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Introduction To Statistics

This document discusses inferential statistics and key concepts like estimation, point estimates, interval estimates, estimators, and hypothesis testing. It also describes properties of good estimators like unbiasedness, consistency and efficiency. The document explains interval estimation and the t-distribution, its use when sample size is small and its characteristics.

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11 views

Introduction To Statistics

This document discusses inferential statistics and key concepts like estimation, point estimates, interval estimates, estimators, and hypothesis testing. It also describes properties of good estimators like unbiasedness, consistency and efficiency. The document explains interval estimation and the t-distribution, its use when sample size is small and its characteristics.

Uploaded by

22100629
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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I‭nferential statistics‬‭is a branch of statistics that‬‭pertains to the process of drawing and making decisions‬

‭concerning a given population based on the data obtained from a sample. It focuses on estimation and‬
‭hypothesis testing.‬

‭ stimation‬‭is the process used to calculate the proposed‬‭values for parameters by only using a random‬
E
‭sample from the population.‬

‭The value or range used to approximate a parameter is called an‬‭estimate‬‭.‬

‭Point estimate‬‭refers to a single value that best‬‭determines the proposed parameter value of the population.‬

‭Interval estimate‬‭gives a range of values within which‬‭the parameter value possibly falls.‬

‭ ample measures, such as sample mean, can be used to estimate population parameters, such as population‬
S
‭mean. These sample measures are called‬‭estimators‬‭.‬‭The following are the properties of a good estimator:‬

‭1.‬ U
‭ nbiasedness‬‭- any parameter can be considered a random‬‭variable since its value may change‬
‭depending on the selection of the members of the sample.‬

‭2.‬ C
‭ onsistency‬‭- the standard deviation of the sample‬‭statistics taken from the population is also called‬
‭the‬‭standard error‬‭. Thus, the standard deviation of‬‭an estimate is the standard error of that estimate, it‬
‭then gives the possible amount of error of estimating a population parameter.‬‭Consistency‬‭of an‬
‭estimator is achieved when the estimate produced a relatively smaller standard error.‬

‭3.‬ E
‭ fficiency‬‭- from all the unbiased estimators of the‬‭population parameter, the efficient estimator is the‬
‭one that gives the smallest variance.‬

‭ ormally speaking, if X‬‭1‭,‬ X‬‭2‭,‬ X‬‭3‬‭… X‬‭n‬‭denotes the random‬‭variables from a random sample, then the function‬
F
‭U‭(‬ X‬‭1‬‭, X‬‭2‭,‬ X‬‭3‬‭… X‬‭n‬‭) used to estimate the population‬‭parameter θ is called‬‭point estimator‬‭.‬

‭ sample statistic contains all the information the sample provides. However, it is sometimes insufficient to‬
A
‭estimate the value of the population parameter using only a single point estimator. Thus,‬‭a‬‭< μ <‬‭b‬‭, where‬‭a‬‭and‬
‭b‬‭are the endpoints of the interval between which‬‭the population mean lies. This is the process of‬‭interval‬
‭estimation‬‭.‬

‭ he interval of values that predicts where the true population parameter belongs is called‬‭interval estimate‬‭,‬‭or‬
T
‭most commonly known as the‬‭confidence interval‬‭.‬

‭ he degree of certainty that the true population parameter falls within the constructed confidence interval is‬
T
‭referred to as the‬‭confidence level‬‭. Which correspond‬‭to the probabilities (or percentages of area) associated‬
‭with the normal curve.‬
‭ ore often, it is the sample standard deviation that is known since it can easily be computed using the‬
M
‭observation from the selected sample. It is in these cases that another test statistic must be used. This is called‬
‭the‬‭t‭-‬ random variable test statistic‬‭.‬

I‭n the case of limited samples or a number of samples less than 30 taken from a randomly distributed‬
‭population, it is wise to use the‬‭t‭-‬ distribution‬‭.‬

‭ illiam S. Gosset‬‭was an English statistician who‬‭developed the‬‭t‬‭-distribution, which is used instead‬‭of the‬
W
‭z‬‭-distribution for doing inferential statistics on‬‭the population mean when the population standard deviation is‬
‭unknown and the population is normally distributed.‬

‭ ifferent sample sizes have different distributions, thereby creating many‬‭t‭-‬ tables and making‬‭t‭-‬ distribution‬‭a‬
D
‭series of different distributions determined by its degree of freedom.‬

‭ he‬‭degree of freedom‬‭(‭d
T ‬ f‬‭) is simply a measure of‬‭how many values can vary in a sample statistic. Wherein‬‭df‬
‭= n - 1‬‭.‬

‭The following are other characteristics of the‬‭t‭-‬ distribution:‬

‭ .‬ I‭t is a bell-shaped curve symmetrical about the mean‬


1
‭2.‬ ‭The mean of the distribution is equal to 0 and is located at the center of distribution.‬
‭3.‬ ‭The curve is asymptotic to the x axis‬
‭𝑑𝑓‬
‭4.‬ ‭The variance of the distribution is equal to‬
‭𝑑𝑓‬−‭2‬
‭5.‬ ‭The variance of the distribution is always greater than 1.‬

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