wolution ie f {solid ofrovclution is formeq seOand = Land ocine qe ahaa x 0.00 0.25 vi iy 1.0000 0.9996 Bstimate the volume of the so 075 0.9599, D.b089 forme sing Sp 8415 dean h in "Flonts The velocity v (km/min) of a mo (min) as follows ; Ped which sta z 2 4 6 8 DD: 10) le yeeete Seat Estimate approximately the dista ni one a mM 2 in 20 o Arocket is launched from the ground, Its Scalewan and is given in tho table below. Using Simpson’ 1 [nine volume of solid = if wy? 2 408 aya rts Wirsatg rd rule, find the veloc r Wolosity oth roc att =89 Heec) (Oat) 50 eo © Mlem/sec*) : 30 75 40.33 43.95 4689 sogt 1 Evaluate j “& correct to 8 decimals by Trapozoidal rae with h 0 20 3040 31.63 33.84 35.47 97, = 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125. Use Romberg’s method to get an accurate value for the definite integral. Hence find the value of log, 2. Answers 2.115, error=17.8 (ti) 98, error =08 3.0600 5.161 6. 0.9985, (i) 1.3785, 8.0.84 9 LIGIS 11. 7.78 12. 1.0893, 13, 28192 15, 3086.1 cm/sec 16. 0.708 ; 0.697 j 0.694 ; 0.698. FERENCE EQUATIONS +a)y,= An equation of the form (a, E’ +a, B+ a, B™+...... +a, B+a)y, =/0) aq, i ce equation of order r, e 1 4, are constants, is called a linear differen 1,4), AD ; ps =f) symbolic form, it is written as o(E)y,, =f) ‘ ion of n which satisfies (1) is called its solution. ION OF A DIFFERENCE EQUATION 0 oy, = Kn) é oli difference equation. re cata ‘uation involves A instoud of B, use A= BA TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING 1304 n ‘Asolution of (2) which involves as many arbitrary constants as the order of (2) ; r complementary function (C.F.) (iii) Particular Integral (P.1.) = a fin) is a particular solution of (1), not any arbitrary constant. std (iv) The complete solution of (1) is given by y, = C.F. + P.I. Note. If (1) = 0 complete solution is y, = C.F. 22.14, RULES FOR FINDING THE COMPLEMENTARY FUNCTION Let the roots of the auxiliary equation 9(£) = 0 be E= my, ma, mg, ...... () If m,, mg, mg, ...... are all real and distinct, then C.F. = ¢,(m,)" + c,(m,)" + c,(m,)" + ...... (ii) If two roots m, and m, are real and equal, each equal to m, then C.F. = (, + 312) m" + c,(m5)"+...... (iii) If three roots, m,, mz, m, are real and equal, each equal to m, then CAR. = (€, + cg + ogn?\m" + om)" + a. (i) If two roots m, and m, are conjugate complex numbers, say o + if, then C.F. =r" (¢, cos n0 +c, sin 18) + ¢5(ms)" + 0.2... where + r= fo?+B? and @=tant & ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Solve the following difference equations : © (A= 30+ Dy, =0 (id U,,9—3U,,g +4, = 0 (tii) ASy, — 5Ay,, + dy, = 0. Sol. (i) Putting A = B - 1, the given equation becomes 4 {@-1)?-8(@-1)+2ly,.=0 or G?-5E+6)y,=0 ‘ AB. is E*-5E+6=0 or (B-2)(©-8)=0 " a E=2,3, + The complete solution is y,=c,. 2°+c,. 3° ae GO Since U,.., = E°U,, Uns = EU, the given equation becomes (E?—3E?+4)U,=0. AE. is E®-3E?+4=0 a or (B+ 1)(E*—4E + 4)=0 or (B+ 1)(B-2)?=0, a Ba=1) 2,2) 2] The complete solution is U,, =, (~ 1)"+ (¢, + cy. n) 2", (ii) Putting 4 = E —1, the given equation becomes 4 {18-58 ~1) + dly, =0 or (E?-3E*-2E+8)y, =0 AE. is E*—3E?-28+8=0 or (B-2)(B?-E-4)=0 . E=2, 1807 aayrrerences AND NUMERICATWETHODg é ‘the complete solution is “ae ee aia) ence 1. ny gxample 2. Solve the following difference equot m8 : erelb (Ipee Ine n=O, ) given that y= 1 andy, pean (i) Yuet = Dn O28 OF Icy = 08 Sol. (i) ) Since yaa = Ey Pps = BY, the gi . AE. is E?-E+1=0 “ Gen equation becomes (EE + ty na So 1 i : oie (a+ip) ‘The complete solution is y,, = ae cos 10 +¢, sin nd) L. .fah nt nn Yn = 0, C08 = +¢, sin 1 5 eee) 1; @=tan = =tanl /g.% ne tan 2 (0) Putting n=0, Yo = But Yo= 1 given) Putting 1 = 1 in (1), we get x E +c, sin = ¥y = 0, C08 = 3 3 mp tb "asa cy. =1 wm sles Hence the required particular solution is nm nt. + sin —: yy = C08 x” (ti) The given equation i8 p41 — 2%n C08 & + oe Si p jes wit ince it involves y,,_, we operate both Ge ean eae y,20 nan = 2 pCO HONE OD NE. is E?—28 cos a+ 1=0 ae id) aera 4 [Fein ccosatisina eat E= eos a t/A cos? a4 = cosaty~ sin “he complete solution is y,, =7(¢; C08 no +o, sin 0) 1 sin og 1 Btn a Where tan’ cos 1 = fa? 40? = Joos? Taqveinta #1) 0= sin 1a ‘The complete solution is, = % °* os)Aigner 1306 y ions : Peample 8 Solve te flowin differer < ie aaa J = rs @DIg= Dosa De f tye 6,44 * Yn =O, where Yo Gi) I, FInd Tk oy eeiey | tLe y sacs : 3 oe Teeen equation can be written as ‘ (BS - 26? -E + 2y, AB. is B%- 2E7-E+ 1 lution is ae ‘The complete sol y,=6,(1)" + og(- + (2) or ¥,=C, + cg I)" +c, (ii) The given equation can be written as (E8— 3E-2)y,=0 AE.is °-3B-2=0 or (B+ )@?-E-2) (+ )E-2(E+1)=0 or + 1%@-2)=0 Ey E 2) ‘The complete solution is (cy + cp) (— I) + 65. 2° (iii) The given equation is ¥,—Jn1—Yno=9 Since it involves y,, andy, , we operate both sides with E?. Thus Intg Inti In =O or (E?-E = Dy, =0 AB. is B?-E- or pelts 2 The complete solution is “C8 (iv) The given equation can be written as (E?- 6E + 9)y,, =0 AE.is E?-6E+9=0 or @-38)?=0 oe B=3,3 The complete solution is Yn = (C, + Cyn) 3" Now Yo =, +0) 8°=0, But Given) c,=1 Also 1 +c.) 8= (1+ c,) 3 But (given) co (1+c,) or 1+¢=0 a 2 Hence, from (1), the required particular solution is Yn = (1=n) 8" (v) The given equation can be written as (E* -4E + 13)y,=0 3 ABis E*-4E+13=0 % ‘ 4+ /i6= i sai Bo oF 488i oa) (a+ ip)—-YeE TC) C08 0+ 6, gin rs 7 *0) oP +6? = 2? gt Wi tion is y, = ( and O= hy = (18) tan! (©; cos 0+ Eaton Or ’ BIN x8), wh ere O= tan! 3 7 2. 2u, au, na ae fs 0 fe tne ~ 2g4 — 5gg, + Bu, = 0 eenerico Answers dune, 2tea(g) +0, +e, 2" (acu 2 nin 8 a bbe the given difference equation, then PL=—e fw. © Slay ei nrovi sale h provided o(a) #0. (ie, replace E by 0) (8) and we operate aS follows + _na=D ng cine nine DOD gr and soo. making the first term: unity) , er the term containing w by inom! ee ith each term of the: ‘expansion: tation) with owers of 4 in fa + 4)}-! in ascending P it on nP (after expressing torial ™A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MAT 1308 kn or cos kn a =Acos kn + Basin i ation and find A and B by comparing the e Case II. If fin) = sin ‘Assume that P.I. i8), Substitute in the given equi sin kn on both sides ee Ss ar * Use Euler's exponential values of cos 0 and sin viz, i wie cm = SEE, gin = SE and use Case I Case IV. If fa) = a°F(n), whore F(n) is a polynomial of degree p inn. 1 1 ~ =a" Then PL. = Sop 0° Fe) <0". ae Fn) Now proceed as in Case I. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. Solve the following difference equation @ u,,9— Muy., + 10, = 1265" + 4" @)y,.2-, = ii) u,.,- 4u,,, + du, = 2 @) Ingo = Dyer — Dy t Sol. (i) The given equation in symbolic form is (E?— 7E + 10). AE. is E*- 7E+10=0 or (®-2)(B-5)=0 CF. =c,.2"+¢,.6" a 1 ie neva Bares Le ieererg} 1 1 12 ee ~Te> +10 @ + Patasi0 + The complete solution is u,=c, . 2" +c. 5" + — aaa e&=7e"4 10) 12) (ii) The given equation in symbolic form is (E? — A)y,, = 2" AE. is E*-4=0 » E=+2 ‘ CF, = 6,22" + ¢,(-2)" 1 1 at a Linen! =| ——2" | = ——_|_*_ =——— Fale) faa) 4E-2 % The complete solution iy, = 6.2" +692)" tn, Bet (iii) The given equation in Pla iia bisoanaeeci be EOSEY " @-2=0 ., Be2,2cae hoes a PL= oe a tesa = n=) at <=. The complete solution is 1, n= (C+ eqn), ms Aad Ain-1) ise (iv) fre given equation in symbolic form is (f? — 3E-4y,=-6 ABis E?-3E-4=0 or ©-4€+=0 « B=4,-1 CF. =¢,.4"+c, 1)" eee ee fee PL=paagpeglcO=-Opaguait= 6 agg Pal =. Complete solution is y, =¢, . 4"+¢,(-1)"+ L. le 2. Solve the following difference equations : . ret, = = 9x* (i) ER-5E+ Oy =x+ 2 (iit) (A ++ Dy =z Sat) The given equation n symm frm x — Ay, = . E=t2 2+c,. C2 1 1 _ 329. aray-4 a2 7? Zee ane see rl --o[1($-5)" wt). | Gemets teeet(A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MAT e 2,4 2) ution is y,= 6)» 2° + 63-2 -3(« tattoos +28 ‘equation is (E?-5E + By =* ; x eee -5E+6=0 or (@- -2)(-3)=0 « E=2,8 OF. = ¢,. 2°40. «The complete sol at Earn oOo as RECs *p-5n+6 ae =qearesG-aee Ee! 1 1 nies) 1 iw ( 2 SS ee ee melee } Saat), Bea eh Ge 2x+3 :. The complete solution is y=c, . 2° +c, . 3°+ (iii) The given equation can be written as [@-1)?+ @-1) + ly=x2 or G?-E+)y=2% AE. is E?-E+1=0 oe vein ee Se eee Ea aoti Gatip) oe haa eta where r= fo? +p? = {z =1;@= stant B tat (2% CF, =e, cos + ¢, sin = 3 3 1m 1 Tae ape 8 eee Ei-Evl) |@pa=(nAyel a "Trager U4 G+ 49H ee) +4] =[1-(A+ A) + (0+ A)? ,...,] [x + 2] ee = [1-4 + terms containing A® and higher powers of A) [s+ Sx) + a — Ae + xf) = x@e— 1) +x (2x + 1) Sa? 20-1 he complete solution is y=c, cos +c, sin — + x2—2r—1.ences AND, NUMERICAL ee «core ys Ie ‘glue the following difference sa equations : n =c0s = onan Coase Gi) Uy.y 7.) + 120, = 06 n, got The given equation in symbolic form is (E?= 16) u, n 5 = c08 = » Boao E=+4 CF.=¢ 40 Coral By a a 11, = A608 5 + Bain > be the Pi. n A cos 2 +Bein 22 ‘Then Une substituting in the given equation, we have n+2 acs ™*2 sin ™=2)-16(& Dit anc ® ( 2 a costs Bain’) cme Acos|=+1|+Bai ny n n cos 5 *1)+B ain 16 (Aces +Baing (ons ens 1-sin 5 sin ea( interns) (Aeng-3) I= g & wis © EE ck rrnorsee n n Comparing co-efficients of cos 5} and sin: we get A(cos 1— 16) +B sin 1=1 Al) Asin 1+ Bos 4-16)=0 Multiplying (2) by (@0s 1= 16s () by sin 1 and subtracting A (cos 1- 16)2+Asin® 1=cos 1-16 A feos? 1+ sin? 1—92.¢08 11+ 256] = c08 1-16 Ne cos 1 : 267 — 3208 1 Multiplying (1) by sin 1, (2) by (€08 4-16) and adding Bsin? eee One a in 1 oa ee 257 — 3208 1 n (cost 16) 008 3 +8im 2818 2 P 957 — 32.081 Fe : 2 oo(-3)- ots 3 57 - 32.008} 1311A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING .. The complete solution 1s - ni cos % -1)-16e08 5 uy =e, 4" + 62-4)" * “957-32 cos 1 Second method for PL. i a 1 ( ein!) =) LRU ter piccaio tas _ 1felir’2-D — 16 elt? 5 e=Hnl2-D _ genial? #2) 1=16(¢' +e") +256 = afelin 2-9 4 el2-0 _ 16 (gil? 4 gr int are 257-16 (e! +e) 1} -162 es cos =1)=16 cos 2° 257=162c081 +—~-«:257=S2ens1 (#) The given equation in symbolic form is (E?~7E + 12)u, =cos n AE.is E?-7E+12=0 or (E-3)(B-4)=0 «. E=38,4 Po ae ates ((Cancrreaed ~ EP-78+12 E?-7E+12\— 2 |e, il a Aer “Wo7p+i2° | in nin 1 i ae + vin — ee a” | nin 412) Ie ey [*s = Te" +12) +0" (6% — Te! 419) ~Te* +12) is 3 0ln) —7eK-D 4 r99In 4 glia) _ Tenn») +1207" 1-Te' +126" 701 + 49 — B4el s og | —84e" +144