Lighting Contro

hgineering (MU) 529

5.9.4 (corrosion reaiatant)

Luminaries and Smart Lighting Fixtures Ar and water regigtant
covering
Duetoita invisible protective
5.9,4.1Materials used in Luminaries It i8 uscd as sheeta, ally,
wireg, roda and
Choice of the materials bars.
The most commonly used material are Application
Materiats Used in Luminaries Structural parta :tuhes, poles, fitters, holder.
housing, channel.
1.Steel Street light canopies.
Due tocorrosion registant luminaries.
2. Aluminium
reflectors,
Light controlling Aurfaces such as
3.Copper lowers, baffles and also decorative surfaces.
4 Plastics 3. Copper
as
It is mostly used in Chokes and hallast
5 Glass
winding over the silicon steel cones.
6.Ceramic Outer insulation have copper enamelled and
electrical conductivity. It is the best conductor
7. Rubber used in wires for connection.
Fig. C5.5 :Materials used in !uminaries Brass is the alloy used in
Holders, decorative luminaires have.
Choice of material depends upon
1. Stiffness Brass to give aesthetic appearance.
Durability 4. Plastics

Strength High molecular write organic compounds

1 Steel changed by application of heat and pressure
or by pressure alone and ones formed they.
Mildsteel sheets are used
Retain theshape under normal conditicns.
Types Divided into two groups
1 Hot rolled steel Thermoplastic : can be hardened or sotened
2 Cold rolled steel repeatedly.
Pre coated sheet steel Thermosetting can be softened reshaped
4 Vitreous enameling steel ones only.
5 Stainlese steel Commonly important
Commonly used steel is pre coated sheet for Sr. No.
unpainted lumainare components. E.g. clips, Thermoplastics Thermosetting
hinges, nuts and bolts. 1. Acrylonitrile Epoxies
2. Aluminium butadiene styrene's
(ABS)
Properties 2
Aerylics Melamine's
Non ferrous corro8ion resistant.
3 Collulosic's
Light weight nonmagnetic naterial (Metal) Phenolics
Good thermal and electrical conductivity. Accotals Poly esters
Brh Knoul edoe
MninatonEngineering(MU)
Thermoplastics
uorocarbons Thermosetting
Urea's Burning Poattion |AmD Liconatretinn
ghting Control
Nrons Silicones determinea the hurnmg
Polvethylenes and
thermal halanee inaide mechantcalin
the lamp
horning poaitinn Inelpa the
linl's 5.9.5 Broad
Glass Types Cl
of aLuminarles
ssifcation of Luminaries l
mixtur of silica and oxides. There are wide
4
silica glass to varietiea of clasaea renrting
Sda
fimne 1ged for lamp constructinn.mounting. dirartinn of light otr
evelops. Classieatlon of Luminaries
leadglass :18ed in bulb stems, non sign
(A) Generat (B) On basis of 1
tube (C On acie D) ek t
Cassifraion E)Chtretri
Roro silicate glass used for refractors vitort Claeefeatnn
reflectors. lenses, sealed beam lamp parts. These are etplaned in detale in he
Aluminum silicate used in following Ato E aubaertions
high
temperatures (400°C)
tis a mixture of silica sand and oxides fused 5.9.5(A) General Classification
Bc verr high temperature (oxides - soda. lime General Classification of Luminaries
alumina. lead oxide)
1 Bare batten luminars
nertzes
2.Surtace modular luminairn
Transmittance, reflection, refractive index
3.Recessed modulat Lumnae
Ceramic 4.Modular Visual Display Termna VOT
perties
5.Combined Direct and inchrect
Mechanically brittle
6.Upight luminaire
heat resistant
7.Down-light luminaire

8.Proof ftuorescent luminare

Sutable for compact housing.
Application is in low voltage halogen sport a 9.Air handling luminaire
coal beam reflectors.
10.Low-8ay Luminary
Rubber 1LHigh Bay Luminaire
Natural rubber, synthetic rubber.
neoprene, Viton, Nitrile rubber, silicon 12 Display lighung luminaife
et used in
wire covering, tubes. 13.General dillusing compact luminaire
alional characteristics
14.Emergency purpuse luminaires
a gus
: The gtarting period of actual
Starting Comprise two phases viz.
the

igtinisctihoanrge
classiflcation of luminarles
the lamp Flg. C6.6:General
and time phase, which IahAaledge

undergoe until the lamp fully burned.

 alon Engineering (MU) 5-31

1. Low-Bay Luminary
Bare batten luminarie 10.
for High Intensity Discharge
These are used
Effective light emission but has no control on watt ranges l50 to 400
(HID) Lamps in the
direction of light. Their effciency mainly
watts.
depends on reflection of room surface.
High Bay Luminaire
2 Surface modular lunminaire 11.
discharge
General such luminaires are surface mounted These are used for high intensity to 1000
(HID) lamps of capacity 250 watts
or may be suspended. They are available with
open, prismatic base attachment. watts.
meters and
Mounting heights for such is of 5
3 Recessed modular Luminaire
above.
reflectors
These are available with louvers, panels. Reflectors are used in supports and
glass.
4 Modular Visual Display Terminal (VDT) are made of aluminium, plastic or
This category uses modular VTD Luminaire These help in concentrating the light.
industrial
Optical reflectors are used to obtain suitable These are used in commercial or
lighting. places.
5 Combined Direct and Indirect 12. Display lighting luminaire
This luminaire uses direct and indirect
These are for Task lights, spot lights fbre
illumination obtained from the same light optics.
Source.
13. General diffusing compact luminaire
6. Uplight luminaire These luminaires are especially designed for
Soft and defused light is obtained from such the lamps such as Filament lamps and CFLS.
iuminaries. 14. Emergency purpose luminaires
Up light directs all the quality from High These are alsocalled as Escape self contained
pressure discharge lamps or fluorescent luminaire. These are ment for same moment
lamps up towards ceilings. to an exist and to illuminate escape routes.
7. Down-light luminaire Note : Depending upon the situations and functions
These are selected according to their ability to Luminaries can be designated and named in various
ways.
create a path of light on the floor as a visual
effect. The functions may be one of these listed below:
8. Proof filvuorescent luminaire (a) To direct the light.
(b) To tone down
These luminaires provide suitable ingress excessive brilliancy.
protection from the environment. (c) To soften the shadows ie. to
increase
9. Air handling luminaire diffusion.
() To serve as
These luminaires are provided with air decoration.
(e) To serve as protection to bulbs,
terminals devices, both against
These devices are useful for integration of air breakage and theft.
() Tochange the quality of
supply faclity within the luminaire. light
Suitable for illumination of air-conditioned
building.

TechKnouledgo
 Lighting Control
llumination Engineering (MU) 5-35
CAT, luminance < 200 cd/m2 with an
The fifh number corresponds to the normal than 75°
output of the uminaries.
observing angle higher
of Luminarieg
2. Soit isnoted that clasaification
DIN-5040 various bases.
are decided on
As per this standard the photometric Code Words
classification is done like this 5.9.6 Meaning of
assurance as
lt is composed of one letter like A, B. C, D, E Points be Considered for quality
..... and two numbers say A60. per standards
The letter identifes the % of the light fux Product :
1
emitted in the lower and upper hemisphere. 598
Type testing as per IEC -
The closer to the letter A, higher the
EN 60598, BS 4533
percentages of flux emitted in the lower Quality assurance
2
hemispheres. 3)
The number identity the flux towards the As per ISO 9000 (1, 2 and
working surface and towards the ceiling EN- 29000

respectively. BS - 5750 (1, 2 and 3)

3 UTE C 71-121 3 Lighting Application Technique
This classification is composed of the output CIBSE uk is authority
in the lower hemisphere followed by the letter 4 Installation : As. per IEE 16th Edition of
plus the output in the upper hemisphere wiring edition regulations and ICE 364.
followed by a letter.
Meanings
Say for example (0.50 D + 0.24 T) the first
| IMQ: Indian Quality Seal institute
part consists of letters from A to J. and the
second part consists of letter T. ENEC : European Harmonised safety work
BZclassification -CIBSE TMS ISI: Product from Bureau of Indian standard
In this photometric classification the IEC :International Electro technical commission
Juminaires are divided into ten categories or CEN ELEC : European Committee for electro
British zonal classes ie. from Bz, to Bz1o for technical standardization.
the performance of an installation of
luminaires. 5.10 Digital Lighting Networks
The calculations are as per CIBSE Technical
Memorandum TM5 Quantities of light flux on Light fixtures will be connected over the
working from BZ, class > than BZ, class digital networks to perform all kinds of activities.
> BZo ete. This digitally networked lighting system is rapidly
5 CIBSE LG3 becoming part of the households and commereial
places due to their versatility and functionaity.
In this claseification there are 3catagores 0f This
lighting system is highly technical and
Juminance numerous components are required to install digital
These are CAT,, CAT;, CAT; lighting systems such as room controllers, sensors,
CAT, luminance < 200 cd/m² with control panels,plug controls and much more.
observing angle higher than 55°
CAT, luminance < 200 cd/m² with an
observing angle higher than 65°

TechKnewledgë
9ublicattors
 lumlnatlon Enginoerlng(MU) 5-36 Lighting Control
þenefits of Digital Lighting the other smart gadgets ns vell. It is just the
Digital Lighting is the new lighting industry beginning of the new trend and in the
upcoming years one can only witness newer
pvoution and is provides many bonefits.
technology in this apace. Keep wntching!
Baay to Reconfiguro Digital Addressnble Lighting Interface
n many placos, onco lighting itting is (DALD, is a dodicated protocol for digital
installed, it cant bo oasily changed or lighting control that enables the easy
modiied. If the occupaney is to be utilized for installation of robust, scalable and flexible
Any other purpose then it is difficult to lighting networks.
change the illumination scheme arrangonmont DALIwas originally developed to allow digital
and it is vory expensive to rodosign the control, configuration and querying of
lighting fixturos, This issuo can be quickly fluorescont ballasts, replacing the simple,
resolved with tho digital elements of the oneway, broadcast-like operation of 0/1-10V
analog control. With DALI, the broadcast
lighting.
The digital lighting managoment gystem is option is also available:i in addition, with
plugged together in a limitlegs number of
simple configuration, each DALI device can be
configurations and connected through the assigned a separate addres9, allowing digital
free topology of local networks. The fixture control of individual devices.
level control enables users to crnte a new Furthermore, the DALI devices can also be
room by changing the lighting system with progranmed to operate in groups. This
just a few clicks. provides excellent flexibility since the lighting
systems can be reconfigured by software
Cost-Effective
reprogramming, without the need to change
This new lighting system is designed to the wiring. Different lighting functions and
swpass the energy requirements. It is an moods can be achieved in different rooms or
energyefficient lighting solution It uses-Bi areas of a building, and then easily adjusted
level control, Dimmers, Plug load control and optimized.
One can also use a timer to schedule the use The digital nature of DALI allows twoway
communication betweem devices, so that a
of lighting. Some facilities operate around the
clock, they can use to the timer to switch off device can report a failure, or amswer a query
about its status or other intormation.
or dim the lighting during nighttime to
reduce costs. It is concluded that upgrading to Wiring is relatively simples DALI power and
this modern lighting control, a commercial data is carried by the sAme pair of wires,
building can save energy up to 5O%. without the need for a separate bus cable. The
polarity of the wires does not have to be
Easy to Manage observed, in contrast with 0/1·10V systems
Diital lighting is very easy to manage and where wiring orrors are common.
helps users in controlling individual fixturos Applications of Digital Lighting
na large space. Digital lighting is a frst
step
taken toward8 creating effective, 1. Safoty
8ustainable and data-driven environmont. Information on wator levels in rivers (level
fully
This intelligent lighting 8ystem is8paced 8ensors) and the state of forosts (temperatue,
cOnnected, overhead and evenly humidity and intensity of solar
radiation)
smart
throughout the building. With this ,vibrations of earth surface in hilly areas land slide
overall
,avalanche condition) can be obtained from sensOTs.
an
intogration one can create
system
8mart environment and connect lighting with
 llumination Engineering (MU) 5-37
Lighting Control
also be used
Lightning Network can to
This information reaches the processing system that
generates reports on exceeded thresholds, through
conduct off chain transactions involving exchanges,
between cryptocurrencies. For example, it is
the Digital Lighting network. The built-in cameranecessary for atomic swaps, which will enable one
can give information in visual form in case of critical cryptocurrency to be exchanged for another without
situation. intermediary, such
the involvement of an as
2. Street Lighting cryptocurrency exchanges.
The Digital Lighting system performs a BREAKING DOWN Lightning Network
second-by-second analysis on information of various Lightning Network was tirst proposed hy
types from the road and the surrounding area and 2016 and i
should be Joseph Poon and Thaddeus Dryja in
ueides Whether energy consumption currently under development.
opkmised by reducing the light intensity produced If it is to achieve its potential of becoming a
by individual street lamps.
medium for daily transactions, bitcoin will need to
Equipped withintegrated light sensors,
process milions of transactions per day. But tho
cameras, radar, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, RFID and
weather, reduces light pollution and saves electrical nature of its decentralized technology, which
requires consensus from all nodes within ite
energy.
network, presents problems.
The Digital Lighting system uses various
sensors to monitor the state of traffic, weather and For example, approving and storing
road conditions. It can°also be used for optimizing transactions will become expensive and time;
the functioning and timing of traffic lights. The consuming if their numbers on bitcoin's network
system consists of cameras which provides provide multiply. An increase in transaction numbers also
information on the concentration of people and requires orders of magnitude improvement in the
objects on the scene, radar controls the speed of processing power of computers, whether they are
movement, Bluetooth sensors pick up the travel situated at home or work, that are required to
times and flows on the roads, vibration sensors execute transactions involving bitcoin.
monitor the presence of heavy vehicles, Wi-Fi checks Lightning Network solves the scaling
connections and the movement of people. The traffic problem by creating a
signal timing is optimized for effective control. second layer on bitcoin's main
blockchain. That second layer consists of multiple
3. Parking area payment channels between parties or bitcoin users.
A lightning network channel is a transaction
The Digital Lighting system uses embedded
sensors to verify the presence of unoccupied mechanism between two parties. Using channels,
spaces and report them through Smartphone park1ng the parties can make or receive
and other. payments from each
Tablet Apps.
Lightning Network But they are processed
compared to standard differently as
Lightning Network is a second layer bitcon's transactions occurring on
technology for bitcoin that uses main
blockchain. They are only updated on the
channels to scale its blockchain's micropayment blockcl.ain when two parties open and close a
capability to channel.
conduct transactions.
By taking
transactions away from the main funds Betweenbetween
those two acts, the parties can
shiit
blockchain, lightning network is expected to informing the themselyes endlessly without
decongest bitcoin and reduce associated transaction main blockchain about their
fees. Transactions conducted on activities. This
lightning network transaction's speed approach dramatically speeds up 2
are instant and will 81gniicantly enhance bitcoin's because all tansacticns are not
utility as a medium for daily use.
required to be approved by all nodes within a
blockchain.
TechKnowledge
 llumination Engineering (MU) 5-38
Individual payment
Lighting Control
channels between prevent the Funding Transactions' spend from being
various parties combine to form a network of
ightning nodes that can route transactions among recognized by the main blockchain. Instead, the two
themselves. The resulting interconnections between parties exchange a single key that is used to
various payment channels is the Lightning
validate spending transactions (also called
Network. Commitment Transactions) between themselves.
The two parties can conduct endless
How Does Lightning Network Work? Commitment Transactions between themselves and
Much like blockchain, the lightning network other nodes on a lightning network. They exchange
disintermediates central institutions, such as banks, their master keys only when the channel between
which are responsible for routing transactions them is closed.
today. Are There Fees For Using Lightning Network?
Here's a practical example of how a lightning Yes, there are fees for using Lightning
network transaction functions. Network. They are acombination of routing charges
Alice opens a channel with her favorite coffee for routing payment information between lightning
shop and deposits $100 worth of bitcoin in it. Her nodes and bitcoin's transaction fees to open and
transactions with the coffee shop are instant close channels.
because she has a direct channel with it. As of this writing, the interconnection
charges are set to zero because there are very few
Bob, who has a channel open with the grocery
ightning nodes within the system. In the future,
store he visits most frequently, also buys cofee from
Alice's shop. The connection between Alice, the they are expected to increase but not substantially.
offee shop, and Bob ensures that Alice can use If the fees associated with the lightning network
funds from her balance with the coffee shop to buy become too expensive, bitcoin's users always have
Eroceries from Bob's store. Similarly, Bob can use the option of moving their transactions to the
transactions underlying blockchain.
his grocery store balance to conduct
with businesses in Alice's network. What Are Some Problems In Lightning Network?
If Bob closes his channel with the grocery Lightning Network is a relatively nascent
store (and there are n0 other customers in common technology and is still under development. As such,
between the coffee shop and grocery store), then several problems associated with it are still being
Alice will have to open another channel with the solved. Here are some of them.
way,
rocery store to make purchases there. In this The most obvious problem pertaining to
between meant to te
aweb of transactions is created and routed lightning networks, which are
fashion. decentralized, is that they could lead to a repication
multiple lightning nodes in a decentralized
characterizes
On a technical level, lightning network uses of the huband spoke model, that
Bmart contracts and multisignature seripts to todav's financial systems. In the current model,
Maplernent its vision. (See also: Understanding banks and financial institutions are the main
take
Smart Contracts.) intermediaries through which all transactions
Funding place.
An initial transaction, called the connections
both parties By virtue of having more open
is created when one or
ransaction,
d a channel. In a typical multisignature with
others, lightning nodes for prominent
centralized
(one public and businesses may become similar hubs or
two master keys
PaviAnothreronment,
private) are initially
exchanged. The nodes in the network. A failure at
one such hub
portion of (or the
spending of funds. could easily crash a significant
xchange facilitates access and
In the case offa lightning node, however,
the entire) network.
gaat tures are not exchanged. This is done to TechKnowledgë
Publlcstlons
 llumination Engineering (MU) 5-39 Lightlng Control
The devices are intelligent lights, gobos,
second problem that is being
investigatedin lightning networks is the possibility and fog machines. lasers,
of an increase in bitcoin transaction fees. They are Univeree : A Universe consists of a oot.
an important constituent of the network's overall fixtures all strung together reading the sama
fees. If bitcoin's transaction fees rise, then a second data. A Universe contains 512 byteg of
layer could become redundant since it would become information, so the amount of fixtures in
cheaper to conduct transactions on bitcoin's universe will depend on how many bytes of
blockchain. dataare needed to addres3 each fixture.
Lightning networks are also believed to be Controller : It is in the form of a large hoawd
rulnerable to hacks and thefts because they are with many knobs and sliders. A PC basod
required to be online at all times. As such, cold DMX controller is also used.
storage of coins is not possible. (See more: Bitcoin's
DMX System details
Ligbtning Network:Three Possible Problems.)
DMX512 is used for long distances ie. for 2
5.11 Digital Multiplex Signal Control light control on stage from the console. The signals
(DMX Control) are interpreted by reading the difference between
4
"DMX" stands for "Digital Multiplex Signal". one wire with the data (D+), and another wire with
It is also known as DMX 512,The DMX 512 name is the inverse of the data (D-). It is also kn0wn as
gven because it can be used to control up to 512 differential signal.
channels, It is a a standard protocol for digital The DMX standard recommends a maximum
COmmunication.It is commonly used to control stage run of a thousand feet.DMX data is typicaliy
ighting and theatrical effects (eg. moving hghts, transferred Over anXLR·5 cable, although
color changing lights, fog machines, etc.)It is also occasionally, DMX capable XLR-3 cables are also
used in colour changing LED applications. used. RS-485 only requires 3 lines, ground, Data+,
The DMX 512 signal is a set of 512 separate and Datai and in many appications, this is all that
intensity levels or channels. Each level has 256 was used. However, an additional pair of data lines
steps .These 256 steps are further divided over a was added to allow for future growth, requring the
range of 0 to 100 percent. DMX512-A is the current XLR"5 cable. These connectors and their pinouts are
standard and maintained by ESTA illustrated below.
(Entertainment Services and Technology Female Male
Association)
There are 3 categories of basic colours Red, 1- Common
Green, Blue (RGB).The DMX channel is considered 2- Data1(
3- Data1 (+)
as a colour i.e. RGB light. This light would use 3
"Channels" or "Colours".
The DMX controller can con'rol up to 170 XLR3 cable connector details
RGB Lights or up to 512 single color lights . Each Female Male
fixture is specifically addressed within the 512
universe using a DMX Decoder/Driver, and you 1-Common
2- Data1-)
program your light scenes according to the DMX 3- Data1(+)
address that you assigned to each fixture. 4-Data2()
5-Dáta2 (+)
Terms related to DMX
XLR 5cable
Fixture/Slave :The devices connected to DMX
connector detals
input are knowWn as fixture/slave. These Fig. 5.11.1

R Pubations
Tech Knouwledge
 Jlumination Engineering (MU) 5-40 Lighting Control

Channel 8:Fog Machine

Each DMX parameter on a fixture operates
Console/Stage board independently. If lamp no1 colour is to be made
magenta colour then channel 2 (Red) and channel 4
(Blue) is made on till the desired shade of magenta
is obtained. Simultaneously the channel lis also
operated for for dimmer that controls overall
intensity.
DMX512 Splitter
Fog In the similar way the fog machine can be
Machine
made ON-OFF through channel 8
Dimming control The moving light fixtures are also available.
can be
The movement of these light fixtures
Fig. 5.11.2 controlled through different channel.
DMX512 Unit-It is connected to the stage
1. Common
board and the splitter. It has 512 channels as
2. Datal(-)
described earlier.
3. Datal (+)
Splitter- The splitter is used for connecting
4 Data2(-)
different lamps, fog machines to the DMX 512
5. Data 2(+) controller unit. All connections are made with XLR
The general system layout of DMX 512 is also cables.
lustrated in figure. Dimming control unit It is used to controi
Stage board or Console- It is operated by the the intensity of lamps.
perator. It consists of various controis provided Thus by using a DMX console, an operator
Fith illuminated display. The light dimming ,colour can control a chain of lighting fixtures linked
bntrol, fog machine control is provided on the together by cables to each other and to the
board. controller. Each fixture is assigned an identifying
number, and the setup allows fixtures to receive
and act upon more than one signal to work in the
required way. The DM system uses the 512
channels in a universe to transmit signals and it's
possible to use more than one universe if necessary.
The 512 DMX channel signals are continuously
updated at speeds as fast as 44 times per second.
Applications of DMX
Fig. 5.11.3
It has a wide band and vast range of applications
ae various controls provided are 1) Indoor lighting Passage, Lobby, Meeting
hannel 1: Dimmer rooms, Pantry
hannel 2: Red 2) Outdoor lighting Flood lighting with
annel 3: Green different themes, decorative lighting
aanne] 4: Blue 3) Swimming pool lighting
annel 5: Amber Theatre lightingOn stage lighting, off stage
anne] 6: White lighting.
annel 7:UV 5) Decorative lighting, advertisement lighting.
TechKnowletge
 Lighting Control
5-41 automation
lunination Engineering (MU) ted to building
The standards rela decade of 19th century.
5.12 Building Automation Control were
established in last
net.
known as BAC
The egidentinl. building
commercial These are

management system is An emerging trend for BACnet

automation and control. With usAge of lifts, fire communication protocol for
is a
BACnet
sprinklers/ fire fighting equipments, CCTV,DG Control (BAC) networks
Automation and
Building ISO16484-B
Backup s'stem. Club house .etc the building leverage the ASHRAE, ANSI, and
automation concept has emerged. that
standard protocol.
Building automation systems (BAS) monitor BACnet was
developed by a committee
and control all of the electrical. mechanical,
and Heating
American Society of
various formed by the Engineers
electrical svstems in facilities. It uses Air-Conditioning
scanners, Refrigerating and
sensorS such as occupancy sensors, RFID designed to allow
the (ASHRAE). BAC net was
motion detectors. By using the sensor signal automation and control
done to communication of building
Trarious operations are controlled. This is for applications such as heating.
improve performance of existing systems, reducing systems (HVAC),
energr waste improving safety. The building ventilating, and air conditioning control
and fire detection
automation systems include: lighting control, access control,
equipment. The BAC
Electrical - Utility monitoring and energy systems and their associated
computerized
management features help the building net protocol provides mechanisms for
building automation
devices to exchange
systems operate at peak efficiency. This
includes-Lifts. water pumps, central air information, regardless of the particular building
conditioner service they perform.
BACnet specification consists of three major
Lighting Occupancy sensors and scheduling
features are used to turn lighting systems on parts.
and off as needed in the building. Outdo0r Part i- This describes a method for
lighting in parking lots can be regulated by representing any type of building automation
day/night controls or scheduling. Flood equipment in a standard way.
lighting Can be controlled using DMX
ii) Part II- It defines messages that can be sent
technique.
across a computer network to monitor and
Temperature - Heating and air conditioning control such equipment.
(HVAC) systems are regulated using time and
Zone controls combined with occupancy
ii) Part IIl· It defines a set of acceptable LLANs
that can be used to convey BACnet
sensors. This allows building owners to
provide comfort while controlling costs. communications.
Air Quality Control - Sensors can monitor Operator
unit PC Intertace
and adjust ventilation to remove CO2 and
other Aangerous gasses.
Security - An effective monitoring system RS 232
installed for entrance at main gate, elevators,
escalatore. It uses CCTV cameras, and CCTV
|Automation Automation Automation
station station station
Autamation
recording solutions, to prevent unwanted station
visitors from gaining access to the building
and occupants. Heating
and AC Water
controt Pump Lighting Data from
ontrol control vaious
sensors
Flg. 5.12.1:
Bullding automatlon system
TechKaowtedge
Pulications
 lumination Engineering (MU) 5-42 Lighting Control
Operator unit : The entire information about represented on the network and the services that.
eious automation stations is available at operator Are used to move data from one BACnet node to
The desired parameters and conditions are get another. It also includes messages that identify data
pm the operator unit. It may include the setting of and network nodea. BACnet is an internationally
arameters like Temperature of the occupancies Accepted protocol for building automation (e.g.
nring minter ,Air conditioner temperature setting lightning control, air conditioning and heating
ring summer, 0N-OFF time setting of luminaries automation) and control over a communications
parking area and public areas, CCTV surveillance network. BACnet provides a method by which
ata storage sequencing etc. The condition of each computer-based control equipment, from different
ensor unit, CCTV unit (working or not working) is manufacturers can work together, or 'interoperate'.
lso known at the operator unit. For this to he achieved, components must be able to
data messages.
PCInterface : The PC is uged for data storageexchange and understand BACnet
nd report generation purpose. The BACnet protocol is a comnpletely non
communication software standard.
Automation station : The automation station proprietary open
proprietary chip sets or special
s interfaced with the operator unit These are There are no
onnected together with CAT5 cable and RS 232 electronics required to implement it. The standard
itself is now controlled by the ANSI American
port. 1he operation of various control Svstems like National Standards Institute) and ASHRAE
heating, AC control, water pump control etc is
initiated through automation station. (American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning Engineers) Standard 135 1995.
BAC net (Building Automation and Control BACnet stands for Building Automation and Control
Network) network. The BACnet Committee developed the
The building automation system consists of standard with the intention of creating a technicallv
various sensors and different hardware-software sound and truly nonproprietary standard. They
mterfaces. So it is difficult to enhance and update also kept in mind ease of use and did their best to
eliminate many of the barriers to implement. In
the svstem if it is designed and operated with
respect to the respective product of the company. i.e. June of 1995, after years of industry input ASHRAE
hardware adopted BACnet as a standard for the Building
f we use sensor with different make or a
Automation industry.
unit with different make, the system may not work.
applicable to
Hence a need was felt to decide a common platforn|The BACnet is
automation hardware-software Electrical Signaling
for building
tied to a
interface. So the system is not dependant or Addressing
of a particular company but the
specific products Network access
decide which company product can be
DwWner can Error checking
system. Thus
sed in the building automation Flowcontrol
common operator
ystem can be controlled with a
system is to Message sequencing segmentatiou
(lnterface. Thisprovides flexibility when
Data presontation format (Encryption,
be expanded.
and Control Compression)
BACnet (Building Automation
that defines Message format
Network) is a communicationg protocol
communicate between building The BACnet is designed to support several
ae services uged to building control
automation
end-devices and link layers. These are
different physical and
interoperability
Vstems. It is intended to provide desoribed below:
different vendor lcompany Imake
amongst specification like
quipments. The BA Cnet protocol data is
all protocol specification defines both how
R TechKnowledge
 lumination Engineering (MU) Lighting Control
5-43

PTP (point-to point) : P i Dnique to Properties

BACnet And proides fot inter networked congista of nameg and values. Propertieg
communicntions oter modems And voice gTade can be read and written. These provide command
phone lines. PTP nccommodates modern modem containg information abnut
And control. A property
protocols (.32his nnd V,42) and also supports direct an object. Every property hag a name and a value
Cahle connections uging the EIA-232 signaling The following are propertieg that might exist in a
sLandard. Speed 18 limited to from 9.6 kb it/s to BACnet analog input object :
i60 kbit/s.
Name
Value
MSTP (master alavetoken passing) :MS/TP
I8 also unque to BACnet and is implemented using Object_Name Space Temperature
the ElA-485 signaling standard. This is a shielded Analog Input
Object_Type
twisted-pair (STP) LAN operating at speeds from
9.6 kbit/s to 76.0 kbit/s. This LAN tpe is low cost Present Value 74.1
and particularly suitable for unitary controller High_Limit 78
communications.
Low_Limit 68
ARCNET:(ANSIJATA 878.1) ARCNET® is a
token bus standard, and devices typically support it 35DZ gives
A temperature sensor such as LM
using single-source chips that handle networkoutnut sienal proportional to temperature. The low
communications. ARCNET can run on a variety of and high limits are set .i.e. 68 oF and 78 "F.
media at different speeds-from 150 kbit/s on EIA
The properties types 0 to 511 are reserved as
485 (STP) up to 7.5 Mbit/s over coaxial cable, STP,
standard
or fber optics. Typically, ARCNET runs at 2.5
Mbit/s over twisted pair. Object
LONTalk LONTalk is a proprietary Object is a logical representation used in the
technology developed by the Echelon Corporation BACnet protocol. It can be used to represent many
and is the only LAN type that requires special diferent aspects of a control system. For eg: A
development tools and a proprietary chip set to physical device (device objects) ,a temperature input
implement. (analog input) , a relay control (binary output).
BACnet protocol layers These objects provide a "network visible"
representation of the BACnet device. The standard
BACnet specifies 25 types of objects as follows
BIBBS
Binary Binary Binary Analog Analog
Services
|Input Output| Value Input Output
|Analog|Multi Multi'state Multistate Averaging
Devices
Value state Output Value
Input
PID Trend Command Calendar Schedule
Objects
Loop Log
Life Life Notification Event Program
Properties
Safoty Safety Class Enrollment
Zone Point
Fig. 5.12.2: BACnet protocol layers
File Group Device Pulse Accumulator
Converter
Trch Knowledze
Pubc Jtions
 llumination Engineering (MU) 5-44 Lighting Control

Calendar :It represents a list of dates that Services : The services means communication
have special meaning when scheduling the between different devices and sending indications
operation of mechanical equipment. A list of ,alarms etc. The data reading ,writing is also
holidays would be one example. involved in services. Following are the categories of
Command : It represents a multi-task services
Alarm and events-Certain events Are
command procedure. For example sequential| i)
starting of several devices. recorded, Indications are initiated and event
notification is given
Device :It contains general information about access/Data transfer-It includes file
a particular device. The information includes File
-vendor name, model name, location, protocol accessing and data handling
includes
version supported etc. iii) Object access-There object access
functions"Read and Write
Event Enrollment : It s for giving alarm following
signal tO respective section. operations, Creating and deleting objects,
Manipulation of list of data.
Group This provides a short hand way to
iv) Remote device management-It consists of
read several values in one request. For
receiving signals from different sensors and
example, it might be used to simultaneously
initiating control action depending upon the
update several fields on an operator graphic
data received
display.
Loop : This can be used to represent any v) Virtual terminal-It is used to establish
feedback control loop, which is SOme connection with another BAC device.
combination of proportional, integral, Or BIBBS:A BIBB is a Bacnet Interoperability
derivative control. Building Block. The BIBBS helps in How do you
Notification Class : It provides a way to matching the requirements of a project to the
manage the distribution of alarm or event capabilities of the devices being installed. These are
of services. The five areas for
notifications that are to be sent to multiple collection
devices.
interoperability are defined under BIBBS are as
below
The BACnet Standard allows custom objects
tobe created by vendors. Thus it allows
vendors to i) Data sharing
implement proprietary object types. The objet types i) Alarm and event management
BACnet
Dto127 are reserved to identify standard iüi) Scheduling
pbjects. Object tye128 to 1023 are used to identify iv) Trending
will
proprietary objects. The BACnet devices v) Device and network management
4194303.
Bupport any mixture of object types up to
Devices : The BACnet standards provides six
Exercise
devices as follows
Q.1 Write a note about specific objectives of light control.
i. Operator Work station (B-OWS) (Refer Section 5.1)
ii. Building Controller (B-BC)
(B Q. 2 State two types of reflections(Refer Section 5.2)
Ui. Advanced Application Controller
AAC) a.3 State the necessity of lighting control
(B-ASC) (Refer Sectlon 5.3.1)
1V. Application Specific controller
V. Smart Actuator (B-SA) Q. 4 State detail classification of dimmers.
vi. Smart Sensor(B-SS) (Refer Section 5.4)