THE OLYMPIC GAMES

Prepared to Fulfill Course Assignments:

“BAHASA INGGRIS”

DOSEN PENGAMPUH :
Mr. Elsa Pradana M.pd

DI SUSUN OLEH:
BAGUS LAKSMANA JATI (23.02.0011)
PUTRI RAHAYU (23.02.0021)
AJENG ARTIKA SARI (23.02.0009)
AFIF BAIHAQI (23.02.0098)
GAVIN IRWANSYAH (23.02.0002)
RODIATUL BAROKATULLAH (23.02.0094)

PRODI PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM (TARBIYAH)

SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAMA ISLAM “UISU”
PEMATANG SIANTAR
2024
 FOREWORD

Praise our Gratitude to God Almighty, because for the abundance of His grace
the authors can complete this paper on time without any significant obstacles and
in accordance with expectations.

Our gratitude goes to Mr. Elsa Pradana M.pd as the lecturer of the English
course who has helped provide direction and understanding in the preparation of
this paper.

We realize that in the preparation of this paper there are still many
shortcomings due to our limitations. Therefore, the compiler really hopes for
criticism and suggestions to perfect this paper. Hopefully what is written can be
useful for all parties in need.

PEMATANGSIANTA
R,2024

PEMAKALA
H
DAFTAR ISI
 BAB I
PENDAHULUAN

A. LATAR BELAKANG
The modern Olympic Games or Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques) are the
leading international sporting events featuring summer and winter
sports competitions in which thousands of athletes from around the world
participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games are considered the
world's foremost sports competition with more than 200 teams, representing
sovereign states and territories participating; by default the Games generally
substitute for any World Championships the year in which they take place
(however, each class usually maintains their own records). The Olympic Games
are held every four years; since 1994, they have been alternated between
the Summer and Winter Olympics every two years during the four-year period.

Their creation was inspired by the ancient Olympic Games, held in Olympia,
Greece from the 8th century BC to the 4th century AD. Baron Pierre de
Coubertin founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1894, leading
to the first modern Games in Athens in 1896. The IOC is the governing body of
the Olympic Movement, which encompasses all entities and individuals involved
in the Olympic Games. The Olympic Charter defines their structure and authority.
The evolution of the Olympic Movement during the 20th and 21st centuries
has resulted in numerous changes to the Olympic Games. Some of these
adjustments include the creation of the Winter Olympic Games for snow and ice
sports, the Paralympic Games for athletes with disabilities, the Youth Olympic
Games for athletes aged 14 to 18, the five Continental games (Pan
American, African, Asian, European, and Pacific), and the World Games for
sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games.1

B. RUMUSAN MASALAH

1
Wiki pedia, “Olympic Games”,
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games#Economic_and_social_impact_on_host_cities
_and_countries di akses pada 2 mei 2024)
C. TUJUAN MASALAH
 BAB II
PEMBAHASAN

A. The Ancient Olympic Games

The Ancient Olympic Games (Ancient Greek: τὰ Ὀλύμπια, ta Olympia[8]) were
religious and athletic festivals held every four years at the sanctuary
of Zeus in Olympia, Greece. Competition was among representatives of
several city-states and kingdoms of Ancient Greece. These Games featured mainly
athletic but also combat sports such as wrestling and the pankration, horse and
chariot racing events.

It has been widely written that during the Games, all conflicts among the
participating city-states were postponed until the Games were finished. This
cessation of hostilities was known as the Olympic peace or truce. This idea is a
modern myth because the Greeks never suspended their wars. The truce did allow
those religious pilgrims who were travelling to Olympia to pass through warring
territories unmolested because they were protected by Zeus.

The origin of the Olympics is shrouded in mystery and legend; one of the most
popular myths identifies Heracles and his father Zeus as the progenitors of the
Games. According to legend, it was Heracles who first called the Games
"Olympic" and established the custom of holding them every four years. The myth
continues that after Heracles completed his twelve labours, he built the Olympic
Stadium as an honour to Zeus.

Following its completion, he walked in a straight line for 200 steps and called
this distance a "stadion" (Ancient Greek: στάδιον, Latin: stadium, "stage"), which
later became a unit of distance. The most widely accepted inception date for the
Ancient Olympics is 776 BC; this is based on inscriptions, found at Olympia,
listing the winners of a footrace held every four years starting in 776 BC.

The Ancient Games featured running events, a pentathlon (consisting of a

jumping event, discus and javelin throws, a foot race, and wrestling), boxing,
wrestling, pankration, and equestrian events. Tradition has it that Coroebus, a
cook from the city of Elis, was the first Olympic champion.

The Olympics were of fundamental religious importance, featuring sporting

events alongside ritual sacrifices honouring both Zeus (whose famous
statue by Phidias stood in his temple at Olympia) and Pelops, divine hero and
mythical king of Olympia. Pelops was famous for his chariot race with
King Oenomaus of Pisatis. The winners of the events were admired and
immortalised in poems and statues. The Games were held every four years, and
this period, known as an Olympiad, was used by Greeks as one of their units of
time measurement. The Games were part of a cycle known as the Panhellenic
Games, which included the Pythian Games, the Nemean Games, and the Isthmian
Games.

The Olympic Games reached the height of their success in the 6th and
5th centuries BC, but then gradually declined in importance as the Romans gained
power and influence in Greece. While there is no scholarly consensus as to when
the Games officially ended, the most commonly held date is 393 AD, when the
emperor Theodosius I decreed that all pagan cults and practices be
eliminated. Another date commonly cited is 426 AD, when his
successor, Theodosius II, ordered the destruction of all Greek temples.2

B. Modern Games

1. Forerunners
Various uses of the term "Olympic" to describe athletic events in the modern
era have been documented since the 17th century. The first such event was
the Cotswold Games or "Cotswold Olimpick Games", an annual meeting
near Chipping Campden, England, involving various sports. It was first organised
by the lawyer Robert Dover between 1612 and 1642, with several later
celebrations leading up to the present day. The British Olympic Association, in its

2
Wikipedia, “Ancient Olympic Games”
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games di akses pada 2 mei 2024)
bid for the 2012 Olympic Games in London, mentioned these games as "the first
stirrings of Britain's Olympic beginnings".

L'Olympiade de la République, a national Olympic festival held annually from

1796 to 1798 in Revolutionary France also attempted to emulate the ancient
Olympic Games. The competition included several disciplines from the ancient
Greek Olympics. The 1796 Games also marked the introduction of the metric
system into sport.

In 1834 and 1836, Olympic games were held in Ramlösa, Sweden, and
in Stockholm, in 1843, organised by Gustaf Johan Schartau and others. At most
25,000 spectators saw the games.

In 1850, an Olympian Class was started by William Penny Brookes at Much

Wenlock, in Shropshire, England. In 1859, Brookes changed the name to
the Wenlock Olympian Games. This annual sports festival continues to this day.
The Wenlock Olympian Society was founded by Brookes on 15 November 1860.

Between 1862 and 1867, Liverpool held an annual Grand Olympic Festival.
Devised by John Hulley and Charles Pierre Melly, these games were the first to be
wholly amateur in nature and international in outlook, although only 'gentlemen
amateurs' could compete. The programme of the first modern Olympiad in Athens
in 1896 was almost identical to that of the Liverpool Olympics. In 1865 Hulley,
Brookes and E.G. Ravenstein founded the National Olympian Association in
Liverpool, a forerunner of the British Olympic Association. Its articles of
foundation provided the framework for the International Olympic Charter. In
1866, a national Olympic Games in Great Britain was organised at
London's Crystal Palace.

2. Revival
Greek interest in reviving the Olympic Games began with the Greek War of
Independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1821. It was first proposed by poet and
newspaper editor Panagiotis Soutsos in his poem "Dialogue of the Dead",
published in 1833. Evangelos Zappas, a wealthy Greek-Romanian philanthropist,
first wrote to King Otto of Greece, in 1856, offering to fund a permanent revival
of the Olympic Games. Zappas sponsored the first Olympic Games in 1859,
which was held in an Athens city square. Athletes participated from Greece and
the Ottoman Empire. Zappas funded the restoration of the ancient Panathenaic
Stadium so that it could host all future Olympic Games.

The stadium hosted Olympics in 1870 and 1875. Thirty thousand spectators
attended that Games in 1870, though no official attendance records are available
for the 1875 Games. In 1890, after attending the Olympian Games of the Wenlock
Olympian Society, Baron Pierre de Coubertin was inspired to found
the International Olympic Committee (IOC).

Coubertin built on the ideas and work of Brookes and Zappas with the aim of
establishing internationally rotating Olympic Games that would occur every four
years. He presented these ideas during the first Olympic Congress of the newly
created International Olympic Committee. This meeting was held from 16 to 23
June 1894, at the University of Paris. On the last day of the Congress, it was
decided that the first Olympic Games to come under the auspices of the IOC
would take place in Athens in 1896. The IOC elected the Greek writer Demetrius
Vikelas as its first president.3

3. 1896 Games
The first Olympic Games held under the auspices of the IOC were held at the
Panathenaic Stadium in Athens in 1896. The Games brought together 14 countries
and 241 athletes who competed in 43 sports. Zappas and his cousin Konstantinos
Zappas had left a trust to the Greek government to fund future Olympic Games.
This trust was used to help finance the 1896 Olympics. George Averoff
contributed greatly to stadium improvements in preparation for the Games. The
Greek government also provided funding, which was expected to be recouped
through ticket sales and the sale of the first Olympic commemorative stamp set.

Greek officials and the public were enthusiastic about the experience of
hosting the Olympic Games. This feeling was shared by many athletes, who even
demanded that Athens become the permanent host city of the Games. The IOC

3
Wiki pedia, “Olympic Games”,
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games#Economic_and_social_impact_on_host_cities_an
d_countries di akses pada 2 mei 2024)
intended the next Games to be rotated to various host cities around the world. The
second Olympic Games were held in Paris.4

4. Change and adaptation

After the success of the 1896 Games, the Olympics entered a period of
stagnation that threatened its survival. The Olympic Games held at the Paris
Exposition in 1900 and the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis in 1904
failed to attract much participation or attention. Of the 650 athletes in the 1904
Olympics, 580 were Americans; the winner of the marathon was later disqualified
after a photograph was found of him driving a car during the race. The Games
were resumed with the 1906 Intercalated Games (so called because it was the
second Games held within the third Olympiad), held in Athens.

The Games attracted many international participants and generated great public
interest, marking the beginning of an increase in the popularity and size of the
Olympic Games. The 1906 Games were officially recognized by the IOC at the
time (although they are no longer), and no Intermediate Games have been held
since.

a.Winter Games
The Winter Olympics were created to showcase snow and ice sports that
were logistically impossible to hold during the Summer Olympics. Figure
skating (in 1908 and 1920) and ice hockey (in 1920) were featured as Olympic
events at the Summer Games. The IOC wanted to expand this list of sports to
include other winter activities. At the 1921 Olympic Congress in Lausanne, it
was decided to hold a winter version of the Olympic Games. A winter sports
week (actually 11 days) was held in 1924 in Chamonix, France, in conjunction
with the Paris Olympics held three months later; this event became the first
Winter Olympics.

Although the same country was expected to host both the Winter and
Summer Olympics in a given year, this idea was soon abandoned. The IOC

4
Wikipedia, 1896 “Summer Olympics” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics,
di akses pada 2 mei 2024)
 mandated that the Winter Olympics be celebrated once every four years in the
same year as the Summer Olympics. This tradition was upheld through the
1992 Olympics in Albertville, France; thereafter, beginning with the 1994
Olympics, the Winter Olympics were held once every four years, two years
after each Summer Olympics.

b. Paralympics
In 1948, Sir Ludwig Guttmann, determined to promote the rehabilitation of
soldiers after World War II, organized a multi-sport event between several
hospitals to coincide with the 1948 London Olympics. Originally known as
the Stoke Mandeville Games, Guttmann's event became an annual sports
festival. Over the next 12 years, Guttmann and others continued their efforts to
use sports as an avenue to healing.

In 1960, Guttmann brought 400 athletes to Rome to compete in the "Parallel

Olympics", which ran in parallel with the Summer Olympics and came to be
known as the first Paralympics. Since then, the Paralympics have been held in
every Olympic year and, starting with the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul, the
host city for the Olympics has also played host to the Paralympics. The
International Olympic Committee (IOC) and the International Paralympic
Committee (IPC) signed an agreement in 2001 which guaranteed that host
cities would be contracted to manage both the Olympic and Paralympic
Games. The agreement came into effect at the 2008 Summer Games in
Beijing, and at the 2010 Winter Games in Vancouver.

Two years before the 2012 Games, the LOCOG chairman Lord Coe made
the following statement about the Paralympics and Olympics in London:

We want to change public attitudes towards disability, celebrate the

excellence of Paralympic sport and to enshrine from the very outset that the
two Games are an integrated whole.5

5
Wikipedia, “Paralympic Games”, (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paralympic_Game, diakses
pada 2 mei 2024)
c. Youth Games
In 2010, the Olympic Games were complemented by the Youth Games,
which give athletes between the ages of 14 and 18 the chance to compete. The
Youth Olympic Games were conceived by IOC president Jacques Rogge in
2001 and approved during the 119th Congress of the IOC. The first Summer
Youth Games were held in Singapore from 14 to 26 August 2010, while the
inaugural Winter Games were hosted in Innsbruck, Austria, two years later.
These Games will be shorter than the senior Games; the summer version will
last twelve days, while the winter version will last nine days.

The IOC allows 3,500 athletes and 875 officials to participate at the
Summer Youth Games, and 970 athletes and 580 officials at the Winter Youth
Games. The sports to be contested will coincide with those scheduled for the
senior Games, however there will be variations on the sports including mixed
NOC and mixed gender teams as well as a reduced number of disciplines and
events.6

5. 21st-century Games
The Summer Olympics have grown from 241 participants representing 14
nations in 1896, to more than 11,300 competitors representing 206 nations in
2020.The scope and scale of the Winter Olympics is smaller; for example, Beijing
hosted 2,971 athletes from 91 nations in 2022. Most of the athletes and officials
are housed in the Olympic Village for the duration of the Games. This
accommodation centre is designed to be a self-contained home for all Olympic
participants, and is furnished with cafeterias, health clinics, and locations for
religious expression.

6.Cost of the Games

The IOC has allowed the formation of National Olympic Committees (NOCs)
to represent individual nations. These do not meet the strict requirements for
political sovereignty that other international organisations demand. As a result,
colonies and dependencies are permitted to compete at Olympic Games, examples
6
Wikipedia,”Youth Olympic Games” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games,
diakses pada 2 mei 2024)
being territories such as Puerto Rico, Bermuda, and Hong Kong, all of which
compete as separate nations despite being legally a part of another country.

The current version of the Olympic Charter allows for the establishment of
new NOCs to represent nations that qualify as "an independent State recognised
by the international community". Consequently, the IOC did not allow the
formation of NOCs for Sint Maarten and Curaçao when they gained the same
constitutional status as Aruba in 2010, although the IOC had recognised the
Aruban Olympic Committee in 1986. Since 2012, athletes from the former
Netherlands Antilles have had the option to represent either the Netherlands or
Aruba.

Budget overruns are common for the Games. Average overrun for Games since
1960 is 156% in real terms, which means that actual costs turned out to be on
average 2.56 times the budget that was estimated at the time of winning the bid to
host the Games. Montreal 1976 had the highest cost overrun for Summer Games,
and for any Games, at 720%; Lake Placid 1980 had the highest cost overrun for
Winter Games, at 324%. London 2012 had a cost overrun of 76%, Sochi 2014 of
289%.7

It has been documented that cost and cost overrun for the Games follow a
power-law distribution, which means that, first, the Games are prone to large cost
overruns and, second, it is only a matter of time until an overrun occurs that is
larger than the largest to date. In short, hosting the Games is economically and
financially extremely risky.

7. Economic and social impact on host cities and countries

The Olympics had a significant negative impact on host communities; for
example, the Center on Housing Rights and Evictions reported that the Olympics
displaced more than two million people over two decades, often with a large
impact on disadvantaged groups.8 The 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi was the
most expensive Olympics in history, costing more than US$50 billion. According
7
Flyvbjerg, Bent; Stewart, Allison; Budzier, Alexander The Oxford Olympics Study 2016: Cost
and Cost Overrun at the Games. Saïd Business School .University of Oxford,(2016).
8
Glynn, Mary Ann, "Configuring the Field of Play: How Hosting the Olympic Games Impacts
Civic Community". Journal of Management Studies. (2008). 45 (6): 1117–1146.
to a European Bank for Reconstruction and Development report released at the
time of the Games, the costs would not boost Russia's national economy, but
could attract businesses to Sochi and Russia's southern Krasnodar region as a
result of improved services. However in December 2014, eight months after the
games, The Guardian stated that Sochi "now feels like a ghost town", due to
scattered stadiums and arenas and still unfinished infrastructure.

At least four cities withdrew their candidacy for the 2022 Winter Olympics,
citing high costs or lack of local support, leaving only a two-city race between
Almaty, Kazakhstan and Beijing, China which hosted the 2008 Summer
Olympics. The Guardian stated that the biggest threat to the future of the
Olympics is few cities or countries want to host them.Bidding for the 2024
Summer Olympics became a two-city race between Paris and Los Angeles, so the
IOC took the unusual step of simultaneously awarding both the 2024 Games to
Paris and the 2028 Games to Los Angeles. Both of the bids were praised for high
technical plans and innovative ways to use a record-breaking number of existing
and temporary facilities.

8. Symbol
The Olympic Movement uses symbols to represent the ideals contained in the
Olympic Charter. The Olympic symbol, better known as the Olympic rings,
consists of five interlocking rings and represents the unity of the five inhabited
continents (Africa, the Americas (considered one continent), Asia, Europe, and
Oceania). Colored versions of the rings-blue, yellow, black, green, and red-over a
white field form the Olympic flag. These colors were chosen because every
country has at least one color on its national flag. The flag was adopted in 1914
but was first hoisted only at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium.
Since then it has been hoisted at every Olympic celebration.9

9
Lennartz, Karl, "The Story of the Rings" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History,( 2002), 10: 29–61
 The Olympic motto, Citius, Altius, Fortius, a Latin expression meaning
"Faster, Higher, Stronger" was proposed by Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 and has
been official since 1924. The motto was coined by Coubertin's friend, Dominican
priest Henri Didon OP, for a Parisian youth meeting in 1891.

Coubertin's Olympic ideals were expressed in the Olympic creed:

The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not victory, but
participation, just as the most important thing in life is not victory, but struggle.
What matters is not victory, but a good fight.10

BAB III
PENUTUP

A.KESIMPULAN.

The Olympic Games, the world's leading international sporting event, are held
every four years, with over 200 teams representing sovereign states and territories.
The Games are inspired by the ancient Olympic Games in Olympia, Greece, and
were founded by Baron Pierre de Coubertin in 1894. The International Olympic
10
"The Olympic Symbols" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. Archived from the
original (PDF) on 24 March 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
Committee (IOC) governs the Olympic Movement, which includes all entities
involved in the Games.

The evolution of the Olympic Movement has led to numerous changes,

including the creation of Winter Olympic Games for snow and ice sports, the
Paralympic Games for athletes with disabilities, the Youth Olympic Games for
athletes aged 14 to 18, the five Continental games (Pan American, African, Asian,
European, and Pacific), and the World Games for sports not contested in the
Olympic Games. The IOC also endorses the Deaflympics and the Special
Olympics.

The Olympic Movement consists of international sports federations (IFs),

National Olympic Committees (NOCs), and organizing committees for each
specific Olympic Games. The IOC is responsible for choosing the host city for
each Games, organizing and funding the Games according to the Olympic Charter,
and determining the Olympic programme.

The 2020 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics combined saw over
14,000 athletes compete in 40 different sports and 448 events, with medals
awarded to the first, second, and third-place finishers. The Games have grown to
represent nearly every nation, but have created challenges and controversies,
including boycotts, doping, bribery, and terrorism.
B. SARAN

With this we hope that the Lecturer can understand the preparation of this
paper because it is in the learning period and continuous direction is needed for
the improvement of the papers made for the next.

DAFTAR PUSTAKA