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ANALOG CIRCUITS
R NARAYANA RAO
Assistant Professor
ECE Dept.
VEMU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

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MULTISTAGES AMPLIFIER
Single-stage transistor amplifiers are inadequate for meeting
most design requirements for any of the four amplifier types
(voltage, current, transconductance, and transresistance.)

Compared to single stage amplifier, multistage amplifiers

provide increased input resistance, reduced output resistance,
increased gain, and increased power handling capability

Multistage amplifiers commonly implemented on integrated

circuits where large numbers of transistors with common
(matched) parameters are available

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Typical inverter (Common Emitter) has moderately large gain

and has input and output resistances in the Kilo ohm range

Follower configuration has much higher input resistance,

lower output resistance but has only unity gain Amplifier
requires the desirable features of both configurations

Amplifier requires the desirable features of both

configurations

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concepts of feedback

The basic amplifier is in principle not ideal: It has a not

infinite input impedance, its output impedance is not
zero. Under these conditions the feedback network will
influence the open loop gain, where its output and
input impedance will load the input and output
impedance of the basic amplifier, respectively.

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There are two types of feedback in amplifiers. They are

POSITIVE FEEDBACK, also called REGENERATIVE FEEDBACK,
and NEGATIVE FEEDBACK, also called DEGENERATIVE
FEEDBACK. The difference between these two types is
whether the feedback signal is in phase or out of phase with
the input signal.

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Positive feedback occurs when the feedback signal is in phase

with the input signal. This means that the feedback signal will
add to or "regenerate" the input signal. The result is a larger
amplitude output signal than would occur without the
feedback. This type of feedback is what causes the public
address system to squeal as described above.

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Amplifier with negative feedback, the feedback signal is out of

phase with the input signal. This means that the feedback
signal will subtract from or "degenerate" the input signal. This
results in a lower amplitude output signal than would occur
without the feedback.

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Advantages of negative
feedback
• Can increase or decrease input impedance (depending on
type of feedback)
• Can increase or decrease output impedance (depending on
type of feedback)
• Reduces distortion (increases linearity)
• Increases the bandwidth
• Desensitizes gain to component variations
• Can control step response of amplifier

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Disadvantages of negative
feedback
• May lead to instability if not designed carefully
• The gain of the amplifier decreases
• The input and output impedances of the amplifier with
feedback (the closed-loop amplifier) become sensitive to
the gain of the amplifier without feedback (the open-
loop amplifier); that exposes these impedances to
variations in the open loop gain, for example, due to
parameter variations or due to nonlinearity of the open-
loop gain

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basic feedback concepts

a. Ideal closed-loop gain

b. Gain sensitivity
c. Bandwidth extension
d. Noise sensitivity
e. Reduction of non-linear distortion

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Ideal closed-loop gain

xo A
Af   , if A f  A, then negative feedback
x s 1  A
A f : the closed  loop gain of the amplifier
A : the open  loop gain of the amplifier
 : feedback coefficien t
A : loop gain
If A  1, then A f  1 /  . Thus, the closed-loop gain would be much more
stable and is nearly independent of changes of open-loop gain
A
If A  1, x f  x s  x s , so xi  x s  x f  0. Thus,
in a negative
1  A
feedback amplifier, the output takes the value to drive the amplifier input
to almost 0 (this is summing point constraints). 11
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Gain sensitivity

Consider the closed-loop gain’s sensitivity to the amplifier’s

open-loop gain. A fractional change in closed-loop gain is
described by

where dAOL/AOL is the fractional change in open-loop gain.

So if AOL =10,000 V/V and b = 1/10 V/V, and if the open-loop
gain changes 10% (dAOL/AOL = 10%), then the closed-loop
gain only changes 0.01% (dACL/ACL = 0.01%).

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Bandwidth extension

Feedback can be used to extend the bandwidth of an

amplifier (speed it up) at the cost of lowering the amplifier
gain. Without feedback the so-called open-loop gain in this
example has a single time constant frequency response given
by

where fC is the cutoff or corner frequency of the amplifier: in

this example fC = 104 Hz and the gain at zero frequency A0 =
105 V/V. The figure shows the gain is flat out to the corner
frequency and then drops.

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When feedback is present the so-called closed-loop gain, as

shown in the formula of the previous section, becomes,

The last expression shows the feedback amplifier still has a

single time constant behavior, but the corner frequency is
now increased by the improvement factor ( 1 + β A0 ), and the
gain at zero frequency has dropped by exactly the same factor.
This behavior is called the gain-bandwidth tradeoff.

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Noise sensitivity

xo (t )  x s (t ) A1  x noise (t ) A1
2 x2 (t )  xs (t )  xo (t )
( xs )
SNR  x1 (t )  A2 x2 (t )  xnoise(t )
( x noise ) 2
xo (t )  A1 x1 (t )
If an amplifier (assumed to be noise
free or very low noise) is placed A1 A2 A1
xo (t )  xs (t )  xnoise(t )
before the noisy amplifier, then the 1  A1 A2 1  A1 A2
Signal-to-Noise (SNR) ratio is greatly
enhanced (by a factor equal to the ( xs ) 2
SNR  ( A2 ) 2

preceding amplifier gain) ( xnoise) 2

15
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Reduction of non-linear distortion

If a pre-amplifier with gain
1000 is placed before the
nonlinear one so that the
whole amplifier is used with
negative feedback, and the
A  1 gain for whole
amplifier becomes:
A f  9.99 for 0  xo  10
A f  9.98 for - 10  xo  0
which greatly reduce the
nonlinear distortion.
This is achieved through
compensatory distortion of the
input signal

16
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Analysis of multistage amplifiers is performed one stage at a

time starting with the input stage and progressing to the
output stage. The analysis methods are identical to that of
single stage amplifiers.

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RC coupling configuration

One way to connect various stages of a multistage

amplifier is via capacitors, as indicated in the two-stage
amplifier above where two stages of common emitter
amplifiers are coupled to each other by the capacitor C3.

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In RC-coupled amplifiers:

The various stages are DC isolated. This feature facilitates the

biasing of individual stages.
The various stages can be similar. Hence the design of the
amplifier is simplified.
The coupling capacitors influence the responses of the
amplifier.
A great number of biasing resistors is necessary.

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CE-CC configuration Darlington Pair

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Direct Coupling Circuit

The various stages are not DC isolated. This feature

complicates the biasing of individual stages.
The various stages can not be similar. Hence the design of the
amplifier becomes more complicated.
There is a shift of the collector DC voltage upwards which can
avoided by using npn and pnp stages.
The absence of coupling capacitors improves the responses
of the amplifier.
Less number of biasing resistors is necessary.

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Transformer Coupling Configuration

To improve the full power
efficiency of the Class A amplifier
it is possible to design the circuit
with a transformer connected
directly in the Collector circuit to
form a circuit called a
Transformer Coupled Amplifier.
This improves the efficiency of
the amplifier by matching the
impedance of the load with that
of the amplifiers output using the
turns ratio (N) of the transformer
and an example is given below.

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As the Collector current, Ic is reduced to below the quiescent,

Q-point set up by the base bias voltage, due to variations in
the base current, the magnetic flux in the transformer core
collapses causing an induced emf in the transformer primary
windings. This causes an instantaneous collector voltage to
rise to a value of twice the supply voltage 2Vcc giving a
maximum collector current of twice Ic when the Collector
voltage is at its minimum.

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frequency response curve of a multistage

amplifier

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If we cascade n identical amplifiers, the cutoff

freq. of combined amplifiers will be shifted
depending on the number n.

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