: all day, recently
My sister's had a baby! I haven't been sleeping well recently.
Look, I've cut my finger. It's been raining on and off all day.

* HOW LONG? // FOR /SINCE with non- * HOW LONG? FOR / SINCE with action
action (be, have, know, like) to say that verbs to say that something started in the past
something started in the past and is still true and is still happening now.
now. How long have you been feeling like this?
I've known her since I was a child /for 2 years. I've been working here FOR two months (for
* HOW MUCH / HOW MANY / HOW shorter or temporary actions)
OFTEN
How many of his books have you read?
She's been out twice this week.
NARRATIVE TENSES:

PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT PAST PERF. CONTIN.

Ate / Did / Had / Was WAS /WERE+ verb-ing HAD + past participle HAD BEEN+ verb-ing

Talk about Describe a longer Talk about the 'earlier Talk about a longer
consecutive actions in continuous past action past' which happened continuous action that
the past which was in progress before the main event. was in progress before
when another action the main event
happened happened.

We arrived at the We were having dinner When we arrived, we We'd been flying for
airport and checked when the plan hit some suddenly realized that about 2 hours when
in turbulence we had left one of the the captain told us to
suitcases in the taxi. fasten our seat belts.

PASSIVE SENTENCES

Present simple Murderers are usually sentenced to life imprisonment.

Present continuous The trial is being held at the moment
Present perfect My car has been stolen
Past simple Jim was arrested last month
Past continuous The cinema was being rebuilt when it was set on fire.
Past Perfect We saw that one of the windows had been broken
Future The prisoner will be released next month
The verdict is going to be given tomorrow
Infinitve with TO People used to be imprisoned for stealing bread
Infintitive without TO You can be fined for parking on a yellow line
Gerund He paid a fine to avoid being sent to jail.

IT IS SAID / IS THOUGHT TO...

They say that the company may close. --> It is said that the company may close.
People think that prices will go up --> It is thought that prices will go up.
People say the man is in his 40s. --> The main is said to be in his 40s. (present)
The police believe he has left the country --> He is believed to have left the country. (pres perfect)

FUTURE PERFECT AND FUTURE CONTINUOUS

FUTURE PERFECT FUTURE CONTINUOUS
WILL HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE WILL BE + VERB-ING
* To say something will be DONE BEFORE a * To say that an action will be IN PROGRESS
certain time in the future at a certain time in the future
* frequently used with TIME expressions: * Sometimes to talk about things ALREADY
- BY Saturday / March / 2030 (AT THE LATEST) planned or decided (I'll be going to the
- IN two weeks / months) supermarket later)
examples examples
- I'll have finished the article by Friday. - Don't phone between 7 and 8 as we'll be
- They'll have built the new terminal in six having supper then.
months' time. - This time next week I'll be lying on the beach
CONDITIONALS

• ZERO CONDITIONAL
• Somtething which is always true or always happens as a result of something else
• IF + present, clause in PRESENT / PRESENT CONTINUOUS / PRESENT PERFEC
– If you want to be fit, you have to do exercise every day.
– If your muscles acche every day, you are probably doing too much exercise.
– If you haven't been to London, you haven't lived

• FIRST CONDITIONAL
• IF present/continuous/perfect --> any FUTURE form or IMPERATIVE
– If the photos are good, I'll send them to you.
– If you're not going, I'm not going to go either.
– If I haven't come habck by 9.00, start dinner without me.
– I'll have finished in a hour if you don't disturb me.

• FUTURE + (AS SOON AS, WHEN, UNTIL, UNLESS, IN CASE) in present

– I'll be ready as soon as I've had a shower
– We'll be watching the Cup Final when you arrive
– We're not going to go out until the rain has stopped
– I'm not going to work overtime unless I get paid
– Take your umbrella in case it rains. (IN CASE= "POR SI")

• SECOND CONDITIONAL
• Talk about HYPOTETHICAL or IMPROBABLE situations in PRESENT / FUTURE
• IF past simple --> WOULD / WOULDN'T + infinitive
– If there was a fire in this hotel, it would be very difficult to escape.
– If you weren't making so much noise, I could concentrate better.
– If I were you, I would make Jimmy wear a helmet. (to give advice)

• THIRD CONDITIONAL
• Talk about HYPOTHETICAL PAST situations and its consequences.
• IF past perfect --> WOULD / WOULDN'T HAVE + past participle
– If you had studied more, you would have done better in the exams.
– If I hadn't overslept, I wouldn't have been late.
– If he hadn't been wearing a helmet, he would have died.
– If they had known you were coming, they might have stayed longer.

PAST MODALS: MUST / MIGHT / CAN'T +HAVE + PART PARTICIPLE

• To make DEDUCTIONS or SPECULATE about past actions.
MUST HAVE MIGHT / MAY HAVE CAN'T HAVE SHOULD HAVE /
OUGHT TO HAVE
You're ALMOST sure You THINK it's You're ALMOST sure You THINK that
that something was true / POSSIBLE that something was somebody DIDN'T DO
happened something was true / impossible / didn't THE RIGHT THING
happened happen
- I must have passed the - I may not have given - They can't have gone to - I should have told you
exam. him the right directions. bed yet. earlier that she was
coming

USED TO, BE USED TO, GET USED TO

USED TO / DIDN'T USE TO BE USED TO + gerund GET USED TO + gerund
+ infinitive
Talk about PAST HABITS or Talk about a NEW situation Talk about a NEW situation
REPEATED actions which which is NOW FAMILIAR which is BECOMING
HAVE CHANGED (never in FAMILIAR.
present).

I used to drink 5 cups of coffee He has lived in London for I can't get used to working at
a day, but now I only drink tea years. He's used to driving on night.
the left

GERUNDS and INFITINIVES

Verb + GERUND Verb + INF + TO Verb + INF (without TO) Verb + GERUND/INF
Admit Agree Can * Remember
Avoid Appear May - Remember to lock
Can't help Be able to Might (remember first, then you do
Can't stand Can't afford Must it)
Carry on Can't wait Should - I remember going to Venice
Deny Decide Had better (you do something, then you
Enjoy Expect Would rather remember it)
Fancy Happen Make
Finsh Have (got) Let * Forget
Give up Help - I forgot to do it
Keep on Warn - I'll never forget seeing the
Imagine Learn Taj Mahal
Involve Manage (= remember, but it's more
Mind Offer common in the negative)
Miss Plan
Postpone Pretend * Try
Practise Promise - I tried to open the window
Risk Refuse (make an effort to do
Stop Seem something)
Suggest Teach - Try calling Miriam on her
Tend mobile
Threaten (experiment to see if
Want something works)
Would like
* Need
- You need to clean the car

- The car needs cleaning

(=needs to be cleaned).
(Passive sentence)

Adjectives as NOUNS, Adjective ORDER

 1. NATIONALITIES
• Adjectives finished in -SH, -CH, -SS or -ESE:
◦ Singular: An English man (An English). A Japanese man...
◦ Plural: The English, The Dutch, The Swiss, The Chinese (WITHOUT S) or Adjective +
PEOPLE: English people, French people.

• Adjectives finished in -AN and a few others:

◦ Singular: Argentinian, German, Greek, Thai
◦ Plural: The Argentinians, The Germans, The Greeks, The Thais. (WITH S)

• Some special noun, which is different from the adjective:

◦ Singular: a Turk, a Pole
◦ Plural: We can either use THE+ADJECTIVE or THE+ PLURAL NOUN (with S).
The Polish or The Poles.

2. SPECIFIC GROUPS OF PEOPLE

• The + adjective: The poor, The young, The rich, The unemployed, The blind, The
homeless, The old, The elderly, The sick.

3. ONE / ONES
• Not to repeat a noun after an adjective:
◦ Which one would you like? The red one, please
◦ Two ice creams, please. Big ones.

4. ADJECTIVE ORDER (Often 2 or occasionally 3 adjectives before a noun.)

• Size / Age / Shape/Style / Colour/Pattern / Nationality / Material / Noun
Big / New / Long / Pink, striped / Italian / Silk / Scarf

• OPINION adjectives (beautiful, nice, lovely, dirty, ugly) usually go BEFORE FACT
adjectives (big, round, old). E.g. An beautiful old dog/ Lovely big eyes...

ADVERBS AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES

• Adverbs of manner:
◦ usually go AFTER VERB or PHRASE. He speaks quickly.
◦ Passive verbs: usually go in MID-POSITION (before the main verb but after an
auxiliary verb) NOUN + BE + adverb + adjectve (the car is seriously destroyed)
• Adverbs of frequency
◦ other verbs: BEFORE VERB He often uses.
◦ To be: AFTER VERB "BE" He is often moody.
◦ Sometimes / Usually / Normally: can go at the beginning of a sentence too.
• Adverbs of time
◦ Usually go at the END of the SENTENCE or clause. He will arrive soon.
• Adverbs of degree
◦ extremely, incredibly, very...: go BEFORE ADJECTIVES. He's incredibly tired.
◦ much, a lot: often used with verbs and go AFTER VERB. He works a lot.
◦ a little, a bit: used with adjectives or verbs. He's slept a bit. He's a bit stupid.
• Comment adverbs
• Usually go at the BEGINNING of the SENTENCE. Luckily, clearly, obviously, apparently

Manner (how) Frequency (how Time (when) Degree (very) Comment

often)
Quickly Soon Soon Nearly Luckily
Slowly All day yesterday All day yesterday Incredibly Clearly
Seriously sometimes Inmediately A lot Obviously
angrily usually early Much Apparently
normally five minutes later A bit Unfortunately
always last year A little Ideally
Unbelievably
Increasingly
So

Other adverbs: just, even. Go in a MID-POSITION. I just need 10 more minutes. She didn't even
say goodbye.

VERBS OF THE SENSES: LOOK/FEEL/SMELL/SOUND/TASTE

• Verb of the sense + ADJECTIVE: She looks tired. It tasted awful. That smells good.
• Verb of the sense + LIKE + NOUN: She looks like you. Feels like silk. Tastes like tea.
• Verb of the sense + AS IF + CLAUSE: She looks as if she's been crying.
It smells as if something's burning
It sounds as if it's raning.

REPORTING VERBS

Verb + TO + INF VERB + SB+ TO +INF VERB-ING

Agree Advise Apologize for
Offer Ask Accuse sb of
Refuse Convince Admit
Promise Encourage Blame sb for
Threaten Invite Deny
Persuade Insist on
Remind Recommend
Tell Regret
Warn Suggest
I offered to drive him to the The doctor advised me to have I apologized for being late
airport a rest. The police accused him of
I promised not to tell anybody I persuaded my sister not to go stealing the car.
out with George.

SO / SUCH ... THAT

SO + adjective / adverb The film was so good we went to resee it
He drives so dangerously nobosy wants..
SO MUCH / SO MANY + noun There was so much traffic
SUCH A + ADJECTIVE + single countable noun It was such a good film we went to resee
SUCH + ADJECTIVE + unconuntable or plural noun It was such awful music nobody wanted
They were such beautiful shoes I bought
ADVERSIAL PHRASES

At the moment now In the end Used on its own

actually really, in fact At the end + of noun
Especially In particular Late Not early
specially with adjectives lately recently
Ever Question Near Place
Even negative ("ni siquiera") Nearly almost
positive ("incluso")
Hard Not easy Still Positive
hardly almost nothing Yet Question? And negative

LIKELY and PROBABLY

BE + LIKELY + INFINITIVE = She's likely to be off work for a long time

PROBABLY= + sentences BEFORE VERB She'll probably be off work

- sentences BEFORE AUXILIARY He probably won't come

WOULD RATHER / HAD BETTER

HAD BETTER + INFINITIVE (without TO) You'd better hurry up

You'd better not tell you parents

WOULD RATHER + INFINITVE (without TO) I would rather go on holiday in July, not March
WOULD PREFER TO I would prefer to go on holiday.

FEELINGS

Astonished = amazed = very surprised

Delighted
Devastated
Exhausted
Thrilled = very excited
Fed up =
Upset = unhappy and worried / anxious
Shocked = surprised

CAN'T USE VERY, EXTREMELY, etc... with STRONG ADJECTIVES. USE

"ABSOLUTELY"
e.g. Extremely scared, but not extremely terrified (yes absolutely terrified)
VERBS OFTEN CONFUSED

• Notice (see, hear) / realize (understand) • expect (think sth is going to happen) /
• raise (+object = voice) / rise (non object. hope (want sht to happen)
prices = go up) • mind (person, annoyed) / matter (thing,
• argue (talk angrily by disagreement) / important)
discuss (debat, have a conversation) • steal (thing) / rob (bank or person)
• prevent (stop sth from happening) / avoid • heard (noise) / listen to (pay attention)
(stop yourself from being ni a situation) • seems / look like
• remember / remind