JAPANESE THEATER (KABUKI) aragoto (oversize, supernatural, rough hero) style; it

The traditional form of popular theater began at the end requires an extraordinary breath control that only few
of the 16th century and soon became the most successful experts succeed in achieving.
theater entertainment in the red-
2) Nori technique – adapted from the chanting of jōruri,
light districts of the great cities. implies a very sensitive capacity of riding the rhythms of
the shamisen (string instrument), declaiming each
Kabuki is a Japanese traditional theatre art that is
accompaniment.
performed in a stylized manner which combines acting,
3) Yakuharai technique - the subtle delivery of poetical
singing, and dancing. This rich blend of
text written in the Japanese metrical form of alternating
music, mime, dance, costume, and props has been in seven and five syllables.
existence for almost four centuries. The term Kabuki in
modern Japanese means: ka, “song”; Vocal and Instrumental Features
bu, “dance”; and ki, “skill.” It is a highly play that actors
Dances and movements are accompanied by shamisen
show their wide range of skills in visual and vocal
music which collected and popularized a number of
performance. Kabuki was founded in 1603 by Okuni, a
aspects from all previous forms of Japanese music, from
Shinto priestess. She and her troupe of mostly women
gagaku (classic court music imported from China during
performed dances and comic
the 18th century), kagura (performed in Shinto shrines),
sketches on a temporary stage set up in the dry riverbed nō (chant derives from shōmyō, the sophisticated and
of the Komagawa River in Kyoto. Her troupe gained
rich tradition of Buddhist chanting), down to the folk
national recognition and their plays evolved into kabuki
songs and fashionable songs of the day. The most
that would later become one of the three major classical
popular shamisen music was called nagauta (long song)
theater of Japan.
which reached a golden age in the first half of the 19th
There are Japanese musical instruments that accompany century as dance music for the hengemono or quick
the Kabuki. These instruments were already discussed in change pieces. Nagauta music is very flexible, can be
the 2nd quarter. Some of the instruments are: shamisen, performed by one shamisen or by an entire orchestra of
tsuzumi, and odaiko. twenty musicians, of which ten are shamisen players,

Shamisen- The most common of kabuki instruments. It while other play flutes (fue taken from the nō) and

is a bplucked stringed instrument. drums (small drum-kotsuzumi; waist drum-ōtsuzumi;

stick drum-taiko).
Tsuzumi- An hourglass-shaped drum.
CHINESE THEATER (PEKING OPERA)
Odaiko- A big drum.
Peking opera is a form of traditional Chinese theater

Vocal Pattern and Techniques: which combines music, vocal performance,

1) Ipponchōshi or the continuous pattern – used in

speeches building up to an explosive climax in the
mime, dance, and acrobatics. It arose in the late 18th of the Erhuang and Xipi varieties. An example of an aria
century and became fully developed and recognized by is wawadiao, an aria in the Xipi style that is sung by a
the mid- 19th century. The form was extremely popular young Sheng to indicate heightened emotion. The
in the Qing Dynasty court and second type of melody heard in Beijing opera is the
fixed-tune melody, or qupai. These are instrumental
has come to be regarded as one of the cultural treasures
tunes that serve a wider range of purposes than arias.
of China.
Examples include the "Water Dragon Tune" (shui long
Peking opera, also known as the Beijing opera, still yin), which generally denotes the arrival of an important
follows traditional Chinese arts in stressing meaning, person, and "Triple Thrust" (ji san qiang), which may
rather than precise actions. The opera artists’ goal is to signal a feast or banquet. The final type of musical
make every performance exceptionally beautiful in accompaniment is the percussion pattern.
every movement they will make. Performances are
Such patterns provide context to the music in ways
accompanied by music - usually played on three types of
similar to the fixed-tune melodies. For example, there
instruments: wind instruments (aerophone), string
are as many as 48 different percussion patterns that
instruments (chordophone), and percussion instruments
accompany stage entrances. Each one identifies the
(membranophone or idiophone).
entering character by his or her
The main instruments are Chinese in origin:
individual rank and personality.
1) Jinghu - a two-stringed instrument played with a bow
1.This is also called Beijing Opera.
2) Yueqin - a four-stringed instrument that is plucked
C. Peking
3) Sanxian - a three-stringed instrument that is also
2. What do you call the Japanese traditional theatre
plucked
art that is performed in a stylized manner which
4) Variety of gongs and cymbals – creates rhythmic combines acting, singing, and dancing?
and graceful melodies
A. Kabuki

Vocal and Instrumental Features 3. In kabuki, “ka” means _________.

C. song
The main instruments are Chinese in origin: the jinghu,
a two-stringed instrument played with a bow, the yueqin, 4. In kabuki, “ki” means ________.
a four-stringed instrument that is plucked, a sanxian, a
B. skill
three-stringed instrument which is also plucked, the
suona horn, Chinese 5. Kabuki was founded in ______ by Okuni, a
Shinto priestess.
flutes, and a variety of gongs and cymbals. The melodies
are rhythmic and graceful. A. 1603

The melodies played by the accompaniment mainly fall 6. A four-plucked stringed instrument that is used to
into three broad categories. The first is the aria. The accompany Peking Opera.
arias of Beijing opera can be further divided into those D. Yueqin
7. A three- plucked stringed instrument used to also connotes "spirit." Performances of shadow puppet
accompany Peking Opera. theater are accompanied by gamelan in Java, and by
"gender wayang" in Bali.
C. Sanxian
Dalang is a source of recreation, of humor and of
8. A two-bowed stringed instrument that is used to
popular philosophy (essential
accompany Peking Opera.
communication between the artist and the audience).
A. Jinghu
Shadow play is an invention of man which reflects his
9. An hourglass-shaped drum used to accompany experience of nature and of his thought. Puppets are
Kabuki. projected by the lamp on a white screen. Non-jointed

D. Tsuzumi puppets were manipulated by the chief performer, the

dalang, who told a story to the accompaniment of
10.What do you call the subtle delivery of poetical
several instruments, including some that are part of the
text written in the Japanese
present-day gamelan ensemble. Wayang kulit was
metrical form of alternating seven and five performed in royal court and widely performed in public
syllables? on religious occasions so that knowledge of wayang
became widespread among all classes in Java.
D. Yakuharai
Vocal and Instrumental Features
saron – xylophone of heavy bronze

tjelempung – a zither of thirteen double strings

gender – bronze xylophone with resonance chambers
beneath.

gambang– wooden xylophone

bonang -set of bronze bowls

Indonesian Theater
rebab –two-stringed fiddle
Wayang kulit shadow puppets, prevalent in Java and
Bali in Indonesia, and Kelantan and Terengganu in gong and kempul – hanging gongs

Malaysia are without a doubt the best known of the suling –flute

Indonesian wayang. Kulit means skin and refers to the kenong and ketuk – single inverted bronze bowl
leather construction of the puppets that are carefully
kendang – horizontal drum beat with the fingers on
chiseled with very fine tools and supported with
both ends.
carefully shaped buffalo horn handles and control rods.

Wayang is an Indonesian and Malay word for theater.

When the term is used to refer to kinds of puppet theater, The Dalang sings the mood songs (suluk) at regular
sometimes the puppet itself is referred to as wayang. intervals during performance; in a nine-hour
"Bayang", the Javanese word for shadow or imagination, wayangkulit, he may sing fifty or sixty. Nevertheless
they are considered relatively unimportant except as CHINESE PEKING OPERA
mood pieces. The same generalized lyrics may be used
Peking Opera or Beijing Opera combines music,
in play after play. Suluk are never accompanied by the
vocal performance, pantomime, dance, and
full gamelan ensemble. Often a single instrument
acrobatics. During the Qing Dynasty court, it
accompanies the singer, never more than three or four.
became extremely popular and came to be regarded
The major dramatic function of gamelan music is to
as one of the cultural treasures of China. Pupils
accompany stage action. Entrances, exits, and fight
were often handpicked at
scenes are executed in time to gamelan music.
a young age by a teacher and trained for

seven years on contract with the child’s

parents. Students of these schools rose

1. Xylophone of heavy bronze bars
as early as five o’clock in the morning for
Saron
exercises. Daytime was spent learning
2. Indonesian and Malay word for theatre
the skills of acting and combat, and senior students
wayang
performed in outside theaters in the evening.
3. Bronze xylophone with resonance chambers beneath
Visual Performance Elements
Gender

4. Skin refers to the leather construction of the puppets

Peking-opera performers utilize

Rebab four main skills:

5. Two-stringed fiddle
1. Song
Kulit
6. Puppeteer 2. Speech
Dalang
3. Dance-acting - This includes pure dance,
7. Traditional musical ensemble in Indonesia
pantomime, and all other types of
Gamelan
8. Percussion instrument used in Gamelan dance.
Gong
4. Combat - includes both acrobatics and fighting
with all manner of weaponry.

9. A set of bronze bowls Stages:

Bonang 1. Square platforms, the action on stage is usually
10. A well-known Indonesian theater visible from at least three sides
Wayang Kulit 2. Stages were built above the line of sight of the
CHINESE FESTIVAL/THEATER ART viewers, but some modern stages have been
constructed with higher audience seating
 Immediately move to center north upon entering the
stage. All characters enter
3. Divided into two parts by an embroidered curtain
called a shoujiu. from the east and exit from the west

Costume: CHINESE SPRING NEW YEAR FESTIVAL

Xingtou – popularly known as Xifu in Chinese. This festival is the longest and the most
Origins of Peking Opera costumes can be traced
important festivity in the Chinese calendar. Since
back to the mid-14th century. Costumes enable the
the spring season in Chinese
audience to distinguish a character's sex and status
at first glance if noble or humble, civilian or calendar starts with lichun, the first solar term in
military, officials or private citizens. They also give Chinese calendar year, and it marks the end of the
expression to sharp distinctions between good and winter season. The origin of Chinese New Year is
evil or loyal and wicked characters. The oblong itself centuries old and gains significance because
wings (chizi) attached to a gauze hat indicate a of several myths and traditions. Chinese New Year
loyal official. In contrast, a corrupt official is made is celebrated in countries and territories with
to wear a gauze hat with rhomboidal wing. significant Chinese populations, like: Mainland
China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Singapore,
Props: Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mauritius,
Philippines, Vietnam. Part of the celebration is the
Peking Opera utilizes very few props. Performances dragon dancing. The dragon dance has
will almost always have a
been indispensable to Chinese festivals since
table and at least one chair, which can be turned ancient times. With the spread of Chinese people
through convention into such diverse and culture all over the world, the dragon dance has
been brought to every corner of the world where
objects as a city wall, a mountain, or a bed. A whip
there are overseas Chinese gathered (Cindy, 2021).
is used to indicate a horse and an oar symbolizes a
It has become a symbol of Chinese culture and the
boat.
dragon symbolizes power, strength and good luck.

Musicians:

Musicians are visible to the audience on the front

part of the stage
KABUKI
Viewers:
Kabuki is a form of traditional Japanese drama with

Always seated south of the stage, therefore, north is highly stylized song, mime, and dance, now

the most important direction performed only by male actors. Japanese used this
as a verb meaning “act dissolutely,” later
Performers: interpreting the word as “ka” for song,
“bu” for dance, and “ki” for art/ skill. Kabuki’s ha, speeding events up, culminating almost always
highly lyrical plays are regarded, with notable in a great moment of drama or tragedy in the third
exceptions, less as literature than as vehicles for act and possibly a battle in the second and/or fourth
actors to demonstrate their enormous range of skills acts.
in visual and vocal performance. These actors have
kyu, is almost always short, providing a quick and
carried the traditions of Kabuki from one generation
satisfying conclusion.
to the next with only
Kabuki props are often quite interesting. Flowing
slight alterations. Many of them trace their ancestry
water is usually represented by fluttering roles of
and performing styles to the earliest Kabuki actors
linen; and creatures like insects and foxes. Props
and add a “generation number” after their names to
often have symbolic meanings. Fans are used to
indicate their place in the long line of actors.
symbolize wind, a sword, a tobacco pipe, waves or
food. Costumes are swung from sticks or
manipulated by helpers who come on stage dressed
in black hooded robes so they are invisible to the
audience. The female characters generally wear an
Visual Elements of Kabuki:
elaborate kimono and obi. Pleated hakuma trousers
Mie - in which the actor holds a picturesque pose to are worn by characters of sexes. Actors playing
establish his character and his house name yagō, is both sexes often have a supported midriff because a
sometimes heard in a loud shout (kakegoe) from straight and curve less figure are regarded the
expert audience member, serving both to express essence of beauty. Costume changing is considered
and enhance the audience's appreciation of the as an art. There are special teams that take care of
actor's achievement. An even greater compliment complete and partial costume changes and are done
can be paid by shouting the name of the actor's as part
father. of the performances. Wigs are important
Keshō Actors are separated into two main accessories, with each costume having its own type.
categories: Specialized craftsmen shape the wigs to the head.
Wigs are made of human hair or
Onna-gata - female roles and;
horse hair or, bear fur or yak-tail hair imported from
Aragoto - male roles.
Tibet.
Most main characters in Kabuki plays are aragoto,
TAIKO DRUM FESTIVAL
because of its super-stylized
A good example of a professional taiko drumming
masculine, heroic style. The play occupies five acts.
troupe in Japan is the Kodo. They are based in Sado
Some parts correspond to:
Island, Japan, and they had
jo, an auspicious and slow opening which
a big role in popularizing taiko drumming, both in
introduces the audience to the characters and the
Japan and abroad. They regularly tour Japan,
plot.
Europe, and the United States.
Their name, "Kodo" conveys two meanings:

1. "heartbeat" the primal source of all

rhythm and, read in a different way;

2. "children of the drum," a reflection

of Kodo's desire to play their drums simply, with

the heart of a child.

The main focus of the performance:

 Uchite is the Taiko drummer

1. These props can always be seen on stage in
 Different drums such as taiko, and o- Peking Opera.

daiko B. Chairs and tables

 Other traditional Japanese musical 2. With highly stylized song, mime, and dance, this
performance is only performed by male actors.
instruments such as fue and shamisen
B. Kabuki
make an appearance on stage
3. Traditional Chinese dance that is usually seen
Traditional dance and vocal performance are part of
during the Chinese New Year Celebration. This
the Taiko Drum performances which include pieces
dance is based on a mythical creature believed by
based on the traditional rhythms of regional Japan,
the Chinese people.
pieces composed for Kodo by contemporary
songwriters, and pieces written by Kodo members A. Dragon dance
themselves. Kodo's performances normally last for
4. Kodo conveys two meanings, “heartbeat” and
about one hour and forty minutes.
______________.
In history, drums were used in ancient times to
C. children of the drum
signify the boundaries of a village. Peasant events
such as the rice harvests or dance festivals were 5. The visual elements of Peking Opera include
celebrated with drums. Drums were also used to song, speech, dance and ________.
pray for rain and other religious ceremonies. B. combat
Additionally, drums lead warriors into battles in
order to scare off the enemy.
6. The Dragon Dance is a form of traditional dance
and performance in Chinese culture. The dragon
symbolizes power, strength and ______

A. good luck
7. “Ki” in Kabuki theater means _________.
A. art Elements of Performance

8. The male roles in kabuki performances. The fundamental components of a performance

include:
B. Aragoto
• the puppeteer, dhalang (Java) / dalang (Bali)
9. The Taiko drum festival is celebrated
in____________. • a hammer used by the dhalang to knock on the puppet
box, cempala
D. Japan
• metal plates that the dhalang hits with his foot, kepyak
10. Peking Opera stages are divided into two parts
by an embroidered curtain called a ___________. • a traditional Indonesian orchestra, gamelan

C. shoujiu • shadow puppets, wayang kulit

• a light source, blencong

• female singers and a male chorus, pesindhen and

penggerong

• a screen frame and screen, gawang and kelir; it is the

WAYANG KULIT OF INDONESIA
main focus of the performance
Wayang Kulit, an Indonesian form of shadow puppetry,
• banana logs, gedebog; the pointed sticks of the wayang
holds the audience’s attention with riveting storylines
base handle pierce the peeled trunk of a banana tree and
executed masterfully by the dhalang, or puppeteer. The
the spongy substance holds the
puppets are made of buffalo hide and intricately
designed, down to the most minute detail of costume puppets in place
and color, to help
• a puppet box, kothak
the audience distinguish between the different
BALINESE DANCE FESTIVAL OF INDONESIA
characters. Sometimes the puppet itself is referred to as
wayang while the word kulit means skin which is used Balinese dances are a very ancient dance tradition that is

to create the puppets. Performances of shadow puppet a part of the religious and artistic expression among the

theatres are accompanied by a gamelan orchestra in Balinese people. In Hinduism, dance is an

Java, and by gender wayang in accompaniment to the perpetual dissolving

Bali. The Indonesian shadow puppet theatre shows are and reforming of the world. The creative and

based on the stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata. reproductive balance is often personified as Shiva’s

Wayang Kulit was declared a Masterpiece of Oral wife, Durga, sometimes is called Uma, Parvati or Kali.

andIntangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in This has significance in Balinese Hinduism,

2003. since the common figure of Rangda is similar in many

ways to Durga.

In Bali, there are various categories of dance, including

epic performances such as the universal Mahabharata
and Ramayana. Certain ceremonies at village temples Thai values and ideologies in changing the world.
feature a special performance of a dance drama, a battle However, the mystical and historical events remain
between the mythical characters Rangda, the witch fundamental in all
representing evil and Barong, the lion or dragon,
performances.
representing good.
It is still very popular at village festivals, temple fairs,
Bali dancers learn the craft from their mothers as soon
and celebrations such as
as they are born. In the womb, they are played the
Balinese music and are taught to dance with their hands marriages. Its characters are made from intricately cut

before they can walk. Official training as a Bali dancer out and articulated shapes of

starts as young as seven. In Balinese dance, the leather. In shadow puppet shows, the shadows of the
movement is closely associated with the rhythms puppets appear on a screen. A
produced by gamelan, a musical ensemble specific to
puppeteer behind the screen moves the puppets and
Java and Bali. Multiple levels of articulations in the
speaks their lines. Shadow
face, eyes, hand, arms, hips and feet are coordinated to
reflect the layers of percussive sounds. puppets like these are popular in some Asian countries.

Dance Elements A large screen, 7–10 metres wide and some 3 metres
high, is erected on poles
Female dancers wear various colors of make-up, a
crown, both real and golden flowers in the hair. They approximately 2.5 metres above the ground. In front of
also wear sarong and wrap a long sash from their hips to the screen are often the
their breasts as well as many gold
musicians of the traditional Thai piphad orchestra,
decorations. On the other hand, male dancers also consisting of oboes, xylophones,

wear make-up but use more red color for their gong sets, and other percussion instruments. Sitting and
sometimes standing among
eyes and cheeks and their eyebrows are colored to
enhance masculinity. They also have a mask when they the orchestra are two narrators, who recite and sing the
dance the topeng dance, a crown, a cloak, or many text enacted by the silhouettes
pieces of these clothes are worn around their body. Male
on the screen.
dancers also carry a sword on their shoulders.
Two Types of the Nang:

1. Nang Talung – is played with leather puppets, each

NANG SHADOW PUPPET OF THAILAND
representing a separate
Nang is an ancient form of shadow theatre in Thailand
character, about 50 centimeters high. They usually
which dancing puppeteers perform scenes
possess a movable, jointed arm
from the Ramakien by presenting cut-out leather figures
controlled by a string.
against a semi-transparent cloth screen. Its
2. Nang Yai – is normally made of cowhide and rattan, a
main drive is to relay to the audience the importance of
large, decorated
scenes and characters measuring around two meters high LOI KRATHONG FESTIVAL
and a meter wide. They do
Perhaps one of the most visually mesmerizing
not have jointed arms, but the themes and styles remain
celebrations in the world, the Loi Krathong festival in
the same.
Thailand. It is a favorite memory for all who
SKY LANTERN FESTIVAL OF THAILAND
experience the magic. For good reason, Loi Krathong
The Sky Lantern Festival of Thailand is held not just in (also spelled as Loy Krathong) is the most popular fall
this country but also in China, Taiwan, and other festival in Thailand.
neighboring countries. This event is about the launching
During Loi Krathong, thousands of small, candlelit
of lanterns which are actually small hot
floats (krathongs) are released on rivers and waterways
air balloons. Each release of a sky lantern is a petition, as offerings to the river spirits. Krathongs are small,
small prayer or good wishes of the person who released decorated floats made from dried bread or banana leaves
the lantern. This event is held on the full moon of the that are placed in the river with a candle as an offering.
12th month in the traditional Thai lunar calendar. In the Sometimes a coin is placed on the float for good luck as
Western calendar this usually falls in November. misfortune floats away. Krathongs are launched to
demonstrate gratitude to the Goddess of Water and to
Here are some samples of different
ask forgiveness for the pollution. Ironically, much
meanings/symbolism of releasing Sky Lanterns:
pollution as a result of the festival can be seen floating
1. It sends a person’s bad luck and misfortune away into on the water the next day.
the air, especially if it disappears from view before the
fire goes out.
1. It is the shadow puppet play of Indonesia.
2. People say a short prayer before launching the lantern.
Sometimes they will also write their address in the D. Wayang Kulit
lantern. Anyone who later finds the lantern can then
2. Bali dancers learn the craft from their _________ as
claim money from the sender. In this way, the good
soon as they are born.
fortune is shared.
C. mothers
3. It is considered good luck to release a sky lantern, and
many Thais believe they are symbols of problems and 3. The Puppeteer of Java, Indonesia is called_____.

worries floating away. B. Dalang

4. It is an act of veneration to Pra Ged Kaew Ju La 4. The Indonesian shadow puppet theatre shows are
Mannee (the Crystal Chedi in heaven in which the based on the stories of _________________.
Buddha’s hair is kept) by sending air ballooned lanterns
C. Ramayana and Mahabharata
into the high sky.
5. During Loi Krathong, thousands of small, candlelit
floats (krathongs) are released on rivers and waterways
as offerings to the ______________.

D. river spirits
6. The light's source in Wayang Kulit performances is tell you of the origin of the dance. The kind of music
called _________________. being used readily also tells about the influences brought
by trade and settlement of our neighboring countries
A. blencong
such as China, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma, Cambodia,

Thailand and Japan to name a few. Truly evident is the

II. Enumeration effect of acculturation in the country as manifested by

7-8. Two types of Nang the kinds of costumes, props, music, and dance steps
that are used and integrated into some of our regional
Nang Yai, Nang Talung
and national folk dances.
9-10. Meaning/symbolism of flying sky lanterns

BINISLAKAN
Lingayen in Pangasinan means having to look backward
and upward. It was derived from “Li-King-Tung”, a
Chinese word given to the name Lingayen, the capital of
Pangasinan, by the Chinese settlers of this place a long
time ago. The barrio folks who lived at Almazin, a small
place between barrio Pangasinan (Pulong) and Maniboc

danced this to commemorate the stay of Limahong, a

Chinese pirate who built his kingdom here.

SUA-KU-SUA

The Tausug of Sulu, Southern Philippines, though

known as fearsome warriors are also better known as
sturdy seafarers and hardy farmers. Extensive orchards
are planted with coconuts and pomelos and fields with
staples like rice and root crops.

Folk Dance - a form of dance developed

by a group of people that reflects the traditional life of

the people of a certain country or region.

PANGGALAY
Philippine folk dances speak so much about the
Pangalay (also known as Daling-Daling or Mengalai in
heartbeat of our people for they tell about our customs,
Sabah) is the traditional “fingernail” dance of the Tausūg
ideas, beliefs, superstitions, and events of daily living in
people of the Sulu Archipelago and Sabah.
a certain community. Just by looking at the costumes,
props, and implements of a certain group or tribe would
This dance is the most distinctively Asian of all the courtship dance is called _________.
Southern Philippine dances because dancers must have
D. Sua-Ku-Sua
dexterity and flexibility of the shoulders, elbows, and
wrists – movements that strongly resemble those of 4. Lingayen in Pangasinan means having to look

“kontaw silat,” a martial art backward and upward. It was derived from “Li-King-
Tung”, a Chinese word given to the name Lingayen, the
common in the Malay Archipelago. The Pangalay is
capital of Pangasinan.
performed mainly during weddings or other festive
events. The male equivalent of the Pangalay is the A. Binislakan
Pangasik and features more martial movements, while a 5. Who is the dance researcher of Sakuting?
pangalay that features both a male and
A. Francisca Reyes Aquino
female dancer is called Pangiluk.
ASSESSMENT 2
1.) Stamping

SAKUTING D.) stamp (R) (L) and close to supporting

Foot (L) (R)

This is a dance of the ethnic people living in the western
side of the Cordilleras way back before the coming of 2.) Parallel Tortillier
the Americans to our country.
A.) pivot and turn heels, pivot and turn toes
“Sakuting“ is an ethnic term which refers to the
3.) Touch Step
rhythmic sticks producing the accompaniment for the
dance. E.) touch, close

4.) Skip

ASSESSMENT C.) step and hop

1. This is a dance of the ethnic people living in the

western side of the Cordilleras way back before the 5.) Gallop
coming of the Americans to our country.
B.) step and cut
C. Sakuting
6.) Change step
2. ________ (also known as Daling-Daling or Mengalai
H.) step, close, step
in Sabah) is the traditional “fingernail” dance of the
Tausūg people of the Sulu Archipelago and Sabah. 7.) Bleking

B.Pangalay F.) heel – place, close

3. The Tausug of Sulu, Southern Philippines, though 8.) Slide

known as fearsome warriors are also better known as
J.) slide, close
sturdy seafarers and hardy farmers.Their
9.) Waltz turn
G.) execute 2 waltz steps to make a turn additional excise taxes on tobacco and alcohol products
including e- cigarettes (Inquirer.net, Jan. 23, 2020).
10.) Waltz step
Prices on cigarettes increased up to 500%
I.) step (R foot); step (L foot) close To R in rear; step
while alcohol increased approximately 50 php per liter.
R
Banning of sale of tobacco and alcohol products is
enforced for minors.

THE DANGER OF SMOKING CIGARETTES

Tobacco is a tall, leafy plant, originally grown in South

and Central America, but now cultivated throughout the
world. There are many species of tobacco but “Nicotiana
tabacum” or sometimes called “common tobacco” is
The term “Gateway Drug” is used to describe any drug preferred for producing present day cigarettes.
that a non-drug user might try out that can lead to the
According to the World Health Organization, tobacco
consumption of a more dangerous drug. Cigarettes and
smoking and chewing is the second leading cause of
alcohol are “gateway drugs”. Gateway drugs are legal
death around the world. It is responsible for the death of
drugs that are readily
one in ten adults worldwide, approximately reaching
accessible. People who abuse more dangerous drugs about 5 million deaths in a year.
such as marijuana and shabu often start from cigarette
It is estimated that the death toll will rise to 10 million
smoking and drinking alcohol. Since cigarettes and
each year, by the year 2020. Every time a cigarette is lit,
alcohol are readily available and generally accepted in
smoke is emitted. There are three type of smokes
our society, many people use them for various purposes.
Teenagers are especially vulnerable because they are produced by cigarettes namely:

curious and 1. Mainstream Smoke - refers specifically to the smoke

risk-takers. According to the study done by the National that a smoker directly inhales.

Youth Commission (NYC), 2 out of 2. Second-hand Smoke – the smoke that comes out of

5 Filipino teenagers aged 13 to 15 years old, smoke the lighted end of a cigarette or pipe. It is also a smoke

cigarettes (philstar.com, March 16, 2012). Furthermore, that has been exhaled, or breathed out, by

in a study conducted by an anti-tobacco group in the the person smoking This is also called sidestream smoke
year 2011, ten Filipinos die every year of tobacco- or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). This is more
related diseases (Philippine Daily Inquirer, Sept. 19, dangerous as it exposes and harms adults and children
2011). Health experts explained that the continuous that are non-smokers near the person smoking.
increase in cigarette use and alcohol consumption by
3. Third-hand Smoke – smoke that settles or left for a
Filipino teenagers is due to its very cheap price. Many
long time on clothes, sofa, beddings, pillow, carpet, car
pro-health groups asked the government to increase
seat and other objects. This smoke also called “residual
taxes from cigarette and alcohol companies. In response,
tobacco smoke (RTS)” settles along with dust and can
President Duterte signed Republic Act 11467 imposing
last for months.
This smoke still contains harmful chemicals and complications including miscarriages and birth defects.
carcinogens. This is even more dangerous as it exposes
There are major components of cigarette smoke - tar,
and harms everyone even if the smoking person is no
nicotine, and carbon monoxide. Tar contains most of the
longer around.
cancer-causing and other harmful chemicals found in
HEALTH EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING tobacco smoke. When tobacco smoke is inhaled, the tar
can form a sticky
Smoking can cause diseases and harms nearly every
organ of the body. The illustration above are pictures layer on the inside of the lungs. This damages the lungs
from cigarette packaging. The Philippines government and leads to lung cancer andCOPD. Nicotine is the
issued an Order on May 24, 2010, which required addicting component of cigarette smoke. This is the
graphic health warnings on all reason why most cigarette smokers can’t quit smoking.
Carbon monoxide is a poisonous,colorless, and odorless
tobacco packages. This is to discourage smokers and
gas. Lack of oxygen in cells forces the heart to work
would-be smokers to smoke.
harder to distribute oxygen around the body. Carbon
monoxide is a major contributor to heart disease,
including heart attacks and atherosclerosis.

The major disease that is caused by smoking are

classified as follow: THE DANGER OF ALCOHOL
1. Cancer – refers to diseases where abnormal cells Alcohol is a colorless, bitter-tasting substance that
divide out of control and invade other tissues or organs. humans have been consuming since the ancient times. It
Most cancers are named for the organ or type of cell in comes from plants that underwent fermentation.
which they start. For example, lung cancer begins in the
Fermentation is the process of extracting alcohol from a
lung and oral cancer begins in the mouth.
plant or fruit. An example of fermented alcohol is a beer.
2. COPD – (Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) A beer is extracted from grains. On the other hand,
refers to a group of diseases that wines are from grapes and other fruits. There are three

cause airflow blockage and breathing-related problems. types of alcohol: isopropyl, methanol and ethanol.

COPD includes emphysema; chronic bronchitis and Isopropyl and methanol are used in laboratories and are

asthma. poisonous and fatal if taken. On the other hand, ethanol

is also called the beverage alcohol. This is what humans
3. Heart Disease – this includes several types of heart
consume that intoxicates and alters the nervous system.
conditions and blood vessel disorders. The most
common type is coronary heart disease (also known as EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL DRINKING
coronary artery disease), which is the narrowing of the When alcohol enters the bloodstream, it goes in all the
blood vessels that carry blood to the heart. Also includes parts of the body. The main effect of alcohol drinking
atherosclerosis, the hardening of the artery. reflects on a person’s central nervous system (CNS).

4. Pregnancy complications – smoking during The CNS control’s one’s mental processes, memory,
pregnancy increases the risk for pregnancy speech, learning, and decision making. It also affects a
person’s senses, feelings, movement and breathing. The A. I don’t drink
amount of alcohol that entered in the bloodstream at a
5. Why do you think smoking is banned in public
certain period can be measured in percentages through
places?
blood alcohol concentration (BAC) or most often called
blood D. All of the above

alcohol level (BAL). A BAC of 0.05 percent means there 6. It is a criminal offence to be drunk in public and
is 5 parts of alcohol per 10,000 parts of blood in the to disturb the public order while intoxicated. It is a
body. A 0.3-0.5 percent BAC could lead to coma, brain criminal offence to serve alcohol to someone who is
damages and even death. obviously drunk.

I. C. If both sentences are correct.

13. A component of cigarette smoke that makes it 7. The sale or distribution of tobacco products is
difficult for a smoker to quit smoking. prohibited within one hundred meters from any
point of the perimeter of a school.
C. Nicotine
A. True
14.This refers to diseases where abnormal cells divide
out of control and invade other tissues or organs. 8. These foods make cigarettes more satisfying.

A. Cancer C. Meat

15.Drinking alcohol mainly affect this organ. This is 9. The Road Traffic Act sets limits for alcohol in the
usually manifested as speech, hearing, and memory blood for drivers. This is maybe because?
impairment.
A. Alcohol impairs driving ability
B. Central Nervous System 10.The Media Act does not allow alcohol
HEALTH MOD 2 commercials to be broadcast on

1. The following are strategies or ways to prevent television and radio to...
and control the use of cigarette and alcohol. D. All of the above
D. All of the above
2. The following are healthy alternatives to
cigarette and alcohol use.

D. All of the above

3. You are not allowed to smoke cigarette and drink
alcohol because______.

D. all the above

4. The best response to say no when someone
invites you to consume alcohol.