PORTFOLIO

Bernabe, Giemer Krishnabelle T.

II BSED English A
Mrs. Winona Sanque
 LITERATURE

Life
Inspiring
Textbooks
Enhancing
Reader’s
Artistic
Traits and
Understanding about
Realism and its
Emotion

FIGURES OF SPEECH
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Alliteration
Alliteration is a figure of speech in which two usually consecutive words begin
with the same consonant sound but not always the same latter. The word doesn’t
always have to be right next to each other, but when you say or read them, the
sound is repeated.

For example:
- four fabulous fish
- go and gather the flowers on the grass.

Metaphors
We use metaphors all the time. Suppose when your Mummy says, “This house
is a zoo!” she doesn’t mean that it is the place where animal lives. She just
means that everyone in the house is as noisy as a bunch of animals would be.

She’s using the zoo as a metaphor for the house, she’s describing the house as if
were a zoo, to make the comparison clear.

For example:
- to be an early bird – to reach first or earliest
- pearls of wisdom – wise words
Personification
Personification is giving human qualities to something that may not be human,
or even alive.

For example:
- laughing flowers
- howling wind
- smiling sun

Onomatopoeia

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This is a big word that just means words that imitate sounds. Pitter-patter is an
example of onomatopoeia. It mimics the sound of rain or maybe little feet.

For example:
- zoom
- beep
- groan
- boom

Similes
A simile is a figure of speech in which two things are directly compared. We
use the word like or as to make the comparison. The beauty of a simile is that it
helps us imagine clearly what the writer is trying to say. Poets and writers use
similes to make their writing come alive.

For example:
- as black as coal
- as clear as crystal
- as cold as ice

Oxymoron
An oxymoron brings two conflicting ideas together. We use them to draw
attention from the reader/listener. Two words with apparently contradictory
meanings are combined to form a new word that is more in conjunction.

For example:
- alone together
- deafening silence
- bittersweet
- living dead

Hyperbole

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Hyperbole means using exaggerated statements for effect. The media and
politicians often use hyperbole to make their articles or speeches more attention
grabbing or seem more important bigger, better and more interesting.

For example:
- I have told you a million times not to get your shoes dirty.
- Jake’s mum always cooks enough food to feed an army.

Cliché
This is when a phrase is overused and loses impact and lacks original thought.
Using a cliche can be seen as old fashioned or even a sign of poor writing as
they are expressions that have been used too often and are no longer relevant or
interesting.

For example:
- And they all lived happily ever after.
- All is fair in love and war.

Repetition
Repetition is when a word or phrase is repeated for effect or emphasis. Teachers
often teach things like times tables by repetition and musicians repeat choruses
in songs. A good example is Martin Luther King’s – ‘I have a dream’ speech.

For example:
- He told me about it, years and years and years ago.
- Home sweet home.

Rhetorical Questions
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This type of question doesn’t require an answer as it has been phrased in a way
that assumes the reader or listener knows the answer. Public speakers and
politicians use rhetorical questions for dramatic effect or to get a point across
and not because they expect an answer. The answer is usually obvious, or they
think it is.

For example:
- Can pigs fly?
- Is this supposed to be some kind of joke?
- We don’t need any more failure, do we?

Rhyme
This is when words have a similar ending sound. It is usually seen most often in
poetry and song lyrics but is also in advertising and public speeches. The
rhyming words stand out.

For example:
- 7-eleven
- Birds of a feather, stick together.
- Try before you buy.

Euphemism
A euphemism is an indirect or innocuous word or phrase used instead of
something considered unpleasant, harsh or sensitive, or embarrassing. It is often
intended to amuse or downplay something that the speaker deems offensive or
upsetting somehow. They may be used to cover profanity or sensitive subjects
such as gender, disability, and death in a polite manner.

For example:
- Friendly fire (attack from allied forces)
- He is telling us a tall story (a lie)

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Litotes
Litotes is an understatement, usually involving a hint of irony. Instead of saying
something simple or obvious, a phrase contrary to the truth is used.

For example:
- It’s hardly rocket science is it? (often said when a task is very simple)
- The weather isn’t so good today. (Said during a thunder-storm)

Tautology
It is saying the same thing twice using different words. It is a way of adding
emphasis or clarity but can come across as being unnecessarily wordy.

For example:
- Sally told everyone with pride that she had made the handmade sweater
herself.
- The kids always take turns to answer the questions one after the other.

Pun
Pun is a play on words as it is usually a jokey way of exploiting the fact that
some words sound alike or have more than one meaning or spelling. They rely
heavily on homophones and homonyms to work.

For example:
- The chicken farmers favourite car is a coupe.
- I’ve forgotten where my wife said we were going, don’t worry, Alaska.
Epigram
An epigram is a clever, witty, or satirical phrase or line of poetry. It is
usually expressing an ingenious, paradoxical, memorable, or amusing idea.

For example:

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 - I can resist everything but temptation – Oscar Wilde
- There is only one thing worse than being talked about, and that is not
being talked about.
- Winners never quit, and quitters never win.

Climax
This is from the Greek word klimax, meaning staircase or ladder. In narrative
the words or clauses are arranged to build tension or drama to a peak (main part
of the story) and get the undivided attention of the audience. The reader is
mentally preparing for the climax of the story as the conflict or tension rises and
finally reaches resolution. Most films, books, plays or anecdotes have
conflict/drama which reaches a climax and then is resolved by the end of the
narrative.

For example:
- Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet has many plot twists and rising tension
in the form of family conflicts, love, murder, and finally death.
- Titanic – Think of the rising tension as the ship hits the ice-burg and
starts to sink. The water everywhere and people screaming, running
trying to save themselves or find family members. The intrigue builds
until finally the ship slips below the surface and there is shock and
disbelief at the sad a sorry, survivors left floating above.

Irony – (Sarcasm)
A subtle form of humour involving words opposing to what is actually meant.
Irony can fall into three categories.

Verbal irony – Saying one thing and meaning something else, usually the
opposite of what is said.
Example: Saying that you couldn’t possibly eat another thing, then reaching for
some more cake.

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Dramatic irony – This is when the audience is more aware of the plotline than
the characters.
Example: In Shakespeare’s Macbeth – While Duncan thinks Macbeth is faithful
to him, Macbeth is actually plotting to murder him. The audience knows this,
but Duncan doesn’t.

Situational irony – This is when something happens that is completely contrary

to what is expected. Often with an element of shock or surprise.
Example: winning the lottery and dying the day after. (Listen to Ironic by
Alanis Morrisette for many more examples)

Antithesis
This is the exact opposite of something or when two things contrast greatly.

For example:
- One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind – Neil Armstrong
1969
- Many are called, but few are chosen. Matthew 22:14

Assonance
Assonance is the repetition of the same vowel sounds in a phrase or sentence.

For example:
- We received three emails each week.
- The rain in Spain, stays mainly on the plain. (From the musical ‘My Fair
Lady’)

Consonance
Consonance is the repetition of the same consonant sound in a phrase or
sentence.

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For example:
- The cook cooked the cutest cupcakes.
- Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

Anastrophe
Anastrophe is a deliberate change of normal word order for emphasis.

For example:
- The greatest teacher, failure is. – Yoda (Star Wars)
- Into the lake the jeep drove.

Analogy
A way of comparing things based on ways they are similar. This is to show the
similarity without explaining.

For example:
- Life is like a box of chocolates. You never know what you are going to
get. (From Forrest Gump)
- He is strong as an ox.
- She’s as quiet as a mouse.

Paradox
Paradox is a statement containing two opposing facts that seems impossible,
contradictory or absurd but might turn out to be true.

For example:
- I must be cruel, only to be kind—Hamlet by Shakespeare.
- Nobody goes to the seaside at the weekend, because it’s too crowded.

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Parentheses
Something that is added to a statement to provide extra information or an
explanation. This is often separated from the main clause by brackets, commas,
or dashes.

For example:
- His older brother, the one with six kids, will be visiting next week.
- Sean Mullins (last year’s winner) is the current favourite to win.
- The singer – and her backing band – arrived two hours late.

Exclamation
A statement punctuated with an exclamation mark is conveying strong emotion
or excitement.

For example:
- Ouch! That really hurt!
- You just made me jump out of my skin!

Interrogation
This is a sentence that asks a direct question and is punctuated with a question
mark.

For example:
- What is the capital of Canada?
- Shall we invite the neighbours around for a barbeque tomorrow?
- Where are my car keys?

Synecdoche
This is when a part of something is used instead of the whole.

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For example:
- He took us for a spin in his new wheels. (Wheels = car)
- There are hundreds of boots on the ground searching for the fugitives.
(Boots = soldiers or police)
- There was no comment from The White House. (The White House = The
President)

Metonymy
Metonymy replaces a word or phrase with something related or associated to it.

For example:
- Have you seen the latest Hollywood blockbuster? (Hollywood = the
whole of the film industry)
- The crown is not able to take political a side. (crown = the queen or royal
family)
- The press is going to have a field day. (press = all news organizations)

Dialect
Dialect is the way people talk in a particular region. In literature, this involves
representing speech in the way it actually sounds with phonetic spelling,
missing words, and unusual grammar.

For example:
- I told ‘er she wer wrong, innit? (I told her she was wrong, didn’t I?)
- Howdy Y’all! (Hello everybody!)
- Am gonna nae do that. (I’m not going to do that)

Transferred Epithets
It is when we combine an incongruous adverb or adjective with an incongruous
noun.

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For example:
- They got divorced after years in an unhappy marriage.
- I balanced a thoughtful lump of sugar on the teaspoon. – P. G.
Woodhouse.
- The farmer plodded along the weary lane.

Source: theidioms.com

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 Types of poem

Haiku
The haiku (or hokku) is an ancient form of Japanese poetry that has become
very popular all over the world. Renowned for its small size, haikus consist of
just three lines (tercet); the first and third lines have five syllables, whereas the
second has seven. Haikus don’t have to rhyme and are usually written to evoke
a particular mood or instance. So, you can have a lot of fun with them! You may
have written or will find yourself writing your own haiku at some point in
school, or you can get creative and try it at home, too.

Example:
An old silent pond...
A frog jumps into the pond,
splash! Silence again.
Autumn moonlight-
a worm digs silently
into the chestnut.
In the twilight rain
these brilliant-hued hibiscus -
A lovely sunset.

Matsuo Basho (1644-1694)

Free verse
Free verse is a popular style of modern poetry, and as its name suggests there is
a fair amount of freedom when it comes to writing a poem like this. Free verse
can rhyme or not, it can have as many lines or stanzas as the poet wants, and it
can be about anything you like! So, while free verse may sound simple enough,
the lack of rules makes this form of poetry tricky to master!

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Example:
Fog
"The fog comes
on little cat feet.

It sits looking
over harbor and city
on silent haunches
and then moves on."
Carl Sandburg

Sonnet
This very old form of poetry was made famous by none other than William
Shakespeare, but the sonnet actually originated in 13th century Italy where it
was perfected by the poet Petrarch. The word ‘sonnet’ is derived from the
Italian word ‘sonnetto’ which means ‘little song’. Traditionally, sonnets are
made up of 14 lines and usually deal with love. As a rule, Petrarchan (Italian)
sonnets follow an ABBA ABBA CDE CDE rhyme scheme, whereas
Shakespearean (English) sonnets are typically ABAB CDCD EFEF GG. But of
course, rules are made to be broken!

Example:
“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:”
William Shakespeare

Acrostic
Like haikus, you’re likely to encounter acrostic poems at school! But that
doesn’t mean they’re boring – in fact, far from it! This type of poetry spells out
a name, word, phrase or message with the first letter of each line of the poem. It

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can rhyme or not, and typically the word spelt out, lays down the theme of the
poem. Why not try it with the silliest word you can think of – it can be really
fun.
Example:
CATS
Cuddly
Acrobatic
Tenacious and terrifying
Softly purring

Villanelle
The villanelle is another very old form of poetry that came from France and has
lots of rules. It is made up of 19 lines; five stanzas of three lines (tercet) each
and a final stanza of four lines (quatrain). As you can see from the rhyme
scheme; ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABAA, this type of poem only has two
rhyming sounds. Plus, there is a lot of repetition throughout the villanelle. Line
one will be repeated in lines six, 12 and 18; and line three will be repeated in
lines nine, 15 and 19. So although this takes out the extra work of having to
write 19 individual lines, the real challenge is to make meaning out of those
repeated lines!

Example:
The Walking
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
I feel my fate in what I cannot fear.
I learn by going where I have to go.
We think by feeling. What is there to know?
I hear my being dance from ear to ear.
I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow.
Of those so close beside me, which are you?
God bless the Ground! I shall walk softly there,
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 And learn by going where I have to go.
Theodore Roethke

Limerick
Limericks are funny (and sometimes rude!) poems which were made popular by
Edward Lear in the 19th century. They have a set rhyme scheme of AABBA,
with lines one, two and five all being longer in length than lines three and four.
The last line is often the punchline. Their sound is very distinctive, it’s likely
you’ve heard or read one before!

Example:
There was a Young Lady of Station
There was a young lady of station
"I love man" was her sole exclamation
But when men cried, "You flatter"
She replied, "Oh! no matter!
Isle of Man is the true explanation.
Lewis Carroll

Ode
The ode is one of the oldest forms of poetry and believed to have come from
ancient Greece. Yep – yonks ago! The word ‘ode’ is derived from the Greek
word ‘aeidein’ which means ‘to sing or chant’, and these poems were originally
performed with a musical instrument. An ode is typically written to praise a
person, event or thing (you could write an ode to your pet or favourite food!)
and they are usually quite short in length.

Example:
Olympian Ode 1
“Creatures for a day! What is a man?
What is he not? A dream of a shadow
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 Is our mortal being. But when there comes to men
A gleam of splendour given of heaven”
Pindar

Elegy
An elegy doesn’t have rules like some of the other forms of poetry but it does
have a set subject: death – eek! They are usually written about a loved one who
has passed away, but can also be written about a group of people, too. Although
they can sound sad, elegies often end on a hopeful note, hooray!

Example:
Fugue of Death
"Black milk of dawn we drink you at night
we drink you mornings and noontime we drink you evenings
we drink and we drink
A man lives in the house he plays with the snakes he writes
he writes when it turns dark to Deutschland your golden hair Margarete
Your ashen hair Shulamit we dig a grave in the air there one lies at ease"
Paul Celan

Ballad
The ballad is another old and traditional form of poetry that typically tells a
dramatic or emotional story. They came from Europe in the late Middle Ages
and were initially passed down from one generation to another, and often with
music. Ballads do have a set form; they are typically four lines (quatrain) and
have a rhyme scheme of ABAB or ABCB. However, this form is looser than
others so can be modified to suit a writer’s (that’s you!) needs. Most modern
pop songs you hear nowadays can be referred to as ballads!

Example:
Ballad of the Gibbet

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 "Brothers and men that shall after us be,
Let not your hearts be hard to us:
For pitying this our misery
Ye shall find God the more piteous."
Francois Villon

GIEMER KRISHNABELLE BERNABE

Genius in her own ways

Introvert all the time
Extreme love for Korean pop
Millions of thoughts inside her head
Emotional with everything
Resourceful to the fullest
Kinda selfish
Reckless in most times
Immature at some point
Sensitive about everything
Humorous inside circle of friends
Nervous in front of other people
Animal friendly
Benevolent at all times
Easily learns new things
Loves to watch Anime
Likes to read Manga
Earphone is her favorite object
Blue color is her favorite color
English is her favorite subject
Reads fantasy genre stories

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 Noisy when comfortable
And she’s curious about everything.
But despite these good and bad things,
Everyone still loves her.

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