radio, communicatipn, industrial applications engineering and manufacture

e
iectron tubes . . .

*lying Beacon Signal

AUGUST
940

Price
50 Cents
McGRAW-HILL
PUBLISHING
COMPANY, INC.
 AIR RADIATORS
FON WATER COOLED TUBES

AMPEREX laboratories have designed

a series of Radiators suitable for the
forced air cooling of metal anode power
tubes which are ordinarily water cooled.

These Radiators are scientifically de-

signed for the greatest transfer of heat
to the air stream. Their structures are
simple, yet they are remarkably effi-
cient. In fact. for some high frequency
uses, they ore for more desirable than
water cooling systems.
The installation of air cooling systems
and Air Cooled tubes in broadcast and
communication transmitters results in
simplicity of design. considerable econ-
omy in construction and in greatly low-
ered maintenance costs.

AMPEREX Radiators are available with

the 891, 892, 342A, 343A, 232C, 220C,
228A and can be readily manufactured
for many other types of tubes,
Because of the technical skill required
for imbedding the anode into the radia-
tor well these radiators are only sold
as an integral pari of the tube.

AMPEREX ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS, Inc.

79 WASHINGTON STREET BROOKLYN, NEW YORK
A McGRAW-HILL PUBLICATION
electronics
CONTENTS-AUGUST, 1940
RADIO LIGHTHOUSE Cover
This compact radiating system, a part of the new radio range beacon system
developed by R.C.A., is capable of generating a lobe of signal strength which
revolves through all the points of the compass, much like the beam from a
lighthouse. The system operates on 125 Mc, so very small radiators suffice

12,000 -MILE RADIOPHOTO Frontispiece

RELAYS FOR ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS 13
A review of relays which are available for use in electronic circuits; classified
KEITH HENNEY according to the service in which they are used
Editor
EXPANSION WITH A TRIODE, by C. G. McProud 17
Donald G. Fink Use is made of the triode characteristics of a type 6K7 tube to provide expan-
Managing Editor sion or compression in an amplifier circuit for phonograph or radio programs

Beverly Dudley Craig Walsh REMOTE CONTROL OF A MODEL BOAT, by William P. West 19
Associate Editor Assistant Editor A five -foot model yacht is remotely controlled by means of a system of relays
controlled by a telephone dial through a radio transmitting and receiving
M. L. Mattey J. M. Heron system
Assistant Editor Assistant Editor F -M RECEIVERS -DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE,
Harry Phillips by Marvin Hobbs 22
Art Director A discussion of the characteristics and circuit features of newly designed fre-
quency- modulation receivers

A NEW PHOTOELECTRIC SURFACE,

by A. M. Glover and R. B. Janes 26
The sensitivityof this rew photoelectric surface to daylight is many times
greater than that of other materials currently available

H. M. MATEER TELEVISION AT TULSA 28

Manager Television apparatus designed and built by the engineering staff of KVOO

Wallace B. Blood I.R.E. PACIFIC COAST CONVENTION 29

Sales Manager Program of technical papers to be delivered at the Pacific Coast Convention
of the Institute of Radio Engineers at Los Angeles on August 28, 29 and 30

A PICTURE SIGNAL GENERATOR -V,

by M. P. Wilder and J. A. Brustman 30
Television modulating circuits are described, together with a four -channel
r -f and i -f amplifier for receiving signals from outside sources

TELEVISION COMMITTEE ORGANIZES 34

The National Television Systems Committee, sponsored by R.M.A. with
Contents Copyright, 1940, by
F.C.C. blessing, begins search for industry standards
McGraw -Hill Publishing Company, Inc.

McGRAW -HILL FILTER DESIGN CHARTS -I,

PUBLISHING COMPANY, INC. by John Borst 35
JAMES H. McGRAW
A nomogram chart for determining the values of the elements of constant-k
Founder and Honorary Chairman filter sections
Publication Office DEPARTMENTS
99 -129 North Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

U. S. A. CROSSTALK 11 TUBES 63
Editorial and Executive Offices REFERENCE SHEET 35 THE ELECTRON ART 71
330 West 42nd St., New York, N. Y., U.S. A. NEW BOOKS 38 THE INDUSTRY IN REVIEW 78
TUBES AT WORK 40 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS 88
James H. McGraw, Jr., President
Howard Ehrlich, Executive Vice President
Mason Britton, Vice Chairman
B. R. Putnam. Treasurer ELECTRONICS, August, 1940. Vol. 13. No. 8. Published monthly. price 50e a copy. Allow at least ten days
D. C. McGraw, Secretary for change of address. All communications about subscriptions should be addressed to the Director of
Circulation, 330 West 42nd Street, New York, N. Y.
J. E. Blackburn, Jr., Director of Circulation
Subscrltpion rates-United States and possessions, Canada, Mexico and Central American countries, $5.00 a
year, $8.00 for two years, $10.00 for three years. Great Britain and British Possessions 36 shillings for one
Cable Address: year, 72 shillings for three years. All other countries $6.00 for one year, $12.00 for three years. Entered as
MCGRAWHILL, New York Second Class matter. August 29, 1936, at Post Office. Albany. New York, under the Act of March 3, 1879.
BRANCH OFFICES: 520 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago; 68 Post Street, San Francisco; Aldwych House.
Member A. B. P. Member A. B. C. Aldwych, London, W.C. 2; Washington; Philadelphia; Cleveland; Detroit; St. Louis; Boston; Atlanta, Ga.
 lit
TOP PERFORMANCE
BYEVERYTEST

AND EVERY G-E FM TRANSMITTER

PASSES 100%
QUICKLY, accurately, G -E engineers determine by thorough square -wave
measurements the over -all performance characteristics of every General
Electric FM transmitter. Carefully they check frequency stability in the G -E
`torture chamber" at temperatures from freezing to 122 F.
Noise level, cross modulation, linearity -from every
angle General Electric proves the capabilities of -wave
These typical square
each un_t before it goes onto the job. That is your show an a -f
measurements
assurance of dependable, high performance at low flat
characteristic that is
15
cost. within +0.5 db from

to 16,000 cycles.
Features Like These
in G -E FM Transmitters*
Speak for Themselves
EXCEPTIONAL Over a room temperature range of 32 to 122
FREQUENCY STABILITY F, stability is 0.00250

At 100% modulation, FM noise is down from

FULL DYNAMIC RANGE signal level 70 db

SMALL TUBE All G -E tubes. Entire 1 -kw transmitter requires only 31

4111 COMPLEMENT

SMALL SIZE Completely self- contained. Floor space re- n

quired by 1-kw transmitter is only 9.3 sq ft

AMAZING FREQUENCY A -f characteristic from 15 to 16,000 cycles is +1

RESPONSE flat within db

ACCESSIBILITY TO By merely opening main doors, all tubes are

ALL TUBES accessible INSTANTLY

General Electric offers a complete line of FM also FM police and emergency systems.
equipment: 250 -watt and 1 -, 3 -, 10 -, and 50 -kilo- Complete information can be obtained through
watt broadcast transmitters; 50-watt relay trans- any of the 80 G -E sales offices (in principal cities).
mitters; G -E transmitting tubes; G-E crystals; Consult our local representative, or write General
FM antennas; FM home and station receivers; Electric, Schenectady, N. Y.

*Designed by General Electric under Armstrong license

GENERAL ELECTRIC
 II

9
INCH Facsimile equipment sends
photographs, drawings and written
messages of all kinds by radio between
stations and planes, tanks, ships, auto-
.
mobiles, offices and homes. At left: Finch 4P
Facsimile home recorder which receives
`0
broadcast programs of illustrated news
and features 8M" wide, 6%' long per
hour. At right: duplex instrument which
t Jdp+*
'06*.
v
1111

both receives and sends messages the ao g5 N 10+

aP°1tFf

t1
au°E i size of a telegram blank at the rate of
8 sq. in. per minute.

FACSIMILE COMMUNICATION
out o/ the /aborntnn/ and goes to work/

f
THE PURELY experimental period is over, and Finch Finch equipment is also being used by national
Facsimile communication is now ready to broadcast and local governments -for sending (secretly, by
anything that can be written or printed on paper. "scrambling ") orders, maps, photographs, etc.,
With Finch equipment radio audiences can receive between stations and planes, ships, police cars,
24-hour printed programs, including photographs,
artillery and other units.
cartoons, maps, printed text and written bulletins. Finch Facsimile features include the all- important
Hitherto unsalable station time can be utilized for self-synchronization and the use of dry recording
the facsimile-radio transmission of early morning paper not subject to chemical deterioration. For
newspapers in time for breakfast! full information, write to
Using Frequency Modulation, two concurrent pro-
grams -for sight and sound -may be transmitted FINCH TELECOMMUNICATIONS, INC.
simultaneously over the same wave band, without Plant and Main Office Passaic, N. J.
interference. These may be entirely independent of, New York Office 1819 Broadway, Tel. Circle 6 -8080
or supplemental to, each other. Washington Office 815 15th Street, Tel. National 2130

ñch facsimile
4 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS
 r:w
--=,.r -
HFRE , `a

S YOUR EtIb E
''

DRIVING OLD -FASHIONED SCREWS PHILLIPS SCREWS SAVE AN AVERAGE

WASTES TIME. OF 5096 IN ASSEMBLY TIME.

-
Every item pictured left represents unnec-
essarily wasted time hours which can be
saved using Phillips Screws.
Phillips Screws shorten hours spent in screw
driving, and speed delivery of your products
by eliminating:
need for drilling pilot holes
Twice as many hands are needed with need for a helper to steady the work
slow driving with hand drivers
old -fashioned screw driving as with crooked screws or split heads
PHILLIPS RECESSED HEAD SCREW shown at right.
accidents caused by slipping drivers
delays caused by broken drivers
refinishing screw driver scars

The Phillips Screw clings to the driver, permitting one -hand driving while the other
hand holds the work. The recess prevents the driver from slipping, so it's safe to use a
faster driving method. Fewer screws (or smaller, lower-cost sizes) can be used because
the Phillips Screw provides greater holding power.
The reason you see Phillips Screws on most makes of cars, aircraft, electrical appliances,

- -
furniture, etc. is that those manufacturers have proved it costs less in time and
to use Phillips Screws. Don't let slow -poke fastening cause an unnecessary
-
money
jam of unfilled orders. Get in touch with one of the firms listed below.

PHILLIPS RECESSED HEAD SCREWS ... .. _,

MACHINt`SCREWS SHEET METiEL SCREWS WOOD/REWS STOI6OLT
gelig:1214W
U. S. Patents on Product and Methods Nos. 2,046,343; 2,046,837; 2,046,839; 2,046,840;
2,082,085; 2,084,078; 2,084,079; 2,090,338. Other Domestic and Foreign Patents
Allowed and Pending.
American Screw Co., Licensor, Providence, R.I. The Lamson & Sessions Co., Cleveland, Ohlo Pheoll Manufacturing Compare, Chicago,llllnols
Continental Screw Co., New Bedford, Mass. National Screw & Mfg. Co., Cleveland, Ohio I t
Russel I, Burdsal & Ward Bolt Nut Co., Port Chester, N.Y.
Corbin Screw Corporation, New Britain, Conn. ParkerKalon Corporation, New York, N.Y. Scovf Manufacturing Co., Waterbury, Conn.
l I

Shakeproof Lock Washer Co Chicago, Ill.

,

ELECTRONICS - August 1940

Of paramount
importance to
ships at sea
THOROUGHLY dependable ra-
dio transmitting equipment pro-
vides the only means of communi-
cation with the outside world. In
times of distress a radio signal
may permit saving both human
life and valuable property. At Radio room on
Socony Vacuum Oil
other times it provides continuous Company's new S. S.
contact with land for transmission "Mobilfuel ". Radio
and reception of important mes-
equipment, fur-
nished by Mackay
sages. Radio, incorporates
AmerTran transform-
ers in its construc-
Evidence of the faith which the marine industry has in tion.
AmerTran products is shown by the fact that for many o Two standard ma-
years the two largest manufacturers of marine radio rine radio transmit-
ters in which Amer-
equipment have made extensive use of our transformers, Tran transformers
reactors and voltage regulators in their transmitters. are used through-
out.Both were
Equipment supplied by us for marine service is of the manufactured for
same quality and construction as similar apparatus fur- Mackay Radio by
t h e Federal Tele-
nished for other commercial radio applications, such as graph Company.
broadcasting, air -craft and beacon stations. All units Left (in photo
above): Model 155,
are designed to meet the most rigid specifications cover- a 300 -watt transmit-
ing performance, efficiency and construction. ter for operation in
the range of 350 to
500 Kc. Left (be-
Let us submit data on transformers for your needs. low): Model 156, a
Equipment is available to meet all standard and special 200 -watt transmitter
for 5.5 to 17 Mc.
electronic applications in both small and large quantifies. marine bands.

MES
AMERICAN TRANSFORMER CO.
RAN 178 Emmet St. Newark, N. J.

Ati ERTiktN
6
31annfactured Since 1901
at Newark, N. J.

August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

Odds

Against Field Returns

with *Fp (Fabricated Plate)
TRADE MARK
REG. U. S. PAT. OFF.

CAPACITORS
made
bY
MALLORY
In spite of the most exhaustive laboratory tests ... the
real worth of a product must be proven or disproven
in the crucible of actual use ... in large quantities and
over a prolonged period.
That's why we point with especial pride to the records
established by F. P. Capacitors made by Mallory. More
than six million have been used as original equipment
by leading set manufacturers. In field- checking a
representative cross-section of these capacitors
(1,000,000 F. P. Capacitors), it was disclosed that only
512 had been returned. That's only 5 1100ths of 1%
... or a ratio of 2000 to 1.
If you can't boast a similarly low return ... you owe
yourself an immediate investigation into the oppor-
tunities offered by genuine Mallory F. P. (Fabricated
Plate) Capacitor performance.
Remember ... there's a real performance difference
between a genuine Mallory F. P. Capacitor and an
imitation. Be sure you specify the genuine !

*Not etched construction

P. R. MALLORY 8 CG.Inc. P. R. MALLORY & CO., Inc., INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA Ccble Address - PELMALLO

MALLORY Serves the Aeronautical, Automotive, Electrical, Geophysical, Radio and

Industrial Fields with ... Electrical Contacts, Welding Electrodes, Non -
Ferrous AlloysandBi- Metals ...Rectifiers, Dry Electrolytic Capacitors, F.P. (Fabricated Plate) Capacitors, Vibrators, Vitreous
Resistors, Potentiometers, Rheostats, Rotary Switches, Single and Multiple Push Button Switches, Electronic Hardware.

ELECTRONICS - August 1940

 THE LONG and

THE SHOAT of IT
Cold drawing small tubing
is a tedious process -if
you're not a small tubing man. At Superior, we start
with raw stock of about 1" O.D. (seamless and
welded) -and draw it practically out of sight, if
that is what you need. We know just where to stop
to meet your specifications. Every step down is
small -a
reduction of O.D. through the carefully
machined die is made at the same time the wall is
reduced by the mandrel. Time after time this oper-
ation is performed with intermediate anneals to
keep the metal workable. Finally the tubing with
Superior high finish is ready for laboratory check.
By concentrating in the small tubing field,
Superior has made readily available to all industry
a product which has erroneously been called
"Specialty Tubing ". It is no specialty when you
make it your only business.

SUPERIOR TUBE CO.

DESIGNERS are becoming L THE BIG NAME IN SMALL TUBING
increasingly aware that
the solution to many of NORRISTOWN, PENNSYLVANIA
their small tube problems
can befoundat SUPERIOR
TUBE ... our doors are
always open . . .

Tubing from %" OD down ... SUPERIOR Seamless

in various analyses. WELDRAWN ORA. Welded Stain-
less. BRAWN Welded "Monet" and "Ineonel".
SEAMLESS and Patented LOCKSEAM Cathode Sleeves.

'' FINE SMALL TUBING"

-
F O R

8 August 1940 ELECTRONICS

Lightship ... always on duty ... in storm or calm
THE eyes, ears and voice of ships that resistant to the corrosive influence of sol-
guard the sea need dependable insula- vents, gases, petroleum products, water
tion. Synthane is used in lights, fog signals, and many acids and salts.
radio beacons, radio sets, and submarine Synthane's unusual combination of
oscillators- because it is a dependable properties has helped make hundreds of
electrical insulator. products and parts better, faster or lower -
Synthane also possesses a combination priced-as for example, the three parts
of many other desirable mechanical and illustrated at the left.
chemical properties indicated on the back If you have an application in which you
of this advertisement. It is light in weight
(half the weight of aluminum), structur-
ally strong, hard, dense, easy to machine,
please do not hesitate to write to the
SYNTHANE CORPORATION,OAKS,PENNSYLVANIA
-
instinctively feel Synthane may be helpful,

A. Fairlead, sawed. drilled,

LSYN 11AN
countersunk and counferbored.
II. Switch lever, sawed, turn sid, Bakelite-101 laminated
drilled, milled and assembled.
C. Insulators, sawed, drillad,
TECHNICAL PLASTICS
tapped and milled.
SHEETS RODS TUBES FABRICATED PARTS SILENT STABILIZED GEAR MATERIAL
 9>;.___-
"WHY ARE THERE SO "BECAUSE SYNTHANE USUALLY
MANY USES FOR OFFERS MORE USEFUL PROPERTIES
'-'---4/
..Q-' 'f4-2--7,11
SYNTHANE TECHNICAL IN COMBINATION THAN OTHER
)K-":--- PLASTICS" MATERIALS WHICH ARE CONSIDERED "(

SYNTHANE Bakelite -laminated is a uniformly dense,

solid material produced by the application of heat
and pressure to layers of paper or fabric impregnated
with a Bakelite resinoid. See forms available below:
THERE, briefly, you have the reason Synthane is so widely
applied, the reason new uses for it crop up almost daily.
Here are a few of its combined properties:

LIGHT BUT STRONG-Synthane has about half the weight of aluminum

yet it is hard, dense, and strong structurally. Tensile strength,
for example, 7000 to 12,500 lbs. /sq. in. depending upon grade.

-Synthane is probably better known for its

EXCELLENT DIELECTRIC

electrical properties than for any other. Its combination of high

dielectric strength, low dielectric constant, low power factor
and low moisture absorption is indispensable to the radio and
electrical industries.

CORROSION RESISTANT -Synthane has been found effective in resisting

many acids, salts, gases, petroleum products, solvents and corro-
sive waters. This has led to numerous new applications especially
in the rayon, petroleum and electro- plating industries. Our
laboratory will cooperate in probing these applications.

EASY TO MACHINE -Oneof the most useful qualities of Synthane is

its machineability. It can be easily sawed, drilled, milled, turned,
bored or threaded and lends itself readily to high speed pro-
duction methods such as punching and automatic screw machine
operations. If you are not equipped to, or don't want to machine
Synthane yourself, our specialty department will handle your
work for you quickly and economically.

THE LIST IS LONG - Synthane has many more properties- minimum

cold flow, good appearance, resistance to heat or cold, resistance
to abrasion -and so on. Tell us your application and we'll tell
you how and how much you can profit by using Synthane.

SYNTHANE CORPORATION,

Gentlemen:
OAKS, PA.
SYNIILIANEj
Please send me a sample of Synthane Bakelite -
laminated for inspection.
Bakelite-0 laminated
NAME
TECHNICAL PLASTICS
COMPANY
SYNTHANE CORPORATION, OAKS, PA.
ADDRESS
Representatives in principal cities
CITY STATE
 IF 'YOU'RE
DIRECTIONA
Y OU
TRY IN
I.
G

BE GRATEFUL

LAPP CONDENSER'S

For solving foan

power, or for
S
TO TUNE A
A RRAY,
FOR MEE ANIMA

problem
r increasing in power'
ange
with increaseda
interference signal strength over
p
the modern
highly satis-
..v////
!/

/
, - _,.

`_J'"/ Jil
-
J,i
J.=
/
%
///fJfI//

a
desired area antenna array offers
directional however,
solutic n. depends,
of the array p,
continuously ele-
The perf accurate andbetween various
on a critically
critical_y
rained phase-relationship over your
menu of the array. yourself in water an array
nd tuning
You're likely to delicate job as they
if you try the in capacitance
p
head that vary
with condensers Lapp gas -
operation.
heat up in o'p is to install For
y to proceedantenna circuit. nndz
The safe your
filled condensers at a constant are
capacitance adjustments
units offer P change. Tuning Besides, more
power
any temperature full power °n zero loss; that
made witk ( Lt ' s practically bowl
antenna
gets to th= dielectric is a porcelaindielectric to
only soli- rotor); no solid for an
the full rating
carries canh operate requirement
puncture. you failure; space
time this
indefinite minimum
an ab- that make
.
the properties
P about any
And aren't thosebest choice for j
the
condenser sizes.
and list of
applica-ion? literature an
Write far descriptive

INSULATOR CO., INC., LEROY

ELECTRONICS - August 1940

 P. R. MALLORY a CO Inc

MALLORY
A nnounces a
New and Improved
DOUBLE CONTACT
ROTARY
SWITCH
Types R50 and R60

Here is the ideal double contact rotary The special material used in the terminal
switch for wave -change, tone and tap for the R50 and R60 switches provides
applications. The R50 series accommo- increased flexibility and "follow through."
dates 12 terminals spaced at 30 °. The The new design of contacting surfaces
R60 series is a fractional wafer design gives low torque without sacrificing
and features the same terminal construc- contact pressure. An improved hard
tion and rotor details. It is specifically silver surface on the new design terminal
designed for those requirements demand- results in lower contact resistance and
ing a narrow switch where the number longer life.
of indexing positions does not exceed 5.
It is also available with an A.C. switch. The R50 and R60 series switches are
likewise identical in rotor construction.
In terminal design, both the R50 and R60 The new design "hill and valley action"
series afford unusually low torque, low indexing of these new switches provides
contact resistance and freedom from the smoother action, more definite positioning
possibility of becoming damaged by and exceptionally good life qualities. Life
soldering or strain on the soldering lug. tests on the index mechanism have run
This is accomplished by a new design beyond 50,000 cycles without affecting
contact that holds tight even though the the quality of the indexing. The contour
eyelet may have been loosened by ex- of the cam gives positive indexing action.
pansion in soldering. In addition, the
terminal is held rigidly in position by These switches are available in
the particular design of the combination multiple sections and all terminal and
stator and terminal. circuit combinations.
Write today for complete details and specification sheets.

P. R. MALLORY a CQ.Inc. P. R. MALLORY & CO., Inc., INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA Cable Address - PELMALLO

MALLORY Serves the Aeronautical, Automotive, Electrical, Geophysical, Radio and

...
Electrical Contacts, Welding Electrodes, Non-
Industrial Fields with
Ferrous Alloys and Bi- Metals ...Rectifiers, Dry Electrolytic Capacitors,F.P. (Fabricated Plate) Capacitors, Vibrators, Vitreous
Hardware.
Resistors, Potentiometers, Rheostats, Rotary Switches, Single and Multiple Push Button Switches, Electronic

10 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 ELECTRONICS....KEITH HENNEY, Editor....AUGUST, 1940

CROSS

TALK

+ WASHINGTON . . . Manufacturers in Atlanta, Boston, Brooklyn, Chicago, ards on a path which will lead to a
who wish to help the Government in Detroit, Jeffersonville, Ind., Philadel- satisfactory solution." Thus the in-
the National Defense plans and who phia, St. Louis, Fort Sam Houston, dustry now has a representative single
wish to keep down their overhead, will Texas, and San Francisco. group which, it is hoped, can reconcile
do well not to jump on the train and The Signal Corps, which purchases the divergent viewpoints existant and
go to Washington. The Capitol city general equipment for communications, really get this television service
is overcrowded and the government photographic purposes, meterological started on a scale it deserves.
offices are overcrowded with well wish- studies, etc., has offices in Brooklyn, There is a perfectly natural and un-
ing people who have done just this. If Chicago, and San Francisco. The Coast derstandable desire on the part of some
you want to know what your factory Artillery Corps gets most of its sup- to get television on the air now and to
or your trade association can do to plies through the Quartermaster Corps realize on it in commercial, social, or
help, go to the nearest procurement but its field office at Fort Monroe, Vir- in other ways. There is another view-
office of the Army or Navy. Men there ginia, makes some purchases. point, equally understandable, which
know what is wanted, they understand Navy materials are purchased wishes television.to stay in the labora-
the Army and Navy points of view, through offices in Alameda, Calif., Ana- tory until it is "perfected." There are
they are familiar with the problems costia, D. C., Annapolis, Boston, some who believe it is good enough
of industry, they are non- political. Charleston, S. C., Dahlgren, Va., Great now, others know there is great room
Current or normal purchases are Lakes, Ill., Indian Head, Md., Key for improvement within the _'present
being made in about 500 Army posts West, Fla., Lakehurst, N. J., New bandwidths, and still others who think
and offices. For the emergency program London, Conn., New York City, New- that different standards couli produce
purchases, major field offices have port, R. I., Norfolk, Va., Pensa- a system much better than ;tat exist-
been established in 23 cities by the cola, Philadelphia, Portsmouth, N. H., ing now.
Navy and in 22 by the seven branches Portsmouth, Va., Puget Sound, Wash., One must remember, it seems to us,
of the War Department. San Francisco, San Diego, Washington, that television can be teo.erfect to be
Army Air Corps procurement offices D. C., and Yorktown, Va. practical. The more perfect the system,
are at Dayton, New York City, and the more the transmission system will
Santa Monica. The Chemical Warfare + ORDER . Under the auspices of cost, the more the programs will cost
Service has offices at Boston, Chicago, the RMA and with official cooperation and the more the receivers will cost.
New York City, Pittsburgh, and San of the FCC a National Television Sys- It might easily become so perfect that
Francisco. The Corps of Engineers has tems Committee has been formed and no one could. -afford to engineer the
officesat Chicago, New York City, will meet for the first time before this intercommunicating system, or if en-
Mobile, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh and issue of Electronics gets to its readers. gineered, that no one could afford to
San Francisco. The Medical Depart- A report on this meeting will be found hire its use. This is one limiting condi-
ment has offices in Brooklyn, Chicago, on page 34 of this issue. The com- tion. The other condition is a set -up
St. Louis and San Francisco. The Ordi- mittee consists of not only members of which could be put on the air cheaply,
nance Department has offices in Bir- RMA but of outside interested organ- but of such poor quality that no one
mingham, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, izations as well, including the profes- would want it. -

Cincinnati, Detroit, Los Angeles, New sional societies. Only a committee whose members
York City, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Said President Knowlson of RMA represent the diverse knowledge of
Rochester, St. Louis, San Francisco, "both the Commission and RMA feel manufacturing, of broadcasting and of
Springfield, Mass., and Wilmington. that in this way we are setting the transmission can adequately settle the
The Quartermaster Corps has offices vexing problem of television stand- perplexing problem of standards.
12000 -Mile Radiophoto
This picture of Dr. Paul A. Siple, in command of the New Little
America base of the U. S. Antarctic Expedition, was radioed directly
from the 500 -watt transmitter at the base to the receiving station of
Press Wireless, Inc., at Baldwin, Long Island. The extraordinary clarity
of the reproduced picture is in part due to the use of an "anti- fade"
unit at the receiver, shown at left
 Relays for Electronic Circuits
Wherever tubes are used for purposes other than communication, an electromechanical
relay is very often an essential, and too often misunderstood, part of the circuit. The types
of relays now available commercially are here reviewed and classified in their special fields

WHEN an engineer familial

with electronics is confronted
with the necessity of designing a cir-
cuit for control purposes, the chance,
are that he can deal adequately with
the purely electrical parts of the
circuit. The chances are equally
good that he is not so sure of his
ground in the electro- mechanical
part of the circuit, that is, the relay
which transfers the current in the
tube circuit to the controlled device.
Too often the relay chosen for the
purpose is the one closest at hand.
If the relay is not ideally suited to A typical clock -type delay relay, used for cathode p:o:ection in large
the purpose, the tendency is to alter gas-filled tube c`rcuits. The relay introduces a fixed delay of six
minutes, then automatically recycles itself ready for the next operation
the circuit. But such compromises
nearly always result in a loss of per-
formance.
Obviously, more information on
the characteristics of available re-
lays is needed, but unfortunately
the information is to be found only
in manufacturers catalogs and in
similar scattered sources which the
designer has little time or inclina-
tion to consult. In the hope that a
survey of the field may prove helpful
to its readers, Electronics has com-
piled information on a variety of
electro- mechanical relays useful in
connection with tube circuits. The
relays are classified in five groups,
roughly in order of decreasing sensi-
tivity: (1) the D'Arsonval moving
coil ( "meter type ") relays which Two unusual constructions in the sensitive relay class: a high speed counting
operate on currents as small as a relay, and a relay, designed to have minimum capacitance, for switching
few microamperes ; (2) the tele- the video circuits in a television studio
phone or "sensitive" type of relay
which operates on currents from a The most sensitive type of electro- only for the reason that it can op-
few hundred microamperes to sev- magnetic relay, the moving coil type, erate as a substitute for a tube cir-
eral hundred milliamperes; (3) the has been in use for as long as thirty cuit.
power relay intended for use in gas - years, but it has found its way into The moving -coil relay looks very
tube circuits where plenty of current electronic practice only recently. much like a meter, with one eon -
is available; (4) intermediate power The reason is that the moving coil tact on the pointer and the other
relays for use as links between a relay is an expensive device, com- fixed at one end of the scale. In the
sensitive relay and a heavy load ; pared with other types, and it is ordinary type of moving coil relay,
and (5) specialized relays for intro- not a rugged instrument nor can it the minimum current rating, neces-
ducing time delay in cathode -heat- handle heavy current through its sary to close the contacts, is about
ing circuits, and for use as auxili- contacts. But it is of great interest 15 microamperes, and the contact
aries in various timing circuits. to electronic control specialists, if rating is about 200 microamperes

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 13

 at 6 volts in non -inductive circuits.
A recent improvement in this type
of relay is the magnetic contact
type, which will close on as little
as 2 microamperes or 1 millivolt, .

and will handle through-1'g con-

tacts 50 milliamperes at voltages
up to 110. In titter type of re-
lay, one contact is made of magnetic
material and the other of iron.
Hence when the "pointer" contact
moves close enough to the fixed con-
tact, the magnetic field between them
takes hold and the contacts close
suddenly and positively. Once closed
the contacts must be: separated by
mechanical force before the relay is
again ready for operation. For most
purposes, especially in alarm cir-
cuits, manual resetting' is feasible
(and desirable since it demands the
attention of the supervising opera-
tor) . When an electric means of
resetting the relay is necessary, a
magnetic solenoid resetting device
is available.
An application of relays for controlling heavy lamp loads, an electronic
It is obvious that these relays, "Hysterset" dimmer panel. The heavy -duty contactors at the left are
capable of being closed by currents fitted with de- ionization chambers for dissipating the arc
of the order of microamperes, are
in themselves highly sensitive elec-
tro- mechanical amplifiers, arid hence ally connected in the plate circuit of tained with platinum- iridium con-
may be used to perform the duties the relay tube, and a movable arma- tacts. These ratings are representa-
of a vacuum tube amplifier, wher- ture which closes or opens the con- tive only since the actual limiting
ever a simple on -off control suffices. tacts, through an intermediate me- values depend on contact pressure,
Moreover these relays have several chanical linkage. The coil currents the degree of wiping action in the
important advantages compared with at which these relays operate range contact motion, and the area of con-
tube circuits. First and foremost, from about 0.5 milliampere upward tact between the contact surfaces.
they require no auxiliary power sup- to an ampere or more. Since this When heavier currents or wattages
ply; second, they will operate from range includes the values of anode are encountered in the controlled
low- impedance sources, such as currents commonly found in receiv- circuit, it is usually necessary to
thermocouples and self -generating ing tubes, such relays are commonly employ an intermediate relay be-
photocells; and third, they require employed in vacuum tube relay cir- tween the sensitive relay and the
virtually no maintenance or supervi- cuits. load circuit. Usually no more than
sion. The restrictions are: cost, The current-carrying capacity of one intermediate relay is required,
list prices ranging roughly from contacts depends on the circuit volt- since the contact rating of the sensi-
25 to 50 dollars ; the fact that age, on the type of circuit (whether tive relay is sufficient to handle the
the more sensitive meter relays can- inductive or non -inductive), on the coil current of a large power relay.
not stand too much vibration or metal employed in the contacts, as An interesting general rule given
abuse and hence are not suitable for well as on the contact pressure, the by one manufacturer for spark sup-
portable equipment; and finally the degree of vibration and other condi- pression at the contacts of a sensi-
fact that their time of response is tions of use. The two most widely tive relay is to use a 0.5 µf condenser
long, comparing poorly with a fast - used contact materials in the sensi- and 10 ohms in series across the
acting relay in the plate circuit of tive relay class are silver and pal- contacts for 24 volts dc or less, and
a tube. For fixed installations, es- ladium. Silver will break from 25 a 1.0 µf condenser with 200 ohms in
pecially for use in conjunction with to 50 watts, but not more than 1 series for 24 volts to 110 volts, dc.
self -generating photocells, the meter ampere in non -inductive circuits. It The designer has little freedom
relay is enjoying an increased popu- will carry, but not break, 50 to 100 of choice so far as the contact rat-
larity. watts. In inductive circuits the ings and operating conditions in the
maximum break current is about one sensitive relay class are concerned.
The Telephone Type Relay -Most half as great. Palladium contacts But in the choice of the coil a very
Widely Used will carry about 100 to 150 watts, wide range exists. In fact, the cus-
The type of relay most widely and will break or make not more tomer's requirements regarding coils
used in electronic circuits is the than 3 amperes. Somewhat higher are so diverse that some relay manu-
"sensitive" or "telephone type" re- wattage capacity, but no higher facturers find it expedient to make
lay which employs a fixed coil, usu- make or break current, may be ob- up coils exclusively to customer

]4 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 specification rather than to take milliamperes at 14.3 volts (25,500
them from stock. The resistance of ohm coil), at 8.15 milliamperes at
the coil and the number of turns 0.98 volts (121 ohm coil) or 144.5
wound on it are the basic specifica- milliamperes at 0.056 volts (0.385
tions for d -c service, since these fac- ohm coil), these values representing
tors determine the voltage and cur- the minimum, middle-range and
rent ratings, as well as the number maximum values of current. An-
of ampere -turns available from a other type of sensitive relay, some-
given current. When alternating what resembling the first in general
current is used, however, the impe- construction, operates with 0.014
dance of the coil depends on the in- watts dc, or 0.33 volt-amperes at
ductance of the coil as well as the 60 cps.
magnetic circuit of the relay itself. Another factor to be kept in mind
The value of current usually stated in connection with relay coil specifi-
is that at which the armature moves cations is the heat dissipation,
so as to come in contact with the which is usually limited to one or
poleface of the magnet. This is the two watts per square inch of coil
"operate" value of current. Then surface (coil ends omitted in calcu-
as the current is reduced, the effects lation) when covered, or 2 to 4
of residual magnetism, etc., are such watts when freely ventilated in air.
that the armature does not fall away A third factor to be considered in
from the poleface until a current coil selection is the contact combina-
somewhat less than the "operate" tion used. Usually in electronic con-
The plunger type of mercury- current is reached. This current trol circuits, the contact arrange-
contact relay may be operated value is often called the "drop-out" ment is simple, i.e. a single pole
at angles as great as 45° from which may close one contact while
the vertical
current. In on -off applications, the
drop -out current value is of little breaking another. For special ap-
importance, but in marginal relay- plications, however, the relay may
ing, in which the relay must close be called upon to operate several
and open within definite current groups of contacts at once. To main-
limits, both values must be known. tain the proper contact pressure in
Vv'ISION Many sensitive type relays are fitted such relays, obviously a higher am-
StNSITRiq with adjustment screws which fix pere -turn rating is required in the
MI AY the limits of travel of the armature. coil. In a typical telephone type re-
and which fix the corresponding op- lay, for example, with comparable
erate and drop -out current values. contact pressures and spring ten-
The contact springs may be bent to sions, the number of ampere turns
obtain the same effect, if necessary. required for a single -make contact
The specifications of sensitive re- is 110; for a combined make and
lay coils are so varied that little can break, 120; for two -pole make and
The magnetic-contact moving be stated about them in general. break; 165; triple -pole make and
coil relay, which closes on cur- Reference to the manufacturer's break, 220; four -pole make and
rents as small as two micro- catalog is the only sure answer. One break, 280.
amperes or 1 millivolt general statement, however, is that Finally, the telephone type relay
for a given construction of magnetic coil may be fitted with various mag-
circuit and a given mechanical ar- netic auxiliaries for introducing
rangement, the coil requirement is a time delay. Since the relay will not
fixed quantity in watts for d -c serv-
ice and in volt- amperes for a -c
service. That is, the product of the
coil voltage and the coil current is
constant for a given type relay. The
ratio of these quantities (the coil
resistance or impedance) is not con-
stant, however, but varies roughly
as the inverse square of the coil cur-
rent. In comparing relay construc-
tions, therefore, it is convenient to
calculate the coil wattage or volt -
amperes. The lower the value, the
more sensitive the relay. For ex-
ample, one type of sensitive relay A relay-operated switch with
Specially designed to discharge separate coils for opening and
filter condensers in transmitting
operates with 0.008 watts, dc, or
closing the contacts. Power is
equipment power supplies. this 0.1 volt- ampere at 60 cps. In d -c applied to the coils momentarily
relay uses caramic insulation service this relay will close with 0.56 during closing and opening

ELECTRONICS August 1940 15

close until the magnetic flux be- at 110 volts ac required), the mag-
tween pole and armature has built netic plunger is pulled down into the
up to the specified value, time delay field of the coil, causing the mer-
in closing may be obtained by de- cury to rise and cover the contacts,
laying the build-up in flux. This de- which will carry 30 amps at 110 volts
lay may be introduced by employing ac. This type of construction per-
a copper ring around the coil at the mits reliable operation at angles as
armature end of the coil. The ring great as 45° either side of vertical,
acts as short-circuited secondary which suits it to use on shipboard
turn, linking the flux of the coil and in semi -portable applications.
proper and delaying the rise to full Another interesting type of con-
flux a tenth of a second or more. struction applied to the mercury con-
Delay in the release time of a relay tact type of relay is the transfor-
may also be obtained by using a mer- relay. This relay employs two
similar copper ring on the end of coils, one fixed, the other movable,
the coil away from the armature. both mounted on a common lami-
For delay on both closing and re- nated yoke. The fixed coil is per-
lease, the entire coil may be enclosed manently connected across the 110 -
in a copper sleeve. volt or 220 -volt a -c line, and induces
As might be imagined, the me- about 24 volts in the movable
chanical construction of sensitive secondary coil. Connected to the
The transformer relay. which
relays varies widely among different avoids the armature and pole - secondary coil is the pilot circuit.
manufacturers and for different face construction by employing When the pilot circuit is closed, the
purposes. One relay of particular the repulsion between two movable coil is forced upward away
interest employs a mechanically - transformer coils to actuate the from the fixed coil, thus moving the
operated snap- action switch (such mercury contact tube mercury tube and closing the con-
as the Micro -Switch or the Mu- tact circuit. When the pilot circuit
Switch) actuated directly by the have to do primarily with the op- is opened, the movable coil drops
relay armature. The contacts of this erating voltage, frequency and wat- back by gravity. The advantages
auxiliary switch can handle 10 am- tage only. The contacts, on the other are the absence of springs, the abil-
peres at 125 volts, ac. This combi- hand, are widely diversified. The ity to operate the relay from a low
nation relay and switch often serves two general classifications are the voltage (24 volts) circuit rather
in applications which would other- mercury contact type, and the me- than from the 110 volt primary cir-
wise require a separate intermediate tallic contact type. cuit, and quiet operation since there
power relay. Sensitive relays may In the mercury contact class, the is no armature-to- poleface impact.
also be fitted with mechanical usual maximum rating is 30 am- The metallic contact power relays
counters, for counting purposes. peres, 125 volts ac or dc, with pro- are so diverse that little information
Finally, sensitive relays fitted with portionately lower current ratings on them of a general nature can be
auxiliary mercury contacts may be at higher voltage. The coil rating compiled. Since higher power is
used to break as much as 20 amperes, is usually 2 to 8 watts, the wattage available in the coil, heavier con-
although the extra weight of the rating being about twice as high for tact pressures, greater contact areas,
mercury contacts decreases the sensi- ac as for dc, other factors equal. and more positive contact wiping
tivity of the relay. Such relays are particularly suit- action are obtained, and the contact
able for controlling motor loads and ratings are correspondingly higher
Intermediate Power Relays hence are often rated in terms of than in the sensitive type of relay.
The group of relays next higher the horsepower of the motor load In a -c service, the typical intermedi-
in power handling capacity, and next they can handle. One disadvantage ate duty relay will carry 10 to 20
lower in operating sensitivity, may of the conventional mercury switch amperes in its contacts, at voltages
be termed intermediate power relays. is the fact that it must operate in a up to 250, although the rating for
The mechanical constructions and fixed position, otherwise the mer- d -c service is considerably lower.
contact arrangements of this group cury will flow away from the con- While equally high ratings can be
are legion. In general, however, they tacts. In some applications, espe- achieved in low voltage (below 20
are characterised by coils which re- cially on shipboard where the rolling volts) d -c circuits, the current rat-
quired an excitation of from about of the ship might uncover the con- ing goes down as the voltage goes
one to ten watts or more, and con- tacts, the conventional mercury up. Above 110 volts, dc, the con-
tact ratings from 5 to 30 amperes at switch cannot be used. An inter- tact ratings rarely exceed one or
voltages as high as 600 volts. Such esting variation of the mercury two amperes. Increased current
relays are suited to the anode cir- switch which overcomes this diffi- ratings may be obtained, however,
cuits of thyratron relay tubes, and culty is the plunger type of switch. by using the so- called double -break
as intermediate links between sensi- It consists of a vertical glass tube or triple -break contact arrangement
tive relays and a motor load, lamp containing the mercury and a cylin- which employs two or three sets of
load or other controlled device re- drical ferromagnetic plunger float- contacts in parallel.
quiring several kilowatts of power. ing on it. Surrounding the glass Among the specialized mechanical
Since sensitivity is not the prime tube is the control coil. When the constructions employed in the power
consideration, the coil specifications coil is energised (about four watts (Continued on page 87)

16 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 o. o/
ó u
2

Volume 0.5 0.25 /O

3
4

1
Expansion 7¡10

v
> o

á
H `:iH,h
0.007

r
1

oÉ
c1

20.0
I.
o

4.0 25,000
./vV\N-
a-24
urc

f 250v

with N °
°

3800
ri
33,900
.
_.

BlUeo
MN
bRtdLb/k

Dec Boss
- c
'B/k 100,000
o
normad
Exp
Toto/
25,000w
(50wof+s)

a Triode °
f24v

t8v

Advantage has been taken of

the characteristics of a type Fig. 1-
Circuit diagram of the expander using a type 61(7 tube connected as a
6K7 tube connected as a triode. The operate time is 0.385 second and the release time is 0.635 second
triode in the design of a new
expansion and for cutting the ex- constant is caused by R. and C.
volume expander, resulting pander out if desired. The graph The operate time, therefore, is the
in excellent dynamic action in Fig. 2 shows the range of control product of R_ and C. plus the prod-
and low distortion to be expected with the 6K7 oper- uct of R. and C,, or 0.385 seconds.
ated as a triode. The release time is the product of R,
The input to the expander is con- and C, plus the operate time, or
trolled by a compensated volume 0.635 seconds. These values are not
By C. G. McPROUD control, using standard parts. The absolutely correct inasmuch as the
volume control is coupled to the tube operates with a varying plate
IN the March 1938 issue of Elec- tube through a condenser to isolate current, and consequently there is
tronics an article by M. L. Levy the controlling voltage. The side some time delay due to the plate
entitled "Distortion Limiter for amplifier is fed from the same load resistor and the blocking con-
Radio Receivers" advanced the prem- source, before the volume control so denser. The resistor being small,
ise that a 6K7 or equivalent tube that a change in volume setting however, this value becomes neg-
operated as a triode offered the pos- will have no effect on the expansion ligible and has been ignored in the
sibilities of control that were not control setting. The input is calculations of the time constant.
available in other types. In addi- dropped somewhat to decrease the These values, while not nearly fast
tion, in the particular application loading on the previous circuit and enough for use in volume limiter
for which the writer desired to use to keep the control signal down to circuits, are such that they give a
it, it was necessary to feed the ex- a level which will not overload the pleasing effect with symphony mu-
panded tube output directly into a 6K7. The 6J5 side amplifier is sic. The distortion of this portion
tube -to -line transformer. The 6K7 coupled to one section of a 6116 of the system unexpanded is 0.37
was therefore tried as an expander diode, the other section being used per cent at 400 cps. With full ex-
in otherwise conventional expander in this case for avc in the receiver. pansion, the distortion increases to
circuits. The resulting circuit has The time constants of the circuit 0.64 per cent, predominantly in the
served satisfactorily for almost two are controlled by R, and C,, R. and second harmonic.
years on both radio and phonograph. C,. A slight increase in thé time The 6K7 is the first tube follow-
No one will dispute the value of
an expander for reproduction of
phonograph records. In addition,
many listeners feel that radio pro- 14

grams are definitely improved by the

use of about 6 db of expansion con- 12

tinuously. For symphony programs,

the expansion should be increased
to about 10 db. The maximum
10
Fig. 2 - Relative
output of triode -
connected 6K7 (G,
usable will be determined by the á8 and G, connected
noise level and by the power out- to plate) amplifier
put capabilities of the amplifier. with E, = 6.3 v
Figure 1 shows the expander cir- and E,, = 250 v
cuit using the 6K7 as a triode, pro- +7T,-

viding low impedance output from 4

the transformer, and equipped with

controls for varying the amount of 2

0
-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 40 -15 -10 . -5 -0
Control Grid Voltage -Volts
 B, the amplifier is normal. When the
arm is rotated towards point C, a
positive voltage is applied to the
grid increasing the amplification
and resulting in an expanding ac-
tion. The potentiometer is of the
type generally referred to as a fader
although a smoother action would
be obtained with a linear taper. It
will be seen that the full range from
full compression to full expansion
is had by rotation of the control
from one end to the other. Maxi-
mum compression on phonograph
records is very amusing. On low
level passages, music appears at a
certain level with a very high back-
Fig. 3-
Diagram of circuit used for both expansion and compres- ground noise. High level passages
sion. Potentiometer is connected to both diodes of a 6H6 tube. come out at the same level, or a
which rectifies both positive and negative portions of the control
signal little lower, with no background. It
offers no apparent practical value,
ing an infinite impedance detector should remain fairly constant for a but is an interesting demonstration.
of a wide -range type of receiver and short period. Likewise, the operate A few words of caution are neces-
the expander stage operates at an time should not be too short, or else sary. If too much expansion is at-
output level of about -25 db maxi- a curious singing effect similar to tempted with the circuits shown,
mum. When used for phonograph that produced by a steel guitar, may the tube will block, apparently when
reproduction, the 61(7 is the second occur. As previously stated, the best the grid goes positive, with attend-
tube, being fed by a single stage effect in the writer's experience is ant distortion and a dropping off of
battery- operated pre -amplifier equal- obtained with an operate time of level. It is suggested that when the
ized for the recording characteristic. around 0.25 to 0.5 seconds and a tube is used in resistance -coupled
In either case, the input level is release time of from 0.5 to 0.75 sec- circuits that a plate load resistor
about the same and does not exceed onds. These figures cannot be proven of not over 50,000 ohms be used.
two volts. mathematically but are best deter- When it is fed into a transformer it
Figure 2 shows the relative out- mined by making tests with musi- should be shunt fed with a resistor
put of the stage referred to the cally trained listeners. of 20,000 ohms. With so great a
grid voltage. This curve was meas- Figure 3 is the circuit of an am- variation in the grid bias applied
ured on a tube with a plate supply plifier designed as a portion of a to the tube, it is obvious that the
voltage of 250 volts, supplied system built to demonstrate high - plate resistance also goes through a
through two 25,000 -ohm filter re- quality speaker systems. In this wide variation. With this in mind,
sistors and a load resistor of 20,000 case, the 6K7 is also used as a com- it can be readily understood that
ohms, as shown in Fig. 1. There pressor, simply by reversing the the load offered by a transformer
may not be sufficient expansion for voltage applied to its grid. The would not be constant enough to
some applications, but if more is method of obtaining this voltage maintain a flat frequency character-
required, control voltage can be ap- and of controlling it is somewhat istic without a low shunt-feed re-
plied to two consecutive stages of unique. The operation is as fol- sistor. In any case, the tube has
6K7 tubes, which should give all lows : During the positive half -cycle made the most satisfactory expander
that is necessary. The input to the from the 6J7 plate, rectified current that the writer has tried except
second stage should be kept low flows from P2 to K2 through half of for the fact that it does not have as
enough not to overload it. the control ABC to ground, raising great a range as some types.
In considering the problem of the point C positive with respect to When used exclusively as a com-
time constant of an expander, sev- ground. During the negative half- pressor, the side amplifier should
eral factors should be considered. cycle, current flows from ground be coupled to the output of the stage
Primarily, the time constant must through the other half of the con- in order that the output will be
be great enough that individual trol to Pa and K1, making point A asymptotic to a certain maximum,
cycles of the low audio frequencies negative with respect to ground. The rather than actually having less out-
will not operate it, but it should entire d -c path is closed from Pl, K put for a certain level than for an-
follow, in general, the envelope of Pa, K2, and the potentiometer C, B, other level lower than the first. For
the audio level. In the case of or- and A. The two 0.5 µf condensers compressors, the action is similar to
chestral reproduction, let us sup- serve as a filter, and control the re- the avc of a radio receiver in which
pose that a loud passage suddenly lease time. With the arm of the the level increases in a linear man-
comes to a complete stop. There is potentiometer between A and B, a ner up to a certain point, and then
a natural decay of sound level, which negative voltage will be applied to increases at a slower rate. For use
should be reproduced with the same the grid of the 6K7, resulting in a as both a compressor and expander,
amplification as applied to the pas- compressing action. With the poten- the side amplifier must be coupled to
sage itself. Hence the amplification tiometer in the center position at the input.

18 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 REMOTE CONTROL
OF A
MODEL BOAT

By WILLIAM P. WEST
The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia

AN application of electronic tubes dial. One impulse will cause circuit

somewhat out of the ordinary 1 to close, two impulses, circuit 2,
is the remote control system of a etc. The transmitter is of the push-
five -foot model of a 240 -foot pleasure pull type making use of a single type
yacht which is in daily public opera- 19 tube. The circuit diagram is
tion at the Franklin Institute in shown in Fig. 1. A vertical radiator
Philadelphia. By means of the radio is used. The frequency of transmis-
remote control, the model ship North sion is in the five -meter amateur
Star may be made to maneuver in band and the carrier is on the air
a manner very much like its proto- continuously except during the act-
type, both as to the operations per- ual transmission of the impulses.
formed and the relative speed of The circuit diagram of the receiv-
response. The North Star is shown er is shown in Fig. 2. The circuit is
in the accompanying photograph. the suggested arrangement given in
Its measurements are given in the the data enclosed with type RK -62
accompanying table. tubes. In experiments, it was found
that the receiver would be more
MEASUREMENTS OF THE "NORTH STAR" stable if seven turns were used in-
stead of ten turns as indicated in
Weight 47 lbs loaded
Draft 51/4 inches
the manufacturer's diagram. It was
Beam 10 " found that the length of the receiv-
Main Deck 41/4 ing antenna was not critical. This
Top of Antenna 23 above water receiver responded so well in early
Length at Water Line 60
Life Boat 51/4
tests and proved to be so free from
Motor Launch 7 interference that no further experi-
Motor Dory 6 mentation was made along these
Sail Boat 6
lines other than to introduce a sec-
Hydroplane 63/4 " w ing span
ond relay to relieve the Sigma relay
from carrying excessive currents
The boat is driven by a battery which caused freezing of its con-
powered six-volt motor and is tacts. In order to protect the receiv-
steered by means of a motor -driven er from local interference, it was
rudder. The operations of both found desirable to use an independ-
motors are controlled remotely by a ent filament supply, i. e., not to use
radio system making use of a tele- a portion of the storage battery.
phone dial to transmit a number of In the original arrangement, there
impulses for any desired operation was only one motor (the propelling
and a stepping switch in the receiver motor) as the rudder was operated
which causes the correct relay to by solenoids with a spring arrange-
set in motion the maneuver called
for by the operator on shore. The
Interior view of the hull of the
stepping switch is a device widely North Star showing the arrange-
used in telephone work which is ment of the propeller motor, rudder
operated by a series of impulses such motor, relays and batteries
as those provided by a telephone

ELECTRONICS- August 1940 19

 the case of the North Star this is 35
degrees. The rudder gear is ar-
Unity coupled ranged to operate limit switches
<2 turns. 2 diam) controlling the maximum angle.
+ Another desirable feature is that the
35,a,u f
T propelling motor may be immediate-
135v ly reversed in case of an emergency
4 3 2 Fig. I Cir-
or to aid in maneuvering the boat.
5 000
6(0
I

Closed
circuit = cuit diagram
of the trans- It may be moving under power and
00000
8 9
mitter, which the position of the rudder changed
Telephone operates in at the same time.
dial the 5 - meter
band. T h e The principle upon which the
telephone selective system operates is based on
Type '19
dial gener- a stepping switch. This switch has
a te s the two relays, one of which rotates a
5 ohms
series of
contact arm one point for each im-
control im-
+ %4 wave vertical pulses pulse and the other is used to release
radiator
the rachet mechanism and permits
- _-

J Turn\ the contact arm to return to a start-

No. 18 close ing position.
coupled to Reference to the diagram might
tank coil
lead one to believe that each relay
is operated as the contact arm steps
from one position to the next, but to
overcome this difficulty, there have
been introduced two relays (M and
N) which operate quickly and re-
ment to return to the normal. This form the following operations as quire approximately one -quarter sec-
was found to be unsatisfactory be- indicated by markings on the dial ond to release. As long as a series
cause of the large current drain and 1. Blank of impulses are received less than
(This stops the propeller motor)
necessarily weak restoring springs. 2. STOP RUD (This stops the rudder motor one-quarter of a second apart, the
STOP
Recently, a six-volt reversible motor 3. and if moving in reverse changes to two relays (M and N) are energized
became available and with a reduc- forward at the same speed) and open the circuit to the contact
tion gear to turn the rudder at the 4. PORT (This moves the rudder to turn the arm and to the "home," or release
rate of two revolutions per minute, boat to port)
electromagnet of the stepping
(This moves the rudder to turn the
the rudder problem was solved. (The 5. STBD boat to starboard) switch.
rudder motor is a standard. motor 6. SLOW (This runs the propeller motor
designed for remote volume control slow forward unless REVERSE wa, Typical Operation
of six-volt battery- operated radio dialed before)
7. REVERSE (This reverses the propeller Let us follow a typical operation,
receiving sets). motor at either fast or slow speed)
such as SLOW. The dial is rotated
8. FAST (This runs the propeller motor fast
Operation of Selective System forward unless REVERSE was dialed to the position which will count six
As a single channel system is used, before) impulses. The relay R is operated
a selective system was designed to An investigation of the operations by the closing and opening of the
perform seven operations. Figure 3 described will bring out several Sigma relay (shown in Fig. 2) and
shows the circuit diagram of this points found desirable in the opera- therefore follows this series of im-
system which, through impulses sent tion of such a boat. It will be noted pulses, making and breaking its con-
in sequence and having equal time that the rudder may be rotated to tact six times. The first closing of
intervals, selects the proper relays to any angle to the port or starboard up the relay R causes relay M to close,
complete the electrical circuit to per- to the maximum effective angle. In which opens the circuit to the con-
tact arm and closes the circuit to
relay N. It in turn opens the circuit
Fig. 2 -
cuit diagram
Cir- RFC
to the "home" electromagnet. The
first motion of the contact arm closes
of the re- II 800 ohm Sigma an auxiliary contact to the "home"
re/ay
ceiver on 3 /Su f electromagnet, which is in series
board the
boat. The se-
ries o! pulses
Antenna
t3,
RK62 i
05,uf 5000 ohms with the contact on relay N. This
permits the remaining impulses to
received V step the contact arm around to the
from the h
sixth position, at which time the
t r an smitter impulses have ceased. Relay M is
o
contro:s the
ó L=7 furns, No.14, "inside diem.,
then released, energizing the circuit
driving and %a

steering mo-
15v 74 "long through the contact arm to the
C=3-/5)21.2F
tors SLOW relay. The release of relay
M also releases relay N, completing

20 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 er
"0®
tt.. 11ï01
-- m.

e
1P__>
.e

ae"-e.sa
.,

ea ®ae
.....

s
.:
s s s
a
-
.
.

+
,
.
>
,elig'
... _.

a o
:....tt

It is remotely controlled by
The North Star is a five -foot model of a 240 -foot pleasure yacht.
means of a radio system and interlocking relays which operate propelling and steering motors

the circuit to the "home" electro- interlocked so that the operation of the first position on the stepper
magnet which in turn, releases the one drops out the other and that the switch is not connected to any cir-
ratchet mechanism and permits the operation of the STOP relay will cuit. This is done purposely to take
contact arm to return to the starting drop out either. This is also true care of random impulses or to pre-
position. of the PORT, STARBOARD and vent an operation when turning off
To return to the operation of the RUDDER STOP. It will be noticed the receiver. If space and weight
SLOW relay, as soon as this relay that the REVERSE relay is not re- permitted, it might be desirable to
operates, a holding circuit is made leased by the STOP relay, but by the perform an additional pair of opera-
(left -hand pair of contacts) which RUDDER STOP. The reason for tions such as turning the lights of
keeps this relay in a closed position this is to permit the propeller motor the boat on or off. These two opera-
until either the FAST or STOP re- to be thrown into the FORWARD tions would be connected to the last
lays have been energized. In addi- position when the boat is in RE- two contact points on the stepper
tion, this relay has completed the cir- VERSE without having to stop the switch.
cuit to the propelling motor through motor. The power supply consists of both
a series resistance and opened the dry and storage batteries. Power
Steering for the transmitter, which is de-
locking circuit to the FAST relay.
The selection of any other opera- The steering operation is per- signed for complete portability, is
tion is the same as SLOW with the formed in the same manner as the also furnished by batteries. In the
exception that the circuit being com- speed selection. In addition, the operation of the boat, as used in the
pleted is chosen by a different num- rudder quadrant has two pins which Museum of The Franklin Institute,
ber of impulses. operate contacts and in turn limit the voltage for the transmitter is
Examination of Fig. 3 shows that the maximum angle of rotation of supplied from a power pack to save
the two relays SLOW and FAST are the rudder. It will be noticed that the expense of replacing batteries.

Fig.3- Circuit diagram of the selective system which controls the various operations of the boat.
The stepping switch causes the proper relay to trip according to the number of pulses transmitted

Fast Stop Reverse Propeller

stow

il
ÿmotor

O Rudder
stao and 6volt
O Pori Starboard forward Storage
i' battery
o i iStepping
switch I
"u
Confacf

--
M N
115 101

rr
 RECEIVERS F -M
DESIGN and PERFORMANCE
ALTHOUGH it is to be expected By MARVIN HOBBS desired signal by only one-half of
that receivers for frequency - E. H. Scott Radio Laboratories, Inc.
the intermediate frequency. It has
modulation reception will be some- been found desirable to reduce the
what similar in basic circuit design r -f stage gain when signals of more
for some time to come due to the terminal on the socket of the 1853 than 50,000 microvolts are present
comparative infancy of the f-m art, tube, so that the voltage across the at the antenna terminals in order to
they will differ somewhat in per- inductance in the leads of the ca- avoid receiving the signal at more
formance characteristics and in cer- thode by -pass condenser can neutra- than one point on the dial. In Fig. 3
tain features which may affect their lize the degenerative effect intro- the image rejection ratio of the Scott
ability to do justice to the type of duced by the voltage across the tuner using one r-f stage and the
service which the wide band f -m sys- cathode lead within the tube.' By a -m f-m combination using two r-f
tem is capable of rendering. It is choosing the proper ground point on stages are compared. The rejection
the purpose of this article to discuss the chassis it has been possible to ratio for the spurious response,
the performance characteristics and make this neutralization effective which is due to the fact that the
the circuit features of the several over the 41 to 50 megacycle range second harmonic of incoming signal
models designed in the laboratories and to improve the antenna gain and as produced in the r -f or mixer stage
of E. H. Scott which provide recep- image rejection ratio by about 2 to beats with the second harmonic of
tion of f -m signals in the tuning 1. The 1853 tube is used in the r-f the oscillator in the mixer circuit
range of 41 to 50 megacycles. stage because of the desirability of and there produces a signal at the
a variable p. r -f gain control. When intermediate frequency, is also
The U -h -f Superheterodyne a u -h-f receiver is operated in the shown as measured for the tuner.
As seen in Fig. 2 the first circuit presence of strong signals it is very As mentioned above, if this figure is
of the superheterodyne is unconven- prone to produce a number of spuri- too low, strong signals can be tuned
tional in that the input conductance ous responses because of the rela- in at two points on the dial, although
of the r -f tube is neutralized. This tively poor selectivity of the u -h -f the second point is relatively weak
is accomplished by connecting the circuits with respect to signals and would appear to be so in an a -m
grid return condenser to the cathode whose frequency differs from the receiver. However, because of the

Fig. -The chassis assembly and the loudspeaker system of the Scott
1

receiver. The loudspeaker system employs a 15 -inch low frequency

speaker for components below 2000 cps, two 5 -inch tweeters for those
up to 12,000 cps

August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 T

Tempenatdre
compensated
condenser
{

VR150

0000

I
T30df T 30df
p
i1

Phono 11
JJ
input o

TO recwI /
X<
phono Aar-mina/5

Fig. 2- Complete circuit diagram of the f -m tuner unit employing cascaded limiters

excellent limiter action of the f-m The maximum drift is seen not to the r-f selectivity curve and makes
receiver both the correct and spuri- exceed 3,800 cps which is compar- the rejection ratios somewhat bet-
ous signal may appear to be of equal able to the drift or frequency vari- ter than those obtainable with in-
audio level. The same consideration ation limitation at the transmitter.' termediate frequencies of 2,000 to
applies to the image signal. In actual operation the receiver may 3,000 kc.
Since the signal-to -noise ratio of be tuned after one -half minute of
operation and it will remain tuned
F -m Performance Characteristics
converter tubes is relatively poor in
the ultra- high-frequency band as to the correct frequency except for Once an intermediate frequency
well as elsewhere, it is desirable to the slight drift between the first of 5.25 Mc. is chosen the problems
obtain as much gain as possible be- and fifth minute. of obtaining satisfactory f-m per-
fore that point. In the f-m tuner Before describing the f -m per- formance consist largely in obtaining
the antenna gain is 6 and the r -f formance characteristics it is well the proper pass-band for a total de-
stage gain is 10 as measured under to consider the reasons for choos- viation of 150 kc, sufficient adjacent
actual operating conditions (not as ing an intermediate frequency of channel selectivity, proper limiter
they can be measured by idealized 5.25 Mc. The first consideration is action, and a linear discriminator
vacuum tube voltmeter readings that this higher frequency moves circuit. The i -f amplifying section
which omit the effect of the input all image response signals from f -m consists of two linear amplifying
conductance of the tubes). In the transmitters in the 41 to 50 mega- stages employing 1232 type loctal
a -m f-m receiver employing two r-f cycle band outside that tuning range. base tubes and two limiting stages
stages an additional factor of 10 is Since these signals are likely to be containing 6J7G tubes. The last
added ahead of the mixer. These the strongest ones capable of pro- limiter feeds a 6H6 balanced de-
gains insure that the converter will ducing an image signal, the most tector across whose load the audio
have little control over the signal - serious possibility of image signal output voltage is developed. To in-
to -noise ratio. interference is automatically elim- sure freedom from regeneration and
The 6SA7 tube is used as a mixer inated. Since the oscillator is tuned its ill-effects on the symmetry of
because of its oscillator stability. below the incoming signal frequency, the selectivity curve the sockets and
With no a -v -c voltage applied to this transmissions in the band of 30.5 wiring of each i -f stage are indi-
tube it is possible to vary the signal to 39.5 Mc are capable of producing vidually shielded. Plate and screen
at the antenna from 1 to 100,000 image signals. However, with the filters are also used to prevent audio
microvolts with no shift in oscillator image ratios shown in Fig. 3 there voltage from the limiting stages
frequency. The other drift factor is little danger of any audible beat from feeding back into the plate
of importance is that experienced note interference with either the supply line,, which is of particular
during the first few minutes of oper- single stage or dual stage r-f sys- importance in the combination a -m
ation of the receiver. However, it tems. The second reason for choos- f-m receivers since such undesired
will be noted from Fig. 4 that this ing the high intermediate frequency voltages may feed into the audio
has been reduced to a minimum in is the obvious fact that it moves system unless properly filtered and
these receivers by means of a tem- any spurious signal -producing volt- produce an audible output when the
perature compensated condenser. ages or image signals further along volume is adjusted to a low level.

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 93

 .0
V 100

o F,+
to be in full operation so far as
á 80 distortion is concerned from a signal
3
level 3 db below the input required
Fig. 3-Image and 60 to pass the knee of the curve. For
spurious - signal re- signals below this level there is
sponse of the two 40
types of receivers 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 sufficient thermal noise from the
R -F Inpu+ Frequency -Mc first circuit to prevent noise -free
reception. The dotted curve shows
the noise attenuation characteristic
+so insofar as the receiver itself is con-
cerned. There is some question
+25 about the desirability of a sharp
Fig. 4 -Drift charac- limiter characteristic for weak sig-
teristic of the oscil- ÿ +5
nals when a high level of impulse
lator used in the re- w
ceivers. Temperature noise is present, and it is thought
compensation keeps -25 that the rounded initial character-
the drift within 3800 istic shown in Fig. 6 is more desir-
cps -50 4 5 6 8 9 able than a square shaped knee.
Minutes of Operation To reduce the effects of impulse
noise it is necessary that the limit-
ers be capable of acting very quickly.
Hence, the limiter circuit time con-
very weak signals which would not stants have been made as short as
o be noise -free in any event. Listen- possible consistent with gain and
ing tests and measurements indi- selectivity of the limiter input cir-
10
cate that the 12 db over -all attenu- cuits. From cathode ray oscilloscope
ation at the 75 kc point produces no studies it is apparent that a time
2 constant of 2.5 microseconds or less
phase distortion of importance, pro-
vided the circuits are adjusted for is desirable. In these receivers the
o 30
63
optimum coupling. Without a cer- time constant of the first limiter
tain amount of attenuation at this grid leak and condenser is approxi-
d 40 mately 2.5 microseconds and that of
á
point it is difficult to obtain the de-
sired degree of adjacent channel se- the second limiter is 1.25 microsec-
C, 50
lectivity. At the 125 kc point, which onds, thus assuring that the first
is the edge of the frequency swing limiter will be effective in reducing
60
in the adjacent channel, an attenua- the peak interfering voltages of
-70
tion of 34.5 db, which is a measure ignition impulses before they reach
of the immunity against cross talk the second limiter. A minimum
-80 from an adjacent channel signal, is amount of a -v -c voltage from the
200 100 0 100 200
shown. With this degree of adja- first limiter grid leak has been ap-
Kc Off Resonance
cent channel selectivity we have plied to the control grids of the i -f
found it possible to separate the amplifiers in some of the Scott re-
Fig. 5-
Overall selectivity character-
signals of W9XEN, Chicago, on 42.8 ceivers in order to prevent over-
istic measured below input required
for limiter action Mc and W9XAO, Milwaukee, on loading in stages ahead of the lim-
42.6 Mc. The listening test was iter. However, the voltage used for
The overall selectivity character- made in Highland Park, Illinois, this purpose has been kept low in
istic of the tuner is shown in Fig. where the effective signal from order that the signal will be as far
5. Three points along this curve W9XAO was about 20 microvolts up on the limiter characteristic as
are of particular interest. They are and the signal of W9XEN was about possible and also to eliminate any
at 75, 125, and 200 kc from reso- 350 microvolts. A non-directional delay in limiter operation which
nance. The 75 kc point is of im- vertical dipole antenna was used. might result from the time con-
portance because it shows the atten- In Fig. 6 the limiter characteris- stant of the a -v-c system.
uation of the i -f amplifier at the tic for 25, 50, and 75 kc deviations In Fig. 7 the output character-
maximum frequency deviation point. is shown. It is desirable that these istic of the discriminator detector is
If there were no limiter present in curves should be as flat as possible shown. This type of curve allows
the receiver it would be necessary once they have passed the knee of for a moderate amount of over-mod-
to provide flat response over a range limiter operation, in order to pre- ulation at the transmitter without
of 75 kc in order to prevent distor- vent any amplitude modulation due introducing distortion, yet it does
tion. However, the cascaded limit- to the noise from reaching the de- not extend too far outside the chan-
ers in these receivers operate at a tector, and in order to prevent the nel to which the receiver is tuned'.
signal input of only a few micro- tuned circuit attenuation from caus- The detector efficiency is such that
volts and can be depended upon to ing distortion. About 3 db of vari- no high degree of audio amplifica-
eliminate any amplitude modulation, ation of the amplitude due to selec- tion is necessary after the detector
which may result due to the selec- tivity can be tolerated and, there- in order to obtain adequate output,
tivity characteristic, for all except fore, the limiters may be assumed yet the signal level on neither de-

24 August 1940 - EJ ECTRONICS

 .a
-o

/ 75kc deviation
50 kc deviation
25kc deviafion
+t20
á

ó -10
u
- Noise a
"'" (no modulation) e -20
>

-40
-20 -10 O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8G 20
Antenna Input in db above 10 Microvolts

Fig. 6- Limiteraction curves for various deviations. The Fig. 8 -Sound pressure curve, measured in the Jensen
curves continue to be flat above plus 100 db Laboratories, of the loudspeaker assembly shown in Fig. 1

tector drops sufficiently low to cause of a cathode ray "magic eye" tube certain amount of consideration
any appreciable rise of noise as the which has been popular in home when switching from standard
carrier is modulated'. Immediately receivers for several years. How- broadcast band a -m programs to the
following the detector load resistors ever, exact resonance cannot be in- f-m programs. In order to obtain
a resistance- capacity filter is in- dicated by simply tuning for a peak the maximum fidelity from the
serted to remove the pre -emphasis response, as with the a -m receiver. standard broadcast programs Scott
of the high frequencies which is in- The only practical solution seems to a -m receivers have incorporated a
troduced at the transmitter. be one which uses the "magic eye" high frequency boost choke in the
indicator to perform exactly the plate circuit of the first audio stage
Tuning Indication same function as the zero center to compensate for attenuation at
volt meter, described above. In all the edges of the pass -band of the
The problem of indicating the cor- of the Scott receivers this is ac- i -f amplifier. A peak of about 7 db
rect tuning point for a frequency complished by using a 6E5 indica- is introduced at 6,500 cps for this
modulation receiver is somewhat dif- tor tube biased to cut off, so that purpose. For the reception of fre-
ferent from that encountered with an the shadow just closes when no in- quency modulation programs having
a -m set. There seems to be little dicating voltage is applied to its a range of 15,000 cps such a peak
doubt that tuning accuracy can be control grid. The voltage for the is undesirable provided there are no
observed best by noting the volt - 6E5 control grid is taken from the corresponding deficiencies in other
p.ge across the full discriminator de- discriminator load circuit through parts of the audio or loud speaker
tector load resistance. In a labora- an audio filter and, therefore, when system. The presence of any peaks
tory or communication type of re- the receiver is detuned in one direc- in an audio system of a wide -band
ceiver this voltage can be readily tion the shadow opens and in the f -m receiver is definitely unde-
indicated by simply connecting a other direction it overlaps, the cor- sirable for several reasons, one of
zero -center voltmeter of the proper rect tuning position being for zero which is the fact that they tend to
sensitivity at this point. The re- voltage from the discriminator with exaggerate any noise which is modu-
ceiver is tuned correctly when the the shadow angle just closed. Prac- lated onto the carrier at the trans-
volt meter is exactly between the tical tests with this system show mitter. In the Scott combination
symmetrical positive and negative that it is fully as accurate as the receivers a switch section is ganged
voltage swings, or when it reads zero average zero center volt meter and with the wave band switch for the
in this region. that a good degree of stability is purpose of removing the high boost
Since it is no longer popular to maintained when the supply voltages audio choke in the f -m position.
employ any tuning indicator which for the indicator tube are taken from A low frequency boost choke
smacks of the laboratory in a re- a voltage regulated source. capable of introducing a 7 db rise
ceiver for home use, it becomes nec- The audio system of the combina- at its resonanee point near 90 cps
essary to consider tuning by means tion a -m -f
-m receivers requires a is present in the a -m receivers and
has been retained in the combination
receivers with the bass response con-
trol arranged so that it can remove
or introduce this peak as the user
Fig. 7 Frequency may desire.
20 detector (discrimi-
nator) characteristic
designed for 75 kc REFERENCES
10 deviation each side Input Conductance Neutralization. R. L.
i
of the central ire Freeman. Electronics, October. 1939.
2 Notes on FM Transmitters. F. A. Gun-
quency ther, Com,nun¡cations, April, 1940.
-2 0 -150 -100 -50 50 100 150 20 o 3 A. Receiver for Frequency Modulation,
J. R'. Day. Electronics, June. 1939.
Frequency 4 A Method of Reducing Disturbances in
Deviation -kc Radio Signalling by a System of Frequency
-10 Modulation. E. H, Armstrong, Proc.
May. 10311.

-20
 A New HIGH -SENSITIVITY
PHOTOSURFACE
By A. M. GLOVER and R. B. JANES
RCA Manufacturing Cu.

.
ANEW phototube utilizing a new light is seen to be negligible, a fact
caesium photosurface which which may be used to advantage in

t
100
possesses a remarkable sensitivity to the design of apparatus for flame
the major portion of the visible control in which the radiation from
spectrum is now available. The sen- the background is high in red and 8
1111
sitivity of the surface used to incan- infrared radiation. It should be 1.1imuuiuuu
descent light obtained from a
tungsten lamp operating at a color
noted that the response to an incan-
descent light source will vary with
60 1111_il...
temperature of 2870 degrees Kelvin the temperature of the light source.
averages 45 microamperes per lumen. The value quoted, 45 microamperes 40

This is about twice the sensitivity per lumen, is given for a color tem-
perature of the lamp of 2870 degrees
ill
obtained with previous phototubes
when used with an incandescent light Kelvin. This temperature is ap- 20

source. However, a sensitivity of at proximately that of the exciter lamp Illslil

least 120 microamperes per lumen used in motion picture equipment.
is obtained from daylight illumina- The relative areas under the Ultra
4000 6000 8000
Wavelength- angstroms
10000 12000

tion as a result of the spectral sensi- curves in Fig. 1 may be taken to Violet Blue Red
Yellow Infra Red

tivity of the surface. The surface is represent approximately the rela- Fig.1 -The new photosurface S -4
also very well suited for use with tive sensitivity to daylight of the compared with previously available
mercury arc or fluorescent light different surfaces, inasmuch as the surfaces S -2 and S -3
sources whose energy output is con- light energy in daylight is quite uni-
centrated in the spectral region in formly distributed throughout the which can contribute to the passage
which the sensitivity of the photo- visible spectrum. An exact analysis of current in the absence of the
surface occurs. gives the average value for the day- light. The first and most important
In Fig. 1 are shown the spectral light sensitivity as 120 microam- factor under ordinary conditions is
distribution curves for the new sur- peres per lumen. Measurements leadage across the glass press and
face S-4 and for two types of photo - show that the new surface S -4 is at the base of the tube. This internal
surfaces previously available, the least ten times as sensitive to day- leakage of the new tube is lower than
highly red -sensitive caesium-caesium light as the caesium-caesium oxide in other types of alkali -type photo -
oxide surface S -2, and the relatively surface S-2. If the radiation from tubes because the glass press is en-
blue-sensitive rubidium -rubidium a high -pressure mercury arc is em- tirely free from a deposit of alkali
ployed, the response is about fifty metal. A second factor tending to
oxide surface S -3. It will be ob-
times greater for the S-4 type sur- lower the dark resistance is thermi-
served that the new surface is very
face than for the S -2. Because of onic emission, which is the flow of
sensitive to green and blue light
the rapid increase in the use of gas electrons from the photocathode as
and to the near ultra -violet. The
discharge tubes as light sources, a result of its operating tempera-
drop in sensitivity in the neighbor-
hood of 3000 angstroms is due to the the importance of high sensitivity to ture. The thermionic emission from
lime glass envelope used for this such sources is much increased. this surface is also lower than that
phototube. The sensitivity to red In addition to the increased sensi- of the caesium -caesium oxide sur-
tivity obtained, the process used in face. Preliminary measurements in-
the manufacture of this surface dicate that the thermionic emission
yields a very high dark resistance. is between 10 -'s and 10 -" amperes per
An increase in the dark resistance square centimeter at room tempera-
is equivalent to an increase in sensi- ture. The third factor is photosensi-
tivity in that it permits the use of tivity to unwanted radiation either
a higher load impedance with con- visible or invisible. Ordinarily the
sequent increased voltage sensitiv- most difficult stray radiation to
ity. The dark resistance of a photo - eliminate is infrared radiation which
tube is determined by several factors may arise from the walls of the
phototube shield. The absence of
Fig. 2-The new type 929 photo- sensitivity to such radiation is,
tube and its internal structure. The therefore, an asset when particularly
glass tube enclosing the anode
lead increases the leakage path be- sensitive measurements are being
tween electrodes made on visible light.

August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 The material used in the cathode surface of a new phototube is highly sensitive in the
ultra -violet region and has negligible response in the red and infrared regions. The new
cathode is ten times as sensitive to daylight as the best previously available surfaces

This new phototube, designated as load resistance. It should also be There are also many applications
RCA-929, is of the high vacuum noted that a high vacuum phototube in colorimetry, organic analysis, and
type. The use of a high vacuum is specially suitable for use directly biochemical analysis where this new
phototube of such a high sensitivity from an alternating-current supply, tube will prove useful. In three -
as to give an output equivalent to since the tube may be operated at color printing processes, the par-
that of a gas -filled phototube with a the high peak voltage of the supply ticular sensitivity of the tube may
lower intrinsic photosensitivity and also may serve as its own rec- be used to advantage either by itself
should result in an improved signal - tifier. or in conjunction with a phototube
to -noise ratio. Measurements under The adaptability of the new pho- containing the red sensitive caesium -
actual operating conditions in sound tosurface to various applications is caesium oxide surface. An increase
motion picture equipment verify this immediately apparent. The high in the sensitivity of the phototube
conclusion. A further improvement sensitivity to daylight makes pos- used for astronomical telescope ob-
resulting from the use of this type sible the design of a sensitive pho- servations is equivalent to an in-
of phototube is re- crease in the light
duced distortion. gathering power of
This applies to the telescope or,
both amplitude dis- Light flux -Lumens -0 i specifically, to an
tortion and fre-
quency distortion.
, o
expensive increase
in the diameter of

_.
The latter im-
provement results á 0.08 the light collecting
system. In order

,
from the absence
of the time delay II to obtain the full
benefit from this
caused by the 0.06 increase in sensi-
ttatt °
transit time of the
ions and metast-
I _
N tivity, the limiting
factors of low dark

..
able atoms of the SD
Qs '._
current and ther-
gas which drift mionic emission
relatively slowly to a r e particularly
the cathode and, important.
thus, cause a de- 0.02
It is desirable
crease in sensitiv- that an automatic
ity as the fre- burglar alarm be
quency of an audio concealed so that
signal is increased. 40 80 I co its presence can
The absence of the Anode volts
not be detected by
gas also results in Fig. 3 -Anode current characteristic for various values of light an intruder. A
a more linear out- flux. Note that the anode current is independent of anode volt- burglar alarm may
put characteristic age over a wide range be designed to uti-
as a function of lize the high ultra-
the light intensity with resultant de- tographic exposure meter which may violet sensitivity of the RCA -929. By
crease in amplitude distortion. be used for the determination of the use of suitable filtering all vis-
In Fig. 3 is shown the anode cur- very low light levels. This is possible ible light may be removed, but be-
rent versus anode voltage curves of since the high impedance associated cause of the high sensitivity of the
the RCA-929 phototube for several with a vacuum phototube of the new photosurface to the near ultra-
different values of light flux. It is photo- emissive type permits the violet, a large useful output can be
apparent that the output of the tube ready amplification of the phototube obtained. The new phototube is re-
is essentially independent of anode output to a value sufficiently large markably free from variations in
voltage over a very wide range, and to operate a rugged and inexpensive sensitivity with exposure to illumin-
is therefore independent of line volt- output meter. A further extension ation. This inherent stability is a
age fluctuations. This fact, together to the field of photography is seen property which is highly desirable
with the high internal resistance of in the use of the RCA -929 in photo- for industrial applications as well as
the tube, permits the use of high graphic densitometer equipment. for scientific uses.

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 97

Above, the monoscope used as a source of standardized fixed -
image signal for testing and alignment. A 100 -watt peak video
transmitter is used for testing, but not put on the air

Upper left, the first model of the R.M.A. standard video signal
generator, known locally as "the headache", worked surprisingly
well, but has since been replaced by a more flexible unit

Left, monitor and camera control unit. showing image monitor

and waveform oscilloscope with covers removed

TELEVISION
at TULSA
The management of I(VOO, Tulsa, Okla-
homa. has encouraged its operating staff
to carry on an experimental program in
television, simply to keep up with current
developments. with creditable results

Left, the "studioshowing iconoscope camera, lights, and card-

board image used for testing. Standard R.M.A. 441 -line images
are produced

Below, unretouched photos of image and video waveform as

they appeared on the monitor equipment
 Institute of Radio Engineers
Fourth Pacific Coast Convention
August 28, 29 and Ambassador Hotel,
30, 1940,
Los Angeles, California

Program
WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 28 "Performance Characteristics of Frequency Modulation in
Ultra-High- Frequency Sound Broadcasting ", by R. F.
MORNING SESSION Guy" National Broadcasting Co., New York

"Causes of Frequency Variations in Klystron Oscillators ".

by E. L. Ginzton, W. W. Hansen, R. H. Varian" and J. R. AFTERNOON SESSION
Woodyard, Stanford University, California.
"Frequency Modulation Tests and Experience ". by M. V.
"Ultra-High -Frequency Tubes ", by A. V. Haeff, RCA Kiebert, Jr., Jansky and Bailey, Washington, D. C.
Manufacturing Co., Harrison, N. J.
"Frequency Modulation Versus Phase Modulation ", by
"Rectilinear Electron Flow in Beams", by J. R. Pierce, C. J. Breitwieser, Lee de Forest Laboratories, Los
Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York. Angeles. California.
"Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves Inside a Cylin- "Loktal -Tube Design and Manufacture ", by R. M. Wise,
drical Metal Tube and Along Other Types of Guides ", Hygrade Sylvania Corporation, Emporium, Pennsylvania.
by C. P. Hsu, California Institute of Technology. Pasa-
dena, California. "Vacuum Tubes in Chemical Research ", by C. J. Penther
and D. J. Pompeo" Shell Development Co., Emeryville.
AFTERNOON SESSION California.
"Measurements of Noise and Vibration ", by H. H. Scott, "'A Proposal for Reduction of Polarization Errors in Loop
General Radio Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts. Direction Finders', by F. E. Terman, Stanford Uni-
"'Distortion Measurements by Fundamental-Suppression versity, Stanford University, and J. M. Pettit, University
Methods ", by W. K. Hewlett and David Packard, Hew- of California, Berkeley, California.
lett- Packard Company, Palo Alto, California.
"Radio Direction Finding for Meteorological Balloons at
"'A Resistance- Capacitance Audio-Frequency Oscillator ", 1.67 Meters ", by L. C. Yuan and S. S. Mackeown, Cali-
by G. A. Brettell" California Institute of Technology. fornia Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California.
Pasadena, California.
"Generation of Square -Wave Voltages at High Frequen-
cies", by W. H. Fenn, University of California. Berkeley,
California. FRIDAY, AUGUST 30
"'Design and Test of Sound Equipment by the Intermodu- MORNING SESSION
lation Method". by J. K. Hilliard, MGM Pictures, Culver
Some Notes on Linear and Grid -Modulated Radio -Fre-
City, California.
quency Amplifiers", by F. E. Terman, Stanford Univer-
"Building the World's Farthest -North Commercial Broad- sity, Stanford University, Calif., and R. R. Buss, Heintz
casting Station ", by J. W. Wallace, Puget Sound Broad- & Kaufman, Ltd., South San Francisco, California.

casting Co., Seattle, Washington.

"A 500 Kilowatt High Efficiency Broadcast Transmitter ", by
J. O. Weldon" Weldon Engineering Company, Del Rio,
Texas.
THURSDAY, AUGUST 29
"RCA Portable Television Pick -Up Equipment -. by G. L.
MORNING SESSION Beers, RCA Manufacturing Co., Camden, New Jersey.
"Frequency Modulation ", by E. H. Armstrong, Columbia
University, New York. (Address before joint meeting "Television Receiver Characteristics ", by C. F. Wolcott,
with A.I.E.E.) Gilfillan Brothers, Inc., Los Angeles, California.

"Frequency- Modulated-Wave Broadcast Transmitters ", by "Mutual Acoustic Impedance in Multiple Speaker Systems '',
W. R. David, Radio and Television Department. General by H. S. Knowles, Jensen Radio Manufacturing Com-
Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y. pany, Chicago, Illinois.

ELECTRONICS August 1940 29

A PICTURE
By

M. P. WILDER

and

J. A. BRUSTMAN

American Television Corp.

AMOST necessary part of all tele-

vision pick up equipment is
the sound equipment. In the signal
generator here described the output
amplifier and power supply are in-
cluded in the bottom chassis in the
right hand cabinet. The output amp-
lifier employs four 6L6 tubes in
push -pull parallel fed by a phase in-
verter tube on the same chassis.
An output transformer provides
proper termination for one to six
permanent magnet loud speakers.
The audio control unit shown in Fig.
1 contains the microphone preampli-
fier, the gain indicator, and the mix-
ing and fading controls for several
mikes. We found it convenient to
have a separate unit for audio moni-
toring which can be placed on the
operators table, along side the left
hand cabinet. Both shading and
audio monitoring can be accom-
plished by one operator on all occa-
sions for which this equipment was
designed. A second man at the cam-
era is required to center and focus
on the subject to be televised. A
telephone circuit is provided through
a separate amplifier in the preamp-
lifier unit so that the control oper-
ator can give instructions to the
camera man. This telephone signal
is carried along the main cable to
the camera on one of the spare con-
ductors and is available at an output
jack on the camera. Either a micro-
phone stand or boom is used to
place the microphone for optimum
pick -up.

Fig. 1 -Front and rear views of the audio

control console, showing mixing controls

and volume indicator. Talk -back circuits
from monitor to camera are included

August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

SIGNAL GENERATOR -V
In the concluding installment, simple modulators are described for developing the picture and sound
signals as r -f carriers, useful in testing the overall performance of television receivers. A four -chan-
nel r -f and i -f amplifier unit, to allow outside signals to be picked up, is also described

-11//deo
6J5
!n p.t r Video

u
0
I i

--
I

Sp
ÌF-^--"--z-=J
50 volts

L Shield J 25,000
B* 250 10w
I

le .cos.ur

Fig.3- Circuit diagram of the oscillator and modulator used in the picture
channel. The percentage modulation is varied by adjusting the screen voltage

Fig. 2--The modulator chassis. Two 6L7 tubes are used as modulators to
develop sight and sound carrier voltages in the range from 45 to 50 Mc

In order to make both the picture the percentage modulation is con- was also felt that if the unit were
and sound available for overall re- trolled by varying the screen voltage. to be used in hotels or department
ceiver testing it was found desirable The modulator anode voltage is fed stores more use for the instrument
to include two r -f oscillators and two through a 2500 ohm load resistor, could be obtained if it were possible
modulators, plus such other equip- while the signal is picked off a 72 to pick up regularly broadcast pic-
ment as would allow the presenta- ohm resistor coupled by a 0.006 µf tures under conditions allowing
tion of a modulated carrier signal to condenser to the plate. About ten maximum control. These pictures
the antenna posts of the receivers. millivolts across 72 ohms is then could then be distributed through-
These oscillators, of conventional available for receiver testing. Other out the building and thus avoid
design, are variable over the range circuits employing pentagrid con- many of the problems resulting from
from 45 -50 Mc. A high -C tank cir- verters such as the 6A7-6K8-6A8 multiple antennas and the resulting
cuit of rigid mechanical construc- can also be used in a similar manner. reflections which are difficult to
tion was employed, but no other un- The circuit described, which proved eradicate when several receivers are
usual precautions were found neces- the most satisfactory for this unit, fed from the same or closely adja-
sary to insure frequency stability. is one suggested by Mr. Earl Ander- cent antennas.
The oscillators are well shielded and son of the R. C. A. License Labora- Since power, sweeps, monitor tube
supply approximately two volts of tory. A duplicate set up is provided and video amplifiers are already pro-
carrier signal by shielded cable to for the sound channel. Both have vided in the unit, a simple r -f chas-
the control grids of the 6L7 modula- proven quite satisfactory in opera- sis is all that is required. The de-
tor tubes. Grid leak bias is used. tion. sign of the circuits prior to the first
Video signals from the cathode of a detector follows conventional lines
The Television Receiver
6AG7 cathode -coupled stage, of posi- and allows switching for four chan-
tive polarity, are applied to the num- In order to complete the flexibility nels. Both sides of the antenna coil
ber three grid through a coupling of the signal generator it was felt are switched. One side of the grid
condenser. A peak -to-peak signal of desirable to include a multi -channel coil is switched, and an additional
about 4 to 6 volts is sufficient. A television receiver so that outside coil is placed in parallel with the
potential of about 50 volts is em- programs could be picked up for test oscillator for each of the four bands.
ployed on the plate and screen and and for comparison purposes. It A single -turn inductance is used to

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 31

 Fig. 4 -Top and bottom
views of the four -channel
television receiver tuning
unit, which permits out-
side broadcasts to be seen
on the monitor tube

couple the antenna to the grid coil. the capacitance to ground in micro- by four. The gain of the stage de-
This coil should have a value of farads in the primary and the pends on the minimum total ca-
about 30 millimicrohenries and secondary circuits to obtain the pacitance so great pains should be
should be tuned with a mica con- proper value in ohms of the damping taken to keep C,, as low as possible.
denser to the mid -band frequency. resistor to use across each coil re- The C total of 50 µµf taken in the
The grid coil is damped with 1500 spectively. The value of inductance example represents poor practice.
ohms. The pass band is better than for each coil is obtained by multiply- Much lower values of C total are
4.5 Mc. This method of coupling is ing the number .00558 times the possible with neat wiring and short
not the most efficient but with a lit- value of the respective load resistor leads. The gain of the stage in the
tle adjusting of the coupling between in ohms. The result will be in example, employing a 6AC7 tube,
primary and secondary will be found microhenries. The proper value will be about 8.
quite satisfactory. for the mutual between the coils is
The i -f stages have sufficient gain obtained by solving the equation M
First Detector and Trap Circuits
to allow the receiver to reach into = 0.352 VLD L where Lp is the in-
the region of 100 µvolts with ease. ductance of the primary and L.
It is to be remembered that consid- equals the inductance of the second- The mixer employs grid leak bias
erable reserve gain is available after ary in microhenries. As an example, and must have at least two and not
the second detector as the full gain by measuring with a Q meter, it more than 4 volts of r -f from the
of the line amplifier can be employed is found that C = 16 µµf and 4 oscillator inductively coupled to the
should this prove necessary. The de- µµf for tuning and C, = 26 µµf and grid. This is accomplished by wind-
sign of i -f amplifiers for wide bands 4 µµf for tuning making C9 = 20 ing the antenna and grid coil and
has been considerably simplified and total and C. = 30 total. The proper shunt oscillator coil on the same
can now be accomplished by simple values of load resistance would then form. A quarter inch spacing in
double tuned circuits of the correct be Rp = 1920 and R, = 1270, the each case will be satisfactory. Oper-
self and mutual inductances. In fact inductances L9 = 10.720 ph, L. = ation is best checked with a good
for the special case of R.M.A. recom- 7.082 ph, and the mutual 3.060 ph. vacuum tube voltmeter. The pass
mended television i -f frequencies The values decided upon are wound band shape of each stage is altered
very simple but reliable formulas on a is" form with No. 36 enameled by means of traps, stage by stage,
can be used. This is true providing wire and measured by cut and try first at 14.25 Mc then at 8.25 Mc to
certain definite parameters are against a suitable bridge or a Q shape the pass band to reject first
chosen. These parameters are for- meter. the sound channel and then the ad-
tunately those which experience in- If the inductances measure to the jacent channel interference. Sound
dicates are the most likely to be re- correct values and if the coils are is taken off the 8.25 Mc trap in the
quired. They are stated as follows: spaced approximately a sixteenth of plate of the first i -f stage and amp-
the midfrequency of the pass band an inch they can be adjusted to the lified by a single 1852 stage. Con-
is chosen to be 11.25 Mc and the desired mutual by slight movement ventional audio output circuits are
pass band to be 4.2 Mc. The total of one winding with respect to the used.
capacitance plate -to- ground in the other on the form. The mutual can The second detector, a 6H6, is
case of the primary and grid -to- be measured by reading the induc- used also to strip off or separate the
ground in the case of the secondary tance with the coils first in series sync pulses from the video signal.
must be known. It is then necessary aiding and then series bucking sub- The pulses are then amplified in a
only to divide the number 38,200 by tracting the difference and dividing double triode, the first triode acting

32 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 Fig. 5-
Complete circuit diagram of
} " 900-* 8, the television receiver tuning unit, in-
cluding r -f, i -f, second detector and
sync separator circuits
OOO S
k
000 OF
II-
x
002 partially as an additional stripper
(000 000
and partly as an amplifier. The sec-

o ond triode limits noise in its grid.

The L, R and C networks in its plate
circuit separate the vertical from
the horizontal sync pulses.
The video output of the second
detector diode is passed through a
x If low pass filter to remove any higher
.o IC 1I

cacci¡ - Dods frequencies other than video and

impressed on the grid of an impe-

00Uó' 000`z

Ñ ¢

U
i

Q
.n
°o _1__
1
Z -TCDp CTP

000'Z
u

Ñá.w1-i
s "200' 50'
?T baw/
R , 38,200 38,200
To a
CTP+CDP
Rs
CTS+CDs

000'09 LP =(.00558)( RP) L5=-1.00558 )(Rs)

0000
.900, O0
LM = .352V( Le) ( Ls)
p/?} a.ydads
I
IcI
I v09 Fig.6- Design relationships for a wide -

band f -f transfo:mer, based on a mid -

band frequency of 11.25 Mc, and a

bandwidth of 4.2 Mc

dance transformer (cathode-cou-

T.
pled) tube. The cathode of this stage
has a variable resistor across its
0000s
}",oi _ 000002 cathode load which allows simple
1-
u cui v09 0S/'
control of contrast without high -fre-
II 0000/ ö4'bs/ quency attenuation. The d -c compo-
I

-II-- -00060
00o'oF
u },rlio/ nent of the video signal is restored in
the output stage of the line amplifier
by a diode. The i -f gain of the pic-
-1
00000 Gvo`
000'05' ture channel is controlled by means
00000
000?
of the cathode potential applied to
M ..
tiá. the second and third i -f stages.
In concluding this series, the au-
4'x
0000zi
c
r-
rL thors wish to express their apprecia-
u tion to the management of the
t0 000'05'
American Television Corporation
for permission to publish the infor-
mation and the circuit diagrams
contained in the articles.
Editor's Note The following
:
errors should be
noted in Fig. 3 of Part IV of this series: The
plate circuits
switch arm is omitted in the amplifier.
of the 6N7 sync pulse shaper The
slider is omitted ou the vertical -ray centering
control of the upper 906 cathode centering tube.
The 1 -meg resistor in the horizontal connect
circuit of the lower 906 tube should
4'
to the slider of the centering control. not to
the end of the control as shown. In Fig. 4.
the vertical output transformersweep Is R.C.A.
type 32.900. The horizontal input
resistor should terminate at ground. not at
the condenser as shown.

ELECTRONICS August 1940 33

 Television Committee Organizes
To formulate television standards agreeable to the majority of the industry's organiza-
tions, in close cooperation with the government, the National Television Systems Com-
mittee was organized July 31 under R.M.A. sponsorship and with the F.C.C.'s blessing

ON July 31, in the Hotel Roose- will be examined by a separate ture detail (aspect ratio, frame fre-
velt in New York, the National
Television Systems Committee was
organized for the purpose of deter-
panel, as follows:
1. System Analysis -
The analy-
sis of foreign and proposed Ameri-
8. Synchronization -
quency, interlace, line density, etc.).
Considera-
tion of methods and means of ac-
mining basic standards for televi-
sion transmission. The idea of the
Committee arose in a conference be-
can television systems.
2. Subjective Aspects -The influ-
ence of physiological and psycho-
complishing synchronization.
9. Radiation Polarization - Con-
sideration of the factors influencing
tween President Knowlson of the logical factors in the determination a choice of the polarization of the
Radio Manufacturers Association of television system characteristics. radiated wave.
and Chairman Fly of the Federal As the work proceeds, additional
Communications Commission. Its panels will be appointed as necessity
purpose is to bring together rep- arises.
resentatives of all the larger televi- Minutes of all the meetings of the
sion interests, whether they were N.T.S.C. and its sub -committees will
members of R.M.A. or not, and to be circulated to all the members, to
include those sponsoring competing the Engineering Department of the
standards proposals so that the dif- F.C.C. and to others authorized by
ferences might be composed and a the executive committee of the
single set of standards prepared and R.M.A. Each panel will prepare a
offered to the F.C.C. for official report at the conclusion of its work,
adoption. Fifteen commercial and stating both majority and minority
professional organizations were opinions. Standards formed on the
asked to name one representative basis of these reports may be ap-
each to form the National Televi- proved by the N.T.S.C. and will then
sion Systems Committee (N.T.S.C.) be submitted to the F.C.C. by the
proper. Board of Directors of the R.M.A.
The membership of the Committee Thus a definite procedure from in-
is as follows: Radio Manufacturers vestigation through discussion and
Association, W. R. G. Baker, Chair- -Of course we got it dreadfully formulation of the standards through
man; Bell Telephone Laboratories, cheap. so we don't expect too much to their official adoption by the gov-
Ralph Bown ; Columbia Broadcast- of it. " ernment has been set up in advance.
ing System, Adrian Murphy; Don Moreover the presentation of minor-
Lee Broadcasting System, Harry 3. Television Spectra- Considera- ity as well as majority opinions, as
Lubcke; DuMont Laboratories, Allen tion of sound and picture channel well as the recording of individual
B. DuMont ; Farnsworth Television votes, will insure a clear understand-
and Radio Company, Ray Cummings ;
General Electric Company, E. F. W.
widths and locations.
4. Transmitter Power -
The con-
sideration of transmitter output rat-
ing of the positions taken by the
different members of each com-
Alexanderson ; Hazeltine Corpora- ings, modulation capabilities and the mittee.
tion, Dan Harnett; J. V. L. Hogan; relation between power require- While the personnel of the N.T.S.C.
Hughes Tool Company, Albert Lod - ments of picture and sound chan- contains the names of only four
wick; Institute of Radio Engineers, men (Ralph Bown, A. N. Goldsmith,
A. N. Goldsmith ; Philco Corpora-
tion, David B. Smith ; Radio Cor-
nels.
5. Transmitter Characteristics
Consideration of essential systems.
- J. V. L. Hogan and E. W. Eng-
strom) who served as members or
poration of America, E. W. Eng- Characteristics of the transmitter guests on the earlier R.M.A. Tele-
strom; Stromberg - Carlson Tele- (signal polarity, black level, etc.) . vision Committee, the organizations
phone Mfg. Co., Frederick Young; 6. Transmitter -Receiver Coordina- represented are the same in most
Zenith Radio Corporation, John R. tion- Consideration of the essential cases (with the exception of the
Howland ; Virgil Graham, Secretary. factors requiring coordination in the Sparks Withington and Crosley com-
In addition to the main commit- design of receivers and transmitters panies which are not represented).
tee, several sub -committees or "pan- (sideband distribution, audio pre - The Don Lee System, the DuMont
els" will be organized by the N.T.S.C. emphasis, etc.) . Laboratories, The Hughes Tool Com-
The field is broken down initially 7. Picture Resolution-Considera- pany and Institute of Radio Engi-
into nine divisions, each of which tion of the factors influencing pic- neers are new additions.

34 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 Filter Design Charts-I
By JOHN BORST

THE values of the elements of which is the geometric mean between use the three scales with the designa-
various types of constant -k filter the two cut -off frequencies, and tions at the bottom. Employing the
sections are easily and quickly deter- knowing the desired characteristic values found for unity bandwidth, a
mined by the use of the chart on impedance R, draw a line through straight line is drawn to connect
the following page. The chart is the two desired values on the f, corresponding values on the scales:
applicable to low-pass, high -pass, scale and the R scale and read at L,, L,k and (f2 -f,) /f , ; also, L2k L
symmetrical band -pass and band - the other intersections all four and (f2- fl) /f, etc. ,
suppression filters. values : L L2, Ci and C2. These fig- For band suppression, (Fig. 5),
Figure 1 shows the configuration ures are for a filter with a band- using four times the desired value
of T and n filter sections which can width, (f2- fl) /f equal to unity. of R, find values of Lek and C. as for
be built up from the full series im- When this factor has any other a band -pass filter; also using R /4,
pedance Zi and the full shunt impe- value, the proper size of the de- find L,k and C,x. Then interchange
dance Z2. The equations and dia- sired elements : L,k, L2k, C,k and subscripts 1k and 2k to obtain the
grams (Figs. 1 to 5) refer to the C2,. can be found on the chart using corresponding elements of the band -
full series and the full shunt impe- L L,, C, and C. For this purpose suppression filter.
dances in all cases. Elements in the
series arm are indicated by the sub-
script 1, while those in the shunt
arm are denoted by the subscript 2.
The equations used here are found
in the work of T. E. Shea "Trans-
mission Networks and Wave Filters"
Half Section 2 Sections 2 Pi- Sections
as well as in other textbooks on the 1--
FIGI
subject.
In the chart there are two sets of
four logarithmic scales, one set R=
LI

fc
Li G2
marked A, the other B. These two cz
2 IT it

sets serve to solve the same equation L, =

R I

f TrfR
and differ only in the ranges cov- Tr Cz

ered. For the sake of accuracy, FIG.2

the A scales cover only a very
narrow range so that the significant
figures of the element values may be L2 1

R fc
obtained. The placing of the decimal = 4-rr 1FC,
point is then most easily accom-
plished by using the scales marked CI 4Tr R
L2
4Tr fc
R
B. A single straight line will con-
FIG. 3
nect corresponding values of all var-
iables on the four scales. f =f,,,

I
f2 fm
zit y L, C,

Use of the Chart R =

L2
ca C,
To obtain the values for low-pass
filters, the illustrative diagram and i, f2-f,
equations of which are given in Fig. L 1r(f2-fi ) CI 47r f, f2R
2, the scales L1, C2 f, and R are used.
(f2-f,) R
When a straight line connects any `a- 4Trf,f2 C2 =
tt(f2_fi)R
two to these variables on the scales
mentioned, the intersection of that FIG.4
line and the other two scales will fi f2 -fm fm=2T( I

determine the other two values. L, C 2Tr LZC2

Note that L3 is read at the left of 2

c2 c,
the Ll /L2 scale and C2 at the right
of the C,/C2 scale. High -pass filter (f2-f,) R
values (see Fig. 3) are obtained in Li r-
r f f
T 2 CI 47r(f2-f,)
1

the same manner using scales C

f. and R. R f2 f,
47r(f2-f,) C2 - Trf,f2R
Band -pass filters (see Fig. 4). 1-2

Knowing the mid-frequency, f, FIG.5

ELECTRONICS REFERENCE SHEET

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ELECTRONICS REFERENCE SHEET

 IN THE INTEREST OF

SUPERIOR SOCKET SERVICE

1. One simple soldering operation

automatically grounds 1 and 2 pins
to saddle and therefore to chassis.
Eliminates wire pieces and labor of
attaching them.

2. Extra grounding ears: four. Extra

convenience, no extra cost; saves lugs
and labor. Saddle and "ears "in one unit.

3. Floating contacts-standard with

all Cinch sockets. A great help in
aligning tubes in sockets.

ACTUAL SIZ

These metal saddle sockets are demanded for neat and better chassis
appearance. Small and most efficient, space saving ... and with new
labor saving features ... Cinch Octal sockets are durable, compact,
(mounting centers: #2198, 1? á ", #2108, 15ís" and #2188, 1% ") and
the choice of those who demand «Superior Socket Service". Let us
refer you to users. Write today for prices and further details.
"Cinch" and Oak Radio Sockets are licensed under H. H. Eby socket patents.

CINCH MANUFACTURING CORPORATION, 2335 W. VAN BUREN ST., CHICAGO, ILL.

SUBSIDIARY OF UNITED CARR FASTENER CORP., CAMBRIDGE. MASS.

ELECTRONICS - August .1940 37

 ume which does thorough justice to
television, its potentialities and prob-
lems, from the standpoint of a sym-
pathetic but not uncritical observer.

New Books The general problem of initiating the

television service is discussed by Vice
President A. H. Morton, the engineer-
ing staff behind the service by Chief
Engineer O. B. Hanson, the program-
Moderne Kurzwellen- admittance of standard tubes and in- ming of the service by Program Man-
Empfangstechnik cludes a summary of electrode -lead ef- ager T. H. Hutchinson, and the Di-
fects and their compensation. Consid- rector's duties by Director T. L. Riley,
erable space is devoted to the overall all of N.B.C. Your reviewer was
(Modern Short-Wave Receiv- selectivity of cascaded single -tuned cir- charged with preparing the chapter
ing Technique) cuits, staggered and otherwise. This on the technique of television and the
reviewer finds it strange that no treat- history of the art. The lot of the actor
By M. J. O. STRurr. Published by in adapting himself to the new medium
Julius Springer (Berlin) 193.9, 245 ment of the commonly-used and more
advantageous coupled circuits is given. is described with enthusiasm by Earl
payes. Larimore, who has had experience to
The section on frequency conversion
IN THIS VOLUME M. J. O. Strutt has comprises a summary of operating prove his points. H. R. Lubcke of Don
assembled a detailed summary of short- principles of conventional tubes includ- Lee gives the picture on the West
wave receiving technique applicable to ing diodes, both singly and in push -pull. Coast. Jack Poppele of WOR throws
wavelengths below 50 meters and as As in the case of amplification, there in a look at frequency modulation and
short as 20 ems. The book is strictly appears to be considerable merit in facsimile for good measure. C. E.
confined to the subject of reception and push -pull operation for these high fre- Butterfield describes television in its
treats most aspects of this field. Much quencies; the advantages and disad- most important program aspect, the
of the information included is of recent vantages of the various possible ar- gathering and depicting of spot news.
origin and the book as a whole is, rangements are summarized. In the Benn Hall makes some shrewd guesses
therefore, sufficiently up -to-date as to final section (except for the appendix) anent the question of "who pays for it
make it valuable to the expert. For of the book very interesting consider- all ", while Robert Edmond Jones gives
example, some results which were not ations are presented covering high -fre- an inspiring look into the future from
published until the first half of 1939 quency receiver design. Among the prob- the viewpoint of man who knows his
are included in the text along with lems discussed are whether or not a re- theater thoroughly. In all, the volume
older and better -known material. The ceiver should have an r -f stage preced- is a well rounded account of television
book will appeal also to the new -comer ing the converter. The answer to this broadcasting as it now stands, written
in the field and the less expert, par- problem depends on the bandwidth by men who have high hopes for its
ticularly, since the explanations are which must be covered and on the fluc- future. -D.G.F.
physical in nature and no mathematics tuation noise which can be tolerated as
is used in the text proper. (Most sec- well as on various practical matters.
tions, however, include appendices Some details are given and accom- Aircraft Radio and
which cover the most important mathe- panied by pictures of the parts of a Electrical Equipment
matical derivations.) The text is made one -meter receiver using push -pull
tubes and sections of concentric line for BY H. K. MORGAN, Superintendent of
attractive to the practical- minded by Communications, Transcontinental and
many numerical examples as well as by circuit elements. It is indicated that a
photographs of finished apparatus. In similar but modified arrangement is Western Air, Inc. Pitman Publishing
short, this reviewer finds little to criti- suitable for 20 cm reception. A consid- Corp., New York, 1939. 374 pages, 214
cize although the fact that the book is erable improvement in signal -to -noise illustrations. Price $4.50.
written in German will reduce its at- ratio is claimed for these receivers over THIS BOOK IS INTENDED, according to
tractiveness to many workers in this receivers using diode converters. The the author's preface, for "people con-
country. section concludes with a brief mention nected with aviation who would like
Under antennas, an excellent elemen- of the possibilities of frequency modu- to know more about electricity and
tary discussion is given of directivity, lation for the reduction of noise. -E. W. radio ". The book is elementary in ap-
radiation resistance and selectivity of HEROLD -RC.{ Manufacturing Co., Inc. proach, introducing the reader to the
short -wave receiving antennas. The first elements of electricity by the use
latter characteristic, which is of con- of hydraulic analogies and the like.
siderable importance in television, for The first 50 pages of the volume are
example, is frequently neglected in an- We Present Television accordingly not essential for readers
tenna treatments and this reviewer is EDITED BY JOHN PORTERFIELD AND KAY of Electronics. Thereafter, the author
glad to see that Dr. Strutt has not for- REYNOLDS. W. W. Norton and Corn- gives a practical description of the
gotten to include it. In the second sec- pan, Inc., New York, 1940. 298 pages, electrical circuits and radio equipment
tion of the book the elementary aspects illustrated. Price $3.00. commonly used in air transports of
of transmission lines as conducting the present day. As such, the book
media and as circuit elements are cov- THIS BOOK IS PRE-EMINENTLY for the gives a practical and direct insight
ered. This section also treats antenna viewer of television programs, rather into a specialized field of radio which
systems, such as the wave antenna, than for the technical fraternity which is of increasing interest in radio engi-
which consist of sections of transmis- has produced and which operates the neering circles. The illustrative cir-
sion lines. A short discussion of dielec- television system. Nevertheless, a very cuit diagrams are taken from commer-
tric wave -guides is included. The sec- large part of the television audience at cial equipment, made by most of the
tion on measurements is based on the present consists of engineers, and larger manufacturers. While in the
use of diodes for reading voltage and these engineers will find much of inter- main descriptive, the material serves
of thermocouples for current measure- est between the covers of Miss Rey- also as a practical guide for the instal-
ments and includes practical informa- nold's and Mr. Porterfield's compen- lation, operation and maintenance of
tion on the determination of imped- dium. The book was written bya staff aircraft radio equipment. The book is
ances and the inter -electrode admit- of 12 specialists who describe their recommended to radio engineers who
tances of vacuum tubes. One of the fields in terms understandable to the wish to familiarize themselves with
most important sections of the book is lay public. the specialized requirements in this
that on amplification. The treatment is Waldemar Kaempffert, Science Edi- field, as well as to the larger group of
based on measurements of input admit- tor of the New York Times, contributes technicians for whom it was particu-
tance, output admittance, and trans- an excellent introduction to the vol- larly written.-D.G.F.

38 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 Almost every AlSiMag piece is the custom -built answer to
a special insulation problem. More than 15,000 new
AlSiMag designs are produced every year.
This is possible because AlSiMag's efficient manufacturing
methods and equipment produce custom -built insulators at
costs competitive with standard mass production costs.
Have you checked with American Lava engineers to see if
you are getting the best in insulation at the lowest cost?
Special AlSiMag steatite ceramic designs can be discussed
with our engineering staff without cost or obligation.

Tr.& Mark P. U. S, Pat Olf.

AMERICAN LAVA CORPORATION CHATTANOOGA TENNESSEE

CHICAGO CLEVELAND NEW YORK ST. LOUIS LOS ANGELES SAN FRANCISCO BOSTON PHILADELPHIA WASHINGTON, D C

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 39

 TUBES AT WORK
A neat multi- channel transmitter design,
a tuned antenna system, a simple method
of measuring the impedance of twisted
pairs, and an electronic telescope control
are described this month

A Flexible Beam Power rear of the chassis. The buffer tank is

connected to the final grid circuit by
Transmitter link couplings. The link enters the
By E. F. KIERNAN chassis through feed -through insul-
Western Air Express (orp. tators. The buffer plate inductances
are wound on five prong 1# -inch forms.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEAM POWER Two of the channels use fundamental
transmitting tubes has simplified the frequency crystals, and the buffers are
design of medium power quick -shift neutralized for straight through opera- Rear view of the transmitter and
transmitters. The one herein de- tion. The third channel uses a half power supply
scribed features single control shift on frequency crystal and the buffer acts
three widely separated frequencies, and as a doubler. For clean fast keying,
500 watts output that keys cleanly at both oscillator and doubler are keyed.
50 words per minute.
bled on an aluminum base with suit-
The plate voltages on the oscillator and able insulators and mounting plates.
To avoid a "Rube Goldberg" switch- doubler are 140 and 350 volts respec-
ing arrangement, each frequency has tively. Two condensers in parallel are used
its own oscillator -amplifier exciter unit. The switching mechanism has been on the low frequency channel. The
The exciter units together with their concentrated around the final ampli- micalex plates of the switches S, act
as supports for one condenser and coil
S
power supply and a bias pack are fier "turret ". The lack of suitable com-
mounted on a 12 -inch x 22 -inch chassis. mercially available switches necessi- mount. Final grid circuit switches S
Past experience with back -lash and lost tated the design and construction of S, and the meter switches SW,, SW2,
motion in switching arrangements was this turret. Standard coils, mounts, SW are mounted on angle plates be-
responsible for the separate exciter de- and variable condensers were assem- low the turret and are operated by belt
sign. and pulley combinations from the
The exciter units are more or less shafts of S S,. The belts are of
conventional in arrangement. With the phosphor- bronze broken by two micalex
exception of the oscillator grid leaks, Osc. Plate
Channe/-
Bufì`er Grid BufferP/a/e
Channel- Channel-
insulating sections. The shaft of S, S
the various resistors are mounted on extends out to the operating wheel
No./ No.2 No.3 No./ No.2 No.3 No./ No.2 No.3
terminal strips. The by-pass con- through a micalex insulating coupling.
densers are grouped together and
mounted on aluminum "L "s which are
bolted to the chassis; performing at
once the function of ground connection
and support. The oscillator induc-
I5w/
L
I I5rv2I
11
I53I -.
0
The final grid inductances are wound
on sections of i -inch bakelite rod and
are mounted, together with the asso-
ciated condensers, on the plate sup-
porting switches S
S,. Switches SW
tances are wound on sections of i -inch SW2, SW,, Sand S, are small rotary
bakelite rod which are fastened to the ;-foma 0400ma types with ceramic insulation.
chassis by means of an 8 -32 machine The final amplifier plate supply is
screw in one end. The various leads are í350v taken from the power unit of another
brought out to terminal strips in the transmitter. Protection is provided by

Above, meter switching for the exciter stages. AH the

switches are ganged
Right, final amplifier stage of the "quick- change' trans-
mitter, employing switched tuned circuits
Lower right, bias supply, switching and relay circuits.
The high voltage cannot be turned on unless the bias
voltage is applied to the tubes
Below, exciter and buffer stages of the transmitter. A
separate unit is required for each frequency

+2500

Vrm
relay
Lamp ^ Y
K ,
/5h

7b fi'/oment
0-500ma trnnsfarmer
0 -3000v

Lamp /10r
PA plate Switch SwitM

40 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 NATIONAL RESEARCH CREATES NEW PRODUCTS * NEW MARKETS

LIMO EN away inside the lamp above, just

is a ti.y piece of insulation -

where the cord enters the met 31 base -plate,
National
Vulcanized Fibre. It isn't any bigger than the
nail of your little finger but if it weren't there,
the lamp for all its glareless light and stream-
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.
OM
gL+Pa
H
:. .`-.-L':....
=^
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ab1VOT
rc
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National Engineers, working with National Fibre and its It is high in dielectric strength
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are a few of the properties possessed by this one material
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It is enormously strong, mechanically experience in the application of this versatile material is
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 The Call is for
ESTABLISHED
PRODUCTS...
Intensified production is the order of the day in the
Automotive and Airplane industries. But above al! the
A FEW TYPICAL finished products of this intensified production must
S. S. WHITE be absolutely dependable. And the best way to assure Structure of final amplifier tuned
FLEXIBLE SHAFT their dependability is to use in them materials and circuits

APPLICATIONS
products of established merit.
a vacuum relay in the plate lead. This
relay is controlled by a switch from the
AIRCRAFT
S. S. WHITE front of the panel and another relay in
series with the bleeder of the bias sup-
POWER DRIVE
Engine Tachometers
FLEXIBLE SHAFTS ply. This equipment has been in con-
tinuous twenty -four hour per day op-
eration for several months without in-
Fuel Pumps
Controllable Pitch Pro- stand tried and proved by years of service in both terruptions of any kind.
peller Governor
Ammunition Rounds airplanes and motor vehicles in the Power Drive and
Counter Remote Control applications listed at the left. S. S.
Windshield Wipers

REMOTE CONTROL
WHITE Flexible Shaft Combinations for these and A Multifrequeney Tuned
Radio Receivers other applications are fully developed and ready for Antenna 5ysteIn
Beacon Receivers
Compass Loop duty. Many of them are made to Army, Navy and
Antenna Loop By HOWARD K. MORGAN
Antenna Reel S.A.E. Specs.
Heating Register Y'rn n.ronlixru int d Il,strrnn _tir. Inc.
Tab Control
Turn Bank Indicator WRITE FOR THESE BULLETINS TODAY. THERE HAS BEEN NEED FOR A MULTI-
FREQUENCY antenna system which would
BULLETIN 1238 eliminate the complicated tuning unit
AUTOMOTIVE Flexible Shafts for POWER DRIVES at the antenna and would allow for
BULLETIN 38 erection of a single balanced doublet
POWER DRIVE Flexible Shafts for REMOTE CONTROL antenna. Such an antenna has been
Taximeters
Truck Recorders BULLETIN 839
Windshield Wipers
Flexible Shafts for AIRCRAFT
Speedometers
Service Car Crane { fp- - -.. - --
- ---- -- ---
Portable Tools Thsu/afor At --r F- Insu /afor
Automatic Carburetor
Convertible Top Mech- OUR ENGINEERS -OSLO,
anisms
REMOTE CONTROL ARE READY TO
Auto Radios -panel and HELP YOU WORK
underseat
Radio Antennas our SPECIFIC
Clock Setting
Trip Milage Reset APPLICATIONS
Choke and Needle Valve
Engine Governor -NO OBLIGATION
Search Light Fig. 1 -Basic tuned antenna system
Gear Shift devised by Mr. Morgan
Heaters
Air Conditioning
developed and tested in the field. The
first element of the antenna is a doub-
let cut to the proper length for reson-

S. S.
The S. S.
WHITE
White Dental Mfg. Co.
ance and attached through a transmis-
sion line of the outdoor twisted type to
a coupling box on or somewhat above
the ground. The use of a buried con-
centric line from this point to the re-
ceiver or transmitter is usually de-
INDUSTRIAL DIVISION sirable.
In coupling the twisted line from the
Department E, IO East 40th St., New York, N. Y. antenna to the concentric line there
was employed a transformer wound on
an iron dust core and with an electro-
FLEXIBLE SHAFTS for POWER DRIVES, REMOTE CONTROL and COUPLING static shield. This is important for re-
ceiving purposes to reduce pickup on

42 August 1940 - ELECTROI\ICS

 The FIRST LINE OF
1c 111P1ÏI!1L uy.
:;:,11.
RESISTANCE

When the going gets tough outside, we

come to appreciate the value of protection.
In the unpredictable times ahead, it is
reassuring to be able to turn to an organiza-
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which takes nothing for granted.
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The Defense forces, as well as their con-
tractors and hundreds of other industrial con-
cerns, count us in their "first line ". We know
our job for we have made nothing but resistors
for fifteen years.
If you want 50 million insulated resistors
a year, or only one that will work at 100
megacycles; if you want standard volume
controls by the thousand or only a few
adapted to special specifications; if you want
a "bleeder" resistor for 1,000,000 volts,
climate -proofed wire wound resistors for de-
pendable service under all conditions of use;
or almost any other resistance shape, type
or size called for in modern applications and
in any quantity, look to IRC.

MAKERS OF RESISTANCE UNITS OF MORE TYPES, IN MO E SHAPES, FOR

MORE APPLICATIONS THAN ANY OTHER MANUFACTURER IN THE WORLD

INTERNATIONAL RESISTANCE CO
403 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

EI,E(:TK[)`,I(:S--August 19-10 l>

 any part of the antenna and lead -in
system except the doublet itself. The
dust core allows close coupling of the
two windings and the transformer it-
self will show high efficiency over a
wide frequency range providing that
the impedances at the end of the two
lines remain about the same.

ie fx I
K- f3
k f2

Insu/clor Insu /710r

Lin e
Fig. 2 -Tuned antenna system
applied to several frequencies

The second frequency is added by

adding a tuned circuit in place of the
At the INDIANAPOLIS MUNICIPAL AIRPORT insulator at the end of the first an-
tenna. Wire is then added beyond this
sixteen remotely controlled UHF radio transmitters point so that the system is resonant to
comprise the C.A.A.- I.T.D. blind landing system
SOLA CONSTANT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
- a lower frequency. Figure 1 shows the
method. As many pairs of tuned cir-
cuits may be added to the antenna as
there are additional frequencies to be
For capacities from 300 to provide the power that insures dependable signals added. An experimental antenna was
600 VA. Housing type
with terminals enclosed in from these transmitters at all times by guarding erected and tuned to four frequencies.
outlet hog. It showed an overall efficiency of 85
against failures due to line surge or voltage drop. per cent or better on all the frequen-
cies used. Figure 2 shows such a sys-
For Communications -signal systems, photo electric devices, tem.
The impedance of the tuned circuit
vacuum tubes and x-ray filaments, sound systems -in short
at resonance is generally many times
the operation of any electrical device that functions from the impedance at the end of the an-
an AC line can be improved by the use of SOLA CONSTANT tenna so that changes in value of the
resonant impedance, due to ice or
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS. water, will have very little effect. If
it is found that the impedance at the
Fully automatic, instantaneous in operation, SOLA CON -
For capacities above 200 STANT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS have no moving parts
to 300 VA. Housing type
with terminals enclosed in and require no maintenance. They are self-protecting and
outlet box.
cannot be damaged by short circuit. AND -they will main-
tain their output voltage to within a fraction of a percent
of the specified value, even though the line voltage varies
U.S much as thirty percent.

Standard designs, to augment or replace non -regulating

transformers, are available in capacities from 1 VA to 10
From 20 -200 VA. Primary KVA-or special unit- can he built exactly to your
cord set, and output re-
ceptacle. specifications.

SOL
ASK FOR BULLETIN DCV -22
External appearance of tuned cir-
cuit suspended from antenna

A new unit for applica-

tions up to 15 VA. Equip-
ped with leads or termi-
nals. R center of the antenna is somewhat
lower than that of the transmission
line, it is possible to select another in-
ductance-to- capacity ratio that will
CONSTANT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS lower the impedance at the end and
this in turn will cause the impedance
at the center of the doublet to rise.
2525 Clybourn This gives a convenient method of ex-
SOLA ELECTRIC CO. Chicago, Illinois act adjustment which is usually not
necessary. Often the same effect may
be obtained by changing the length of

44 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 7he CE NTRALABam4
ot VOLUME
ARA of Centra-
ST A for the
reliability wall type
Yong n
lab's
famous
bbing
tact and
contact
lain, of
Available plain,
with or SPD,
ST,
,DPST,
two,
CONTROLS
with switches.
r. s
or
Underwriters
In every branch of the electronic
83e
32SHD industry Centralab Controls play
a major part in producing certain,
efficiency
a
due smooth, flawless attenuation. Set
MIDGET re-
. -ss.
32
but large control
the manufacturers, servicemen and ex-

r
o
! ii'11.
Small
Fits
sistor. Fits
well
lugssus onot /project
beyond far dual, or
single, dual,
AvailableSPST, SP r for battery
control perimentors turn to Centralab for
positive performance. Whatever
11e , triple, plain, dial lite push
switch your Volume Control needs may
a ecial be . . . specify Centralab.
83_32mo.
MIDGET FLATOHM All controls furnished with
A simple, inexpensive
any desired maximum re-
control of sturdy re- sistance and with appro-
liability for the not too
critical circuits. Shal-
low depth economizes space priate tapers. Control and
behind the panel.

.
Has flat circular resistor,
rocking disc contact. and Centralab's resistor problems melt
Available without taps away when you put Old
only in single plain,
S -32THO. Switch. or with SPST, or DPST
Man Centralab on the job.

SUB -MIDGET Long wall

il° '
\IIIIr The smallest giveselowrnO
type resistor gives
f heat from
se
resistor to metal ---.
l'/2 watts.
-
Rapid Transfer
level. Rap'
shell gives maximum
or
taps. Avail -
or ppotentio-

.iirf
load rating of rheostat
able as g
unded or insulatedshaft.
or tubular
meter with solid

PER CENIT ROTATION CLOCKWISE

...
_EFT RIGHT

,.,.....
TERM.
IO 20 30 40 50 60 70 90 90
TERM. /3 twiN

Iikmele
I>0

71/1
fó WO or
ANDth R1
(E
o apectapur rections CO '.
be has in poses. P asselnb RQ( $

,.
1=_ °n e
t_7__ II/I
óO.©i
°ne insid fsO ava
out
Undeery
a ePsSdeat
1°bed
is
h sectioned
to a°sisgieonlYshiel

p
Rppro ted gtvitbhc shafts:n

i____®
t----= e t;T
1 snap switchéts

. a_O=_
!WITCH
1f ROW ==E===_
The resistor curve o' a volume control is more 'mportant
than its overall resistance ... that is why Centralab con-
trols are furnished with the variety of curves shown here.
Curve six is most widely used for high resistance radio grid
and diode controls. Curve 1, or 4, are best for C bias, and
Curve 3 for antenna C bias. Curve 10 is used on tapped controls. CENTRALAB 900 E. KEEFE AVE MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN
A Division of GLOBE -UNION INC. Coble Address: Centralab Milwaukee

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 45

 the antenna by a small amount, ef-
fectively producing the same result.
Experimental work was carried on to
determine the best method of tuning
up such an antenna. It was soon re-
alized that the individual tuned circuits
could be resonated within a per cent
or two by means of a Q meter or by
absorption and that no further ad-
justment was required. The wire
length between the various units in

Photo Courtesy RCA Mfg. Co., Isle.

Guardian Goes On Record For

"IMAGINATION" Internal arrangement of suspended
* Ever drop a coin in an automatic phonograph? Chances are 9 circuit

out of 10 you have -and chances are that Guardian Electric controls the antenna is adjusted for maximum
helped "size-up" that nickel, dime or quarter- making sure the coin power or current in the antenna by the
usual means of cutting the antenna.
was good -that all records of your choice came up to play, however It has been found advisable to use
scattered your selection. But, that was fairly simple. a transmitter to adjust the antenna.
The one used in the experimental work
Imagine 20 separate record selectors scattered now at different
points, with groups of people dropping nickels, dimes, quarters
choosing the same or different records simultaneously -still getting
- had an output of about 15 watts. First
the transmitter is carefully adjusted
to a load resistor of about seventy
ohms. Then the resistor is moved to the
everything they want and pay for. Beginning to sound like music to end of the concentric line and the line
your ears Mr. Product Engineer? is then checked for loss. The trans-
mitter should not require further ad-
justment in this condition and this will
be found to be the case if the resistor

RELAYS by GUARDIAN is of proper value to match the trans-

mission line.
The load resistor is then placed on
the far side of the coupling trans-
Applied to the automatic phonograph industry, former and readings are obtained which
Relays by Guardian helped solve this perplexing include the loss in the transformer at
problem-not once -but in half -a -dozen different the frequencies that are to be used.
Finally the resistor is placed at the
ways, each fitted to the individual manufacturer's end of the flexible lead -in and readings
product. are again obtained at each frequency.
This gives complete data on the entire
Is your control problem just as tough? It could system except for the antenna. The
be even tougher, but chances are 99 out of 100 tuning or coupling at the transmitter
Guardian Engineering and Guardian Control should not require any change up to
this point. The antenna is then added
Type -R
Stepping Relay
Equipment will do your job. Send us a print or and cut to the proper length. Trans-
description -or simply outline your problem. Do mitter tuning should be the same and
it today -and you'll get prompt, experienced, intelligent cooperation the input power into the line and the
line currents the same. As each pair
without any cost or obligation whatsoever. of tuned circuits is added to the an-
tenna, adjustment should be made of
By the way, we have a new catalog-hot off the press-full of each new antenna section so that the
control information -drop us a line on your letterhead. system is operating satisfactorily.
By running through the simple tuning
scheme outlined it will be found that the
antenna efficiency will be high on all
frequencies and the losses will be
GUARDIAN ELECTRIC known. Once the process has been used
it will be found that it is relatively
simple to tune an antenna system for
1625 West Walnut Street Chicago, Illinois four frequencies within a period of a
few hours.
The tuned circuits in the antenna

46 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 EVEN UNDER 1.8h1) CONDITIONS

IE SILVER MICAS are CC1D

5 complete cycles at -30° F. and 180° F.

After being subjected to 5 complete cycles cf 5 houes at -30 F. and 15
hours at 180 F., 20 Type K, 175 mmf Erie Silver Mica Condensers
showed greatest permanent capacity change of t.2% and maximum
power factor of less than .05 °'0 at 1,000 Kc.

100% Humidity at 104° F.

After 100 hours in 100 °0 relative humidity at 104 F., 20 Type K, 175
mmf Erie Silver Micas changed less than .05 °0. Leakage resistance at
1,000 volts D.C. did not drop below 10,000 megohms.

THE permanent effect of these exacting tests on the capacity of Erie

Silver Mica Condensers is so slight that any conceivable temperature or
humidity condition encountered in shipping or in actual operation will
not affect the stability of these units. This is especially important in auto-
matic tuning receivers where any slight change in capacity of the fixed
tuning capacitors will throw the system out of adjustment. Compare the
performance of Erie Silver Micas with the condensers you are using now.
We will be glad to send you complete laboratory test results and samples
of Erie Silver Mica Condensers on request. They are available in three
types up to 2500 mmf capacity.

RESISTORS MOLDED BEZELS

SUPPRESSORS PUSH BUTTONS
CERAMICONS
RESISTOR CORPORATION, ERIE, PA. AND KNOBS

\ SILVER -MICA
\CONDENSERS
TORONTO. CANADA LONDON, ENGLAND PARIS, FRANCE-J.E.CANETTI CO. ;
POLYSTYRENE
COIL FORMS

ELECTRONICS August 1910 47

 system must be thoroughly water-
Recording Engineers ! ... proofed and well insulated. The de-
sign should be such that ice will not
cause serious detuning of the antenna
PRESTO AIR BLOWER ENDS elements. Voltages at the tuning unit
will be high when such an antenna is
NEW TROUBLES WITH DISC SHAVINGS
used for transmitting purposes and con-
densers of sufficient spacing must be
employed. It must be realized that the
Reduces surface noise . . . crackles . . . pops presence of the tuned circuits will affect
Makes your cutting needles last longer the length of doublets in which there
are included one or more tuned cir-
cuits which will be resonant at some
higher frequency. This results in a re-
duction in antenna length which is de-
sirable for economy of space, although
it does reduce the radiating length of
the antenna slightly. The loss is slight

Shielded transformer for coupling

to transmission line

in radiation as the reduction in length

does not amount to more than about
twenty per cent at the very most.
It has been suggested that the tuned
circuits might be done away with and
that folded half wave loop sections
might be employed. This is not possi-
ble, for the quarter wave loop stub
only provides a high impedance at one
THE NEW PRESTO AIR BLOWER SYSTEM frequency and on all other frequencies
Sends a tiny blast of air across the disc just be- it supplies high coupling which results
hind the cutting head, cleaning every particle in an impossibility of tuning the sys-
of dust and grit from the surface of the disc just tem. Thus when the second tuned sec-
before it passes under the cutting needle. tion is added to the first doublet, the
first doublet would be thrown badly
NO CHANCE FOR TANGLING
out of resonance unless the second sec-
The airstream whisks the shaving across the tion added just happened to be equal in
disc and winds it in a ball on the center length to the first doublet section.
spindle. No need to touch outside -in record-
ings until the record is finished. The other alternatives to tuning an
antenna for several frequencies usually
BETTER THAN A VACUUM SYSTEM involve standing waves on the trans-
... the airblast is kept away from the cutting mission lines or a complicated tuning
needle where it cannot produce "air noise ". system at the antenna lead -in which
BETTER THAN A BRUSH OR WIPER must be switched to each frequency.
. It can't scratch the surface of the disc or
It is believed that the system described
interfere with the speed of the turntable. accomplishes the results in a more ef-
Models for every type of Presto turntable ficient and simple manner than any
ready for immediate delivery. Special models other alternative.
for other makes of turntables. Give make,
type and serial number when ordering.

FREE 10 DAY TRIAL to any Presto owner. No charge or obligation except Measuring Characteristic
transportation costs. Order your Presto type 400 -A Blower system today. Impedance of Twisted Pairs
List price complete, ready for quick easy attachment $75.00 FOB, New York. By ANDREW ALFORD
Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company.
THERE ARE SEVERAL DIFFERENT METH-
ODS which may be used to measure the
RECORDING CORPORATION
PRESTO 242 West 55th Street, New York, N. Y.
World's Largest Manufacturers of Instantaneous Sound Recording Equipment
surge impedance of a twisted pair.
The following procedure, however, is
probably one of the simplest since it
requires very little equipment. This
procedure is based on a simple rela-

48 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 The Most Powerful Aircraft Ground Statio in the U.S.A.
NATURALLY Eimac Tubes Fill the Most Important Sockets

Mr. P. C.
Sandrecto, Supt. r
of Communications with

eral Telegraph
one of the
fo

united Air Lines of the Fed-

Devereaux Martin
Eimac
which is being
Mr.

Co.
450T tubes
installed
of >> new
I
5KW ebannel
tubes in each A lines
United Air
4 Eimac 4501 ground stations
fions for U S. A.
scions in ou- equip- the
multif reA ground s: eQuip.
aeronautical gon Eimac tubesfully the U. S.ce.
transport
leading ais wick You'll insist Eu become es. Learn
more
of the world's with the ment too, decided come the fer
Air write direct
The unitedits supLearnended with their many Eimac
about these tribes nOw with the near et better ar
core or ud gment of C nandrecto, chcoses
nunicate
considered
communications,
for its
P.
tnP
important g round
offer more
stations.
in de-
or rom Find out w you
representative. the
ou can 3
ne a longer t
Eimac tubes Eimac tubes greater
fact becomes cost.
proof ain,and performance The that performance, l- niti ex
ou
you consider tube life at
pendabiltty potent when
these
more
all the m
R transmitters
new
the e powerful
new round stations
United Air Lines
v,h.ch t
by :he
` Above ¡¡Khfeder h Company
}are Telegraph
Federal TelegraP

EINAC REPRESENTATIVES
Eimac California, Nevada Colo., Wyo., New Mexico, N. Y N. J., Penn., M1., Dl., Chicago, Illinois, Wisconsin
450T HERB BECKER, 1330 W.
104th St., Los Angeles. Cal.
Arizona, Utah
RICHARD A. HYDE, 4233
Dist. of Col., Maine, N. nl.
R. I., Conn., Mass.
G. G. RYAN, 349 W.
Washington Blvd.. Chicago.
Quitman St.. Denver. Culo. ADOLPH SCHWARTZ, 111.
14726 Elm Ave., Flushing, Ohio, Mich., Ky., Ind., Minn.,
Wash., Ore., Idaho, Mont. N. Caro., S. Caro., Georgia, New York. Mo., Kan., Neb., Iowa
GENERAL SALES CO., Tenn., Flor., Ala., Miss. Texas, La., Okla., Ark. PEEL SALES ENGINEER-
Verner O. Jensen, 2605 -07 JAMES MILLAR. 316 Ninth J. EARL SMITH, 2821 Live ING CO., E. R. Peel, 134
Second Ave.. Seattle, Wash. St. N. E., Atlanta. Georgia. Oak St., Dallas. Texas. E. Erie St., Chicago. III.
I I T I L - M c C U L L O U G H, I N C S A N b R U N O , C A L IF O R ti I A

ELECTRONII:ti --- August 1940 49

 tion which exists between the relative
velocity of propagation and the char-
acteristic impedance and also on the
fact that the relative velocity of propa-
gation is comparatively easy to meas-
ure with reasonable accuracy.
The whole procedure involves three
steps:
Step 1. Measurement of the relative
velocity of propagation v/c in the
twisted pair.
Step 2. Calculation of the charac-
teristic impedance Z of the pair, as-
suming for a moment that the wires
are in air, using the formula,
2D
Z. = 120 cosh-1 D/d = 276 logro

in which
D = spacing between the centers
of the two wires
d = diameter of each wire
Step 3. Calculation of the desired
characteristic impedance Z. of the
twisted pair by simply multiplying
Z. found in Step 2 by v/c found in
Step 1.
Z. = Z. (v /c)
The theory of this procedure is as
follows: The velocity e of propagation
along a pair of wires in air is given
by the following equation:
1
We honestly believe that T R & S Rivets c= LC
are the best you can specify for your where L = inductance per unit length
C = capacity per unit length
production charts. Because T R & S The velocity of propagation v in the
Rivets are as close to perfection as skill,
inspection and processes of manufac-
ture can produce. They are 100% PHOTOCELL
usable, accurately gauged, and are REPLACES NEEDLE
backed by the integrity of the world's
oldest and largest Tubular and Split
Rivet factory.
Many motorized models of our rivet set-
ting machines are available in single
stroke and multiple drive. Inquiries are
invited -together with samples of work
you wish to do.

Replacing the old -time phonograph

needle in this radio- phonograph com-
bination is a photocell which is
TUBULAR RIVET & STUD CO. used to obtain grzater fidelity of
reproduction. A rounded jewel,
World's Largest Manufacturers of Tubular which replaces the phonograph
and Split Rivets needle, has a tiny mirror mounted
WOLLASTON (Boston) MASSACHUSETTS on it and this mirror reflects light
from a lamp into the photocell. The
New York Chicago Detroit Indianapolis vibrations of the mirror and jewel
San Francisco Nashville Dallas St. Louis are converted into a pulsating light
beam and thence into a varying
current

50 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 WESTINGHOUSE RADIO TRANSMITTING TUBES

IN ACTUAL FM OPERATION

Westinghouse

wß_899
HIGH FREQUENCY TUBE
In use since September, 1938, in Major
E. H. Armstrong's 40 KW experimental
station at Alpine, New Jersey, W2XMN
The tower of W2XMN is 400 feet high and
has "turnstile" antennae systems supported from
the cross arms.

Naturally, Westinghouse is proud that one of its

tube types, selected from its regular line, made
possible the first high power FM transmission.
These WL -899 tubes, pictured here as set up in
Station W2XMN, are still operating successfully
after nearly two years' service.
Through cooperation with such outstanding
pioneers and leaders as Major E. H. Armstrong,
and through operation of its own commercial
stations, Westinghouse is able to anticipate the
tube requirements of the radio industry and to
offer a line of tubes of proved performance.
Mr. P. H. Osborn, in charge of station W2XMN, shown before
Westinghouse 899's.

W. Westinghouse aleadit
-eit/o-litv9te
ELECTRONICS - August 1940 51
 twisted pair in which each each wire
is surrounded by dielectrics other than
air is given by
1
v
,/LCK
where L = inductance per unit length
(same as in air)
CK = capacity per unit length
K = constant by which capac-
ity C per unit length in
air must be multiplied to
get the capacity per unit
length when wires are
surrounded by dielec-
tric other than air.
The surge impedance of wires in air

Z= IL
-74

The surge impedance of the twisted

pair with wires surrounded by dielec-
tric other than air is
BAND SWITCHES MANUFACTURED BY CENTRALAB, MILWAUKEE, WISC. Z, = L
C
It follows that
v /c =l /vK
so that
Za (v /c) _ C g= 1
L
CK
Ze

It does not snake any difference so far

as this derivation is concerned whether
the dielectric fills the entire space be-
tween the two wires or not. Also it is
immaterial if more than one dielectric
material is used.
As stated above, the only measure-
ment which is involved is the one in
Step 1, and this measurement may be
made for example as follows: Tune a
receiver with a balanced input circuit
to a known frequency. Cut off a piece
three quarters of the wavelength long
of the twisted pair in question. (The
wavelength to be used here is in air).
TEXTOLITE FULFILLS EXACTING MECHAN- Shunt the sample across the input
terminals of the receiver and proceed
ICAL AND ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENTS to cut small pieces (each a few inches
long) off the tree end of the twisted
pair and observe the signal at the out-
In all short -wave circuits, it is essential that, at all degrees of humidity, put of the receiver each time a piece
insulation losses be as small as possible. Equally necessary in modern is cut off from the end. As the cutting
operation progresses the signal will
band switches, with their ingenious designs, is a tough laminated start decreasing and will reach a mini-
material that can be punched into intricate forms. mum and then will start rising again.
Measure the length S, which results in
To meet these requirements, General Electric offers Textolite No. 2008 minimum signal. Continue to cut off
which combines low losses with stability and the necessary pieces from the free end of the twisted
pair until another point of minimum
toughness to stand the severest punching operations. signal is reached. Measure this length
S2. The difference S1-S2 is equal to a
General Electric has recently reorganized its fabricating facilities to half wavelength in the twisted pair at
assure quick and uninterrupted service on fabricated parts. To take reduced velocity of progagation. When
advantage of this improved service send inquiries and requests for Si -S2 is divided by the half wavelength
prices direct to: x/2 in air the ratio
IN THE EAST -
Plastics Department, General Electric Co., 44 Cambridge St., Meriden, Conn.
S,
V2
v/c = the relative velocity
of propagation (very nearly). This is
IN THE WEST -
General Laminated Products, Inc., 3112 -23 Carroll Ave., Chicago, Ill.
the value of (v /c) which is referred to
in Step 1.
Example: Suppose that the twisted
pair in question consists of two wires

GENERAL O ELECTRIC No. 16 with d = 0.0508 inches and with

center spacing between wires D =
0.125 inches. Each wire is insulated

T,2 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 for Electrical Measurement
Like the fundamental laws of electricity itself, these basic types of WESTON
instruments hold to the truth year after year. Their inherent dependability
rests on time-tested design principles; their long life stems from a time -hon-
ored insistence on uncompromising standards of construction. At the same
time, they are completely modern in the sense that they are keyed to today's
needs ... styled for today's preferences. » » » It's thus clear combination
of time-tested reliability and preference- tested modernity which keep
WESTONS the preferred instruments for all switchboard, panel and built -in
needs. They are selected not alone because they are modern instruments,
but because they stay modern both in performance and in appearance.
Why not have complete information on the broad line of WESTON instru-
ments at your fingertips? Communicate with the WESTON office in your
vicinity, or write for complete catalog. Weston Electrical Instrument Cor-
poration, 618 Frelinghuysen Avenue, Newark, New Jersey.

AMPERES
R.f.

wESTO'°

Laboratory Standards . . Precision DC and Specialized lest Equipment ... Light

AC Portables ... Instrument Transformers Measurement and Control Devices . . .
Sensitive Relays . . . DC, AC, and Exposure fMeters...Aircraft Instruments...
Thermo Switchboard and Panel Instruments. Electric Tachometers...Dial Thermometers.

FOR OVER 52 YEARS LEADERS IN ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

ELECT1dnN1C5 -- - .4u,ust 1940 53
 with a layer of rubber and the two in-
sulated wires are then twisted together.
Suppose further that the measurement
in Step 1 was made at 30 Mc with the
result that Si-S3 was found to be
equal to 11.5 feet. Since the half wave-
length in air is 16.4 feet, it follows that
11.5
v/c = 0.715
16.4
The calculation in Step 2 yields the
following result:
2X0.125
Z, = 276 log 191
0.0508
ohms (approx)
Then in accordance with Step 3 it is
found that the surge impedance of the
twisted pair in question is
Z, = Z, v/c =191 X 0.715 = 136 ohms.
This same procedure may be used to
measure the characteristic impedance
of shielded cables in which the inner
conductor is concentric with the outer
conductor. In such a case, however, the
formula to be used for calculating the
surge impedance Z, in Step 2 must
be the well known formula for the
surge impedance of concentric con-
ductors, namely
r,
Z, = 138.5 log
r,
in which r, is the diameter of the inner
conductor and ro the diameter of the
outer conductor.

An Electronic Telescope
Control
By A. L. RUBENSTEIN
THE DESIGN OF AN OPTICAL DEVICE
for tracking aircraft in flight was
briefly covered in an article by the
writer in Electronics in July 1933.
reasons to Recently, an instrument incorporating
Statio ns have m these principles has been successfully
Verticabel
proud of their Blaw-Knox demonstrated. In this instrument, a
easig
r- appear - refracting telescope is employed to form
Radiators: their plany

a real image which is separated into

ance, their greater broadcast quadrants by four lens prisms. The
coverage, and especially their
extremely low maintenance cost.
For these reasons alone, not to
mention others, broadcasting com-
panies and engineers the world
over prefer Blaw-Kncx Radio
Towers. Whatever your antennae
problems or requirements are, we
believe we can be of help to you.

Basic phototube and prism arrange-

ment
BLAWKNOX
DIVISION image at each prism is reflected and
focused into the cathode of a photo -
of BIaw.Knox Company tube mounted on the telescope. Tubes
2038 FARMERS in opposing quadrants are connected to
BANK BUILDING
form a balanced circuit operating a d -c
PITTSBURGH, PA. amplifier mounted on the telescope.
OFFICES IN
PRINCIPAL
CITIES
The output of each of the two d -c
amplifiers operates high -low current
micro -sensitive relays which, in turn,
actuate power relays controlling small
reversible geared -down motors. The

54 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 For Low-Cost, Sales- Winning Cabinets in
Sparkling Whites and Ivories
CONSIDER THE MANY ADVANTAGES OF BAKELITE UREA PLASTICS

TO MEET an active demand for white and ivory-toned Urea Plastics remain color -fast despite exposure to sunlight
radio cabinets, many cost- conscious set manufacturers are or strong artificial illumination. Readily cleaned with a
now taking advantage of the numerous production advan- damp cloth, the cabinet will retain its sparkling luster
tages provided by Bakelite Urea Plastics. In the model indefinitely.
illustrated, produced by Radio Products Corporation, a Other Bakelite Plastics are available in many different
Bakelite Urea Plastic cabinet in gleaming rich ivory not types and in a complete range of translucent,transparent and
only adds an extra measure of sales-attractiveness to this opaque colors. For further information on these versatile
handsome receiver, but also provides manufacturing econ- materials write for booklet 10P, "New Paths to Profits ".
omies not possible with other materials. BAKELITE CORPORATION, 30 EAST 42ND ST., NEW YORK
Production steps are minimized and assembly simplified, Unit of Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation
because the housing is molded completely in a single
piece. All constructional details are incorporated, and metal
inserts firmly embedded, in just one operation. Since color
and finish are self-contained, costly finishing operations
are eliminated.
BAKELITE
The ward "Ba4ehre" end The Sy.bai ere . irrered rrad..muA,
iden14!,no pradvrrr oi Bo4el.re Coaoarion
Enduring attractiveness in use is assured, for besides pos-
sessing exceptional hardness and tensile strength, Bakelite PLASTICS H EADQUARTE RS

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 55

 motors direct the horizontal and verti-
cal motions of the telescope.
The tracking tube shown in the
A 9" tube that can hold 6 horses photograph has a diameter of 4 inches
with an uncorrected objective lens of
approximately 20 inches focal length.
It may, therefore, be seen that the

Phototube

Mirror

Prism,

Photolobe

Motor

Alternative system for use with

reflector telescope

mechanical and optical assembly, to-

gether with the phototube and ampli-
fier housing, form a compact and port-
able unit.
Made possible by CALLITE The control cabinet, which houses
relays and signal lights, permits
manipulation of the tracking tube by
WELDS and LEAD -IN WIRES variation of the shield grid voltage of
the cl -c amplifier output tubes. This
arrangement also permits automatic
IMAGINE stopping 6 horses in emission tubes has progressed,
less than 1 !20th of a second. Callite has become the head-
That's what Electrons, Inc. ac- quarters for research and supply
complished in its grid controlled of lead -in wires, filaments,
rectifier C6J. Measuring a mere welds, grids and plates.
9 inches, this tube is capable
nevertheless of handling electri- Callite's broad background in
cal energy equivalent to the the field of metallurgy, design
power of 6 horses, with a peak and engineering, added to its
loading of 72 horses. extensive production facilities,
Obviously, such power and ably fit this pioneer manufac-
control places a heavy respon- turer to render every service to
sibility on the tube's compo- the radio and allied industry.
nents. So naturally, experienced If you have a tube problem
Electrons, Inc. turned to Callite where Callite's knowledge and
for its lead -in wires and welds. experience might save you time
More than ever as develop- and money, consult Callite
ment in the field of electron today. Literature on request.

CALLITE TUNGSTEN
CORPORATION
544 -39th STREET UNION CITY. NEW JERSEY
Cable: "CALLITES" The telescope control applied to a
small refracting instrument

56 August 1940 ELECTRONICS

 SyncÁronáed FM
FREQUENCY STABILITY: Western Electric now
makes another great contribution to the radio art
synchronized frequency modulation. This new system
- 15,000 c. p. s. show less than 2% at a modulation cor-
responding to + 100 K C swing. Distortion measure-
ments include all audio frequency harmonics up to
of carrier wave frequency stabilization is unique - 30,000 c. p. s.
gives the 503A-1(1K W)Transmitter a stability of better COMPACT UNIT: All apparatus is contained in a
than .0025%. single, beautifully styled cabinet measuring only 44"
FREQUENCY RESPONSE: Flat within + 1 db from wide x 39" deep x 78" high. In construction and arrange-
30 to 15,000 cycles per second. ment, it is similar to the now famous 443A-1, which
NOISE LEVEL: Phase noise carried by transmitted seta new high in accessibility and simplicity of control.
wave is 70 db down unweighted from + 100 KC swing. POWER OUTPUT: The 503A -1 is designed to serve
DISTORTION: Typical measurements of r. m. s. audio perfectly for powers of 1 KW or less, or as an exciter
frequency harmonic distortion with a distortionless for amplifiers for higher power. Its superior charac-
F M audio monitor in the frequency range of 30 to teristics will carry through when you step -up- that's
mighty important to remember!
FOR FULL TECHNICAL DETAILS, write to Cray bar.
DELIVERY: Orders now being accepted for Fall
delivery.

Ask your Engineer!

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 57

 scanning of a selected sky area until
BETTER BUILT CONDENSERS. the appearance of the object assumes
control.
The rectifier consists of two voltage
FOR BETTER doubler circuits, one for each d -c amp-
lifier and associated pair of photo
tubes. The circuit is shown in the ac-
PERFORMANCE companying diagram.
It should be borne in mind that the
BUD offers a complete selection of efficiency of the device depends on the
carefully designed condensers, from contrast in light values between the
the "Tiny-Mite" series to the popular object and its surrounding field, and
BUD Giant and Ultra High Frequency
variables.
Brass bearings, precision machined BUD Giant Transmitting
spacers. highly polished plates with Condenser
rounded edges, Alsimag 196 insulation.
laminated spring positive rotor contact
and other special features establish
BUD condensers as the leaders.

Whenever your specific transmitter

requirements call for a special con-
denser, or any other special part not
found in the comprehensive BUD line.
we will be glad to place our com-
petent engineering staff at your serv- BUD Dual Section Giant
ice. Inquiries cordially invited. Condenser L2 P2 P3 P4 .

C4
V2 Control cabinet,
A copy of the latest BUD Catalog, lust off the press, sent upon request All
filaments
C1C2C3C4 8,uf 450v. electro-
lytic condensers
60 cps. L1 L2 IO H chokes
BUD RADIO, INC. SUv M
PI
0 -20ma.
ammeter
Imeg potentiometer
mi/ /i-
CLEVELAND, OHIO P2 P3 P4 0.1 >, r>

RI. 2 meg resistor

SI Sensitive re/ay, 9.9 ma.-/0./ma.
S2S3 by. power relays
VI vz 25Z5 vacuum tubes
V3 .38 » >'
V4 43 »

Complete circuit diagram of the

telescope control

experience with the model indicates

that, to cope with minute light varia-
tions resulting from small sized objects
or low visibility, a maximum light -
gathering optical system is desirable.
The refracting objective, as a means
of image formation, has serious lim-
itations both from the expensiveness
of large diameter objectives and inabil-
ity to secure a proportionate light in-
crease for increased area of objective
due to increasing lens thickness, espe-
cially where correction is introduced.
Evidence of the CLARE Individualized Relays are designed to your As is well known, these considerations
value of CLARE specifications.
were responsible for the development
Service and the *Coils -from a fraction ohm to 40 000 ohms -marked.
of the reflecting telescope and this
quality of CLARE form of the optical unit is admirably
Relays is the list *Contact Assemblies- makes-breaks -break -make -make suited for the tracking device.
of prominent man- before breaks -break -make before breaks and com- At the focus of a mirror of rela-
ufacturers a n d binations of these. tively large diameter and small focal
users who are reg-
u l ar buyers of
*Contacts- precision metals. length, the same assembly of four lens
CLARE Individual- *Residual -screw adjustable or welded fixed. prisms reflects the image to four points
ized Relays. *Adjustment-standard or to special specifications. on the periphery of the mirror mount-
*Mountings-individual or group mounting accessories. ing. At these four points are mounted
the phototubes equipped with suitable
*Service -delivery to meet your schedules.
We respectfully shields for the elimination of light
solicit your inquiry. from sources other than the corres-
C.P.CLflfif
LAWRENCE & LAMON AVES. -
CO
rt- CHICAGO ponding lens prisms. The amplifiers
are adjacent to the phototubes on the
mirror mounting and the entire assem-
15 EAST 26TH STREET.. NEW YORK CITY bly is oriented by two reversible motors

58 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

NOW THEY'RE "BOTTLE-FEEDING"

BATTERIES!

tilled water flows from the reservoir

through the multiple -hole rubber tub-
ing to the six -prong "Lucite" connector,
and then to each of the three "lucite"
hydraulic control plugs which connect
directly with the battery cells.

. with the able assistance of molded

JUST AS a bottle feeds a baby, so the " `Lucite's' toughness, clarity, and re- and shape indicates the versatility of
Mosher Automatic Battery Filler feeds sistance to acids, and the amazing accu- `Lucite'."
thirsty car batteries. Simple, isn't it? But racy with which it can be molded have There seems to be no limit to "Lucite's"
consider the problem of wear. That's improved the design and performance of sales- provoking uses. If you are looking
where molded "Lucite" comes in. this product tremendously. We expect a for more practical and profitable applica-
big volume increase in sales!" tions of your products, write us for an
You've seen the effects of corroding
acids on your own storage battery. Think introduction to "Lucite" and the other
And here's what Mr. Thomas Mason, famous Du Pont Plastics. Du Pont,
what a beating these "Lucite" parts get! President of the Thomas Mason Co.,
Not only biting acids and chemicals .. . Plastics Dept., Arlington, N. J.
molders of the "Lucite" parts, has to say: "Lucite" is Res- U. S. Pat. ®8.
but oil and gasoline fumes ... motor heat
... changing weather conditions!
Let Mr. Mosher, President of the
"The fact that `Lucite' had enough
strength and dimensional stability for
C PONS
Evelo Manufacturing Company, tell you
how this remarkable methyl methacrylate
resin plastic met this test:
this application was determined after
testing many plastic materials. And our
ability to mold pieces varying so in size CITE
-
M6. N a PAT. Orr.

ELECTRONICS August 1940 59

 in the same manner as the lens type
tube.
Naturally, the optical method does
not lend itself to tracking the target FRAU
F"HEOIIENCY METER
under conditions of poor or zero visi-
bility. Tracking of aircraft at night
by the optical method requires asso-
ciation of the tracking device with the
searchlight to obtain interlock of the
t't t't
SS 60 62
t

searchlight directing mechanism with CYCLES

the directing mechanism of the track-
ing device. This, of course, is accom-
plished by electrical interlock.
The Figure shows the circuit in a
simplified form for either the horizon-
tal or vertical planes of motion. The
complete circuit consists of two identi-
A Dependable
cal circuits of this form. The driving
motors are of the small shaded pole MINIATURE
induction type which is reversible by
A New Method switching an auxiliary winding. The FREQUENCY METER
of Protecting motors operate at about 3000 rpm and
include a gear reduction unit giv- FOR POWER FREQUENCIES
TWEEN 15 AND 500 CYCLES
- BE-
PER
Insulated Wires ing a drive shaft speed of about 4 rpm. SECOND
The drive shaft speed of the motor
Seamless ALUMINUM, COP- actuating the vertical motion of the Frahm Frequency Meters indicate by
telescope is somewhat lower. The the resonant vibration of accurately
PER or BRASS Tubing is tuned steel reeds, which hold their orig-
drawn over the wire or wires motor driving the telescope vertically
inal calibration for a very long time.
is attached to a stirrup in which the
in such a manner that any tube swings vertically. This stirrup Simple. Rugged. Unaffected by wave
kind of a bend can be made form or by ordinary voltage and tem-
itself rotates horizontally on a thrust perature changes. Wide range portable
and the ends easily trimmed. type ballbearing and the driving shaft and switchboard types also available.
of the second motor is coupled to a
CHECK THESE ADVANTAGES shaft which is an extension of this Write for Bulletin 1555 -E
stirrup. In effect, the motor driving
(1) The seamless metal shield gives
positive protection to the wire the telescope horizontally remains JAMES GBIDDLE CO.
against Corrosion, Abrasion, stationary while the motor driving the
Acids, Oils, Alkalies. Solvents telescope vertically swings in a hori-
etc. zontal plane with the telescope.
(2) It is compact. light in weight and The micro -sensitive relays in the
neat in appearance. plate circuit of the d -c amplifiers are
(3) Tubes made in any required wall
high -low current meter type relays
thickness. which operate to either side on increase
or decrease respectively of 0.1 milliam-
(4) Outside diameter of the tube can peres from the 10 milliamperes median
be held to close tolerances.
position. The group of controls marked
(5) Practically any number of wires C in the circuit drawing permit manip-
can be shielded by this method. ulation of the telescope by introducing
(6) Armor like protection gives added an artificial increase or decrease in the
stiffness, yet easily bent. normal 10 ma plate current value.
(7) Furnished in exact lengths, multi- J Motor Driven
ple lengths or random lengths.
J Inertia
(8) Has satisfactorily withstood the
severest kind of tests. J Dash Pot
A Fluorescent Lamp Thermal
J
SEND FOR FREE SAMPLES Voltage Stabilizer J Electronic
We invite your inquiries and will THE EDITORS ARE INDEBTED to Monroe J Capacitor

/tt
gladly forward an assortment of H. Sweet for the following description
samples for your inspection. . . . of a voltage stabilizer circuit developed
It isn't an accident
See what a practical product PRE- by him for use with a phototube amp- that the name Dunco
CISION'S Shielding is. See how lifier where very good regulation is re- stands symbolical of
easily the leads can be trimmed: try highest quality in the
quired. minds of the world's
out its bending qualities and ease of most discriminating
installation. users of Time Delay
Relays. It is the di-
rect result of years of
specialization; years
Ctv A D of close contact with
F=)Load all types of problems; plus the manu-
ÿR facture of a large, quality line which
lends itself to countless adaptions for
PRECISION TUBE CO. u
ci
1`)E
jQ
Ri specific timer applications. Dunco en-
gineers welcome the opportunity to
in accurately
Specialists drawn Seamless
ALUMINUM, COPPER and BRASS Tubing, in
the smaller sizes.
ó B
make suggestions. Dunco Relay Book
sent free.
5
200 OSBORN ST. PHILADELPHIA, PA. STRUTHERS DUNN, Inc.
H
Please send samples of your ca
1326 Cherry St., Philadelphia, Pa.
METAL SHIELDED WIRE to t:
Name
DUI1tOfCONTRRI,L`DEUItES
Firm Fig. 1- Simple voltage stabilizer using a "Tailor- made" for Discriminating Users
Address fluorescent lamp

60 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 SUCH POPULARITY IS DESERVED! =RIMINI=

Electronics' Circulation Increase

December 1935 8112 net paid subscribers
December 1936 10375 net paid subscribers
December 1937 12682 net paid subscribers
December 1938 13187 net paid subscribers
December 1939 14199 net paid subscribers
June 1940 14738 net paid subscribers

ELECTRONICS is the only technical publication devoted to the research, manufac-

turing and application of the electron tube.
Originated in 1930 to act as a clearing house for ALL electronic news, it has kept
abreast of all improvements and new uses of the vacuum tube. Now, over 14,000
subscribers testify to the help this month ly publication brings them in its regular
departments and special articles.
ELECTRONICS is the one publication that will keep you always up -to -date.

Regardless of the branch of electronics you are interested in, you need help to
keep informed of new products, new methods, new technique and new principals.
This fastest growing industry will continue to make enormous strides in new improve-
ments, new uses, and special equipment.

The foremost engineers of the country contr ibute their experience for ELECTRONICS'
readers. Each issue is a "March of Electronic Progress ". The information and data
contained in a year's subscription is worth many times the small subscription fee.
Not to know what is new and important today is fatal. ELECTRONICS will sup-
plement your own knowledge and will bring you information on new ideas, new
methods, new uses and new improvements quickly, accurately, and cheaply.

ELECTRONICS, 330 West 42nd St., New York City

This convenient coupon O. K. Enter my subscription for the monthly issues of ELECTRONICS for the
is for your use term checked below. Start with the current issue.

Fill it in and 3 years (é $10 2 years C $8 1 year ai $5

return it NOW Name Position

Address
Servicestarts immediately
and we'll bill you later City State

Company Product

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 () I

 In the circuit diagram, Fig. 1, the
fluorescent lamp is a 15 watt unit,

ONLY RELAY USERS

NEED TO READ THIS
Write today for Circular 1653Q.
It describes two amazing new Automatic
Electric relays with qualities and features The stabilizer may be assembled
possessed by no other low- priced relay. from readily -available parts
In three months, thousands have been pur-
chased in place of "cheap" relays. (Cost is and the reactor is a standard choke
the same.) Experience of users reveals these designed as a current -limiter for use
benefits: with 15 -watt lamps. Initially the volt-
age is applied to the lamp and reactor
1. Reduced assembly costs (relays are preadjusced) with switch S open. Thereafter the
2.
pressures-
More reliable operation (contacts have heavy
are "self- cleaning ") 3. More positive
action (armature restored by leaf-spring) 4. No
switch is closed. If the line voltage
rises the voltage across AB decreases,
over-heating (coil is "self- protecting ").
due to the negative voltage character-
istic of the lamp, whereas the voltage
Circular 1653Q explains these and many across the load at DE rises in propor-
other advantages, and gives prices; also tells tion to the rise in line voltage. The
why you can buy this higher -quality relay at
two shifts in voltage are combined by
closing the switch S. By adjusting the
no extra cost. Write today. resistor R, a balance position may be
found at which the voltage across DE
AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC and hence across the load circuit re-
v3 mains constant within to of one
Relay Makers Since 1898 per cent for line voltage variations
1033 W. Van Buren Street from 105 to 120 volts.
Chicago The action of the regulation is prac-
tically instantaneous, although sudden
surges are transmitted to the load, as
indicated by a meter connected across
the load circuit. The values of the re-
sistors R, and R, depend on the nature
of the load, hence must be calculated
or found by cut -and -try in each case.

teG/ow
starter
11 10) Load
,a
Ov
FREQUENCY CONTROL `O `
/
Tr
d [Z60v. a.c.,
4/6e, ° norma//y
.

c%sedre/ay

BLILEY Fig. 2-Circuit using a relay for

CRYSTAL automatic starting

The maximum load applied in Mr.

UNITS 20
Sweet's application is the heater drain
of four 6.3 -volt, 0.3 -amp tubes in
parallel. Figure 2 shows a variation
KC TO 30 MC of the circuit which eliminates the
necessity of using a manually operated
switch. A glow -type fluorescent lamp
--à)litt*frx '61-11 starter and relay are used to connect
the load circuit automatically when
the lamp starts.
While the amount of power which
may be supplied by this circuit is lim-
ited, the simplicity of the arrangement
BLILEY ELECTRIC COMPANY and the wide availability of the parts
make the stabilizer a useful device for
UNION STATION BUILDING applications requiring not more than
ERIE, PA. 10 to 15 watts of power.

62 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 operation would be ten cents per hour.
TUBES Now let us assume that this same tube
could be operated at 90 per cent of the
rated filament voltage. The theoretical
average life expectancy would be in-
creased to 16,000 hours and the unit
A discussion of factors governing the cost of operation would be reduced to
life of transmitting tubes and the listing two and one half cents per hour.
Tubes are designed to provide a cer-
of tubes, new and old, registered by the tain amount of emission at certain in-
put voltages. Obviously, if the whole
R. M. A. Data Bureau amount of emission designed into the
tube is not required it becomes possible
for the user to obtain more than the
life expectancy provided for in the de-
sign of the filament.
For the same reason as shown by
Obtaining Long savings made possible by reducing fila- the curves, an increase in tube life re-
ment voltages. sulting from a decrease in filament
Tube Life voltage must be accompanied by a de-
Filament Total Hours Unit Cost
LONGER TUBE LIFE means lower tube Voltage of Useful Life Per Hour crease in the available emission. The
costs. Find a way to increase the use- 90% 400% 25%
relationship 4f emission and theoretical
ful life of tubes in your equipment and 95% 194% 52% filament life appears in the curves.
the unit cost per hour of operation Normal 100% 100% 100% Reduction in filament voltages, there-
drops accordingly. This information 105% 50% 200% fore, are recommended only in conjunc-
concerning means of obtaining the long- 110% 26% 415% tion with reliable distortion measure-
est life from transmitting tubes is pre- ments because of the possible flattening
sented here through the courtesy of In other words, let us take a typical of positive peaks.
Tubes, published by Federal Telegraph example. Let us suppose a tube has a
Co., Newark, N. J.
rated filament voltage of 20 volts and
Many factors enter into the life of theoretical average life expectancy of Thoriated Tungsten Filaments
4000 hours. Let us assume further that
tubes. Of these the following are most the tube costs the station $400.00. If In the case of thoriated tungsten fila-
apparent: the tube were operated with 20 volts ments such as are commonly used in
1. Filament voltage. on the filament the life expectancy transmitting tubes of intermediate
2. Plate voltage. would be 4000 hours and the cost of sizes, these are operated at tempera-
3. Operating temperature.
4. Amount and nature of residual
gas in tube.
5. Number of times current is turned
on and off.
REPRODUCES EARTHQUAKES
6. Fatigue of metal parts.
Filament Voltage vs Filament Life
Fortunately the first mentioned fac-
tor, that of filament voltage, can be
controlled. As illustrated by the ac-
companying curves an extremely small
change in filament voltage results in a
considerable change in filament life.
The possibility of increasing tube life
by reducing filament voltage and con-
sequently filament temperature is the
result of the fact that bright tungsten
filaments may be operated at complete
saturation. In other words, peak cur-
rents amounting in value to the total
emission available may be drawn con-
tinuously without damage to the fila-
ments.
Obviously, the curves show theoreti-
cal filament life based on normal evap-
oration of filaments and apply to bright
tungsten filaments such as are gener-
ally used in water cooled tubes. While
they may not hold for every installa-
tion, the ratios or relationships may be
considered an average for a large num-
ber of tubes.
Note that the increase in life obtain-
able is considerable even at slightly Arthur C. Ruge, professor of engineering seismology at the
reduced filament voltages. For the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, operating a machine
same reason a correspondingly large which he developed to reproduce, in miniature, Ike tremors pro-
reduction in life results from even duced by earthquakes. The machine is used to enable engineers
to make careful and complete studies of the effects of earth
slightly increased filament voltages. shocks on buildings and to classify and compare quakes quanti-
tatively. The wave record of the quake, recorded as a wavy
Actual Savings Made Possible line is read by a phototube which converts the variations into
This may be shown in still another pulsating current, which in turn is converted into tremors simulat-
way and will serve to point out the ing those of the actual quake, but on a miniature scale

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 63

 tures of such degree that evaporation
is negligble. This means that the life
of the tube is not controlled by the re-
duction of the tungsten wire and can-
not be extended by operation at reduced
voltage as in the case of the water 136A
cooled tubes. 135-A
In thoriated tungsten filaments the
source of emission is a layer of thorium
ASbusiness paper publishers on the filament surface. During oper-
for over 50 years, Mc-
135-8 The No. 136 and
Graw -Hill is uniquely equip- 137 Series also
360
ped to offer complete, authori- have four types of
340 terminals with same
tative direct mail coverage of 320 terminal arrange-
Industry's major markets. Ex- C 300 ments as No. 135
treme accuracy is maintained Series. Made up in
'O 280 135 -C
panels of two or
(guaranteed to 98%) and E
tu
260 more terminals.
through careful analysis of C
240

140
markets, complete classification v 220 r-
200 rn
of companies and personnel, É 180 0
etc., the widest possible selec- z160
tions are available. Send for ó
handy reference folder "Hun-
Ig

-
120
dreds of Thousands of Rea- 00 Norma/ /ife Norma/emission
Our line of standard parts is constan'ly

sons Why" which describes

how McGraw -Hill Lists are
built and maintained.
á
80
60
40
20
= ó á
o
being increased to give you the most
complete service for Terminal Panels,
Terminals, Plugs, Socke's, etc. Spe:ials
also made to your blue print. Write for
new catalog today. Address Dept. 10.

What Fields Do You 0

90 95 100 105 10

Want to Reach?
Percentage of Rated Filament Voltage HOWARD B. JONES
Curves showing effect of filament 2300 WABANSIA AVENUE,
voltage on life and emission of CHICAGO ILLINOIS
Aviation Industry tubes
Bus & Transit Industries
Business Executives ation the thorium in this layer is con-
Chemical Process Industries stantly being removed by evaporation
and bombardment and is constantly be-
Civil Engineering & ing replenished from within the wire.
Construction In order to maintain the balance be-
Coal Mining tween the loss and replacement of an
Electrical Appliance Dealers active layer of thorium, therefore, re-
Electrical Contractors quires operation within a compara-
Electrical Industry tively narrow range of temperature.
Unusually short life may result,
Electrical Wholesalers from the operation of thoriated fila-
Food Industries ments much below or much above rated
Manufacturing Industries values. In consequence, it is essential
Metal Mining that the filament voltage be maintained
Metal Working Industries at all times within the specified tol-
Mill Supply Distributors erances provided in the ratings of the
various types of tubes.
Power Engineers This is highly important in the pro-
Product Engineers longation of the life of these tubes.
Radio Dealers & Wholesalers Within the narrow range of tempera- MILLEN
Radio Engineers ture just mentioned the emission avail-
Textile Industries able is quite critical with respect to
filament voltage. This is seen in the
ULTRA MIDGET
For further details, selections
from above basic classifica-
fact that a reduction of only 1 per cent
in voltage causes a loss of approxi-
CONDENSERS
Lions, counts, prices, etc., or mately 5 per cent in emission. are now available in double spaced
estimates on special lists . . . Unlike bright tungsten filaments, models for capacities up to 35 mmfd
ask any representative or thoriated tungsten filaments should and single spaced models up to 140
write to never be operated at or near satura- mmfd. Single and double bearing
tion. In other words, the peak currents types with and without rear shaft ex-
Ci MAIL DIVISION drawn should not exceed more than one - tension. Illustrated is #20935, double
McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING CO. half of the maximum of which the fila-
330 W. 42nd STREET NEW YORK, N. Y.
ment is capable of emitting. These spaced 35 mmfd. Net price $.85.
filaments are, therefore, designed to "Designed for Application"
. . . Complete Lists Covering provide at least double the emission
that would be needed in any normal
Industry's Major Markets class of operation.
Mercury vapor rectifier tubes with M
oxide coated filaments are designed to

64 August 1940- ELECTRONICS

n1))rate trnil)urathres.
aain Very short lif(. nlaZ
rt,sult 1.10111
I)oratin theso thh<LS oithtr hot t,) or
colder than the tchil), raturc si)(citicl.
In or)lcr °o
uhos. tlu(r,forv.
filanunt volta,c't
D2Dt1

!1
nut of that.
is (.ssthtial th;+.t th(
hiaihtain,tI ,.clthin
COILS
icn
e. ah lt.
the ran;;». slxecifi)(l f(0r t)
Electrical Windings

Tube Registry A COMPETENT and ex-

Tube Types Registered by R.M.A. Data perienced organization de-.
Bureau During June 1940 voted to the design and
manufactJre of coil wind-
Type 6U6GT
BEAM deflection power amplifier; heater
type; (T-9) glass envelope; seated
ings.
Paper interlayer sections
form wound and bobbin
-
height, 2i inches (max) ; 7 -pin, inter-
mediate shell octal base. wound coils.
En = 6.3 y
In = 0.75 :unp
Fn = 200 y (max) Equipped for prompt production on quantity or small orders.
E,, = 135 y (max)
E,, = -
14 y REPRESENTATIVES
In° =56Ina
3 ma W. A. JORDAN PARAGON SALES CO.
6200 micronthe 295 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y. (C. H. Fryburg)
= 20,000 ohms 402 Cherry St., Philadelphia, Pa.
(approx) GILBERT GIISLASON A. J. LOEB SALES CO.
if, = 3000 ohms
P.O. = 5.5 watts (10%p) 82 St. Paul St., Rochester, N. Y. 1836 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio
a Peak input signal
equal to Nias
Basing 7 AC -0-0 MAGNETIC WINDINGS COMPANY
Sixteenth and Butler Streets EASTON. PENNA.

TALKING STONES AT MEASUREMENTS CORPORATION PRESENTS

THE WORLD'S FAIR ANOTHER NEW LABORATORY INSTRUMENT
OF 1940

THE MODEL 71 SQUARE WAVE GENERATOR

Among the unusual applications of The first complete instrument, bringing convenience and ease of operation to the new
radio principles to be found at rapid technique of determining phase and frequency characteristics of all audio and
the World's Fair in New York are video amplifiers, filters, attenuators, Dines, etc.
houses that speak in synchroni- Self- contained oscillator covers the fundamental range of 10 to 100,000 cycles. Output
zation with the opening of their stage transmits sidebands beyond 5 mc for television testirg. 150 volt peak to peak
doors and flagstones which protest output, with attenuator. Self -contained modulator stage for producing r.f. square waves
painedly when stepped on. Heart for receiver testing. Power line operation. Price $160. with tubes.
of the talking flagstone, one of Other instruments in our laboratory line include:
which is shown opened, is a com- Model 54- Signal Generator. 100 kc to 25 mc, one volt output $485
plicated system of phonograph re- Model 65-Signal Generator. 100 kc to 25 mc, two volts output, internal modulating
cordings and controls which produce amplifier $650
the desired conversation. Under the
talking -flagstone is this electrical Write or phone for complete details on any of these instruments
contact apparatus which starts the
conversation, which comes from a MEASUREMENTS CORPORATION Boonton, N. J.
loudspeaker located underneath a BOONTON 8 -1346
nearby grill

ELECTRONICS -- August 1940 65

 GandGT
Designations
A NUMBER of tubes now have double
designations of both the G and GT
series. Any of these tubes will replace
both the G and GT versions of these
general tube types. Both the electrical
and dimensional characteristics are de-

`vi,!xl411
fined by the data given in the an-
nouncement of the GT versions.
The location in Electronics of each
announcement is given below.
1A5GT -1A5G Feb 1940 page 52
1C5GT -1C5G Feb 1940 page 52
RELAYS ARE DEPENDABLE 1G4GT -1G4G Nov 1939 page 69
1G6GT-1G6G Nov 1939 page 69
1Q5GT -1Q5G Feb 1940 page 53
5W4GT -5W4G Nov 1939 page 73
6K6GT -6K6G June 1940 page 80
6V6GT -6V6G Nov 1939 page 69
6X5GT -6X5G June 1940 page 76

Tube Types Registered by R.M.A. Data

Bureau During 1937

Weighs only
4 ounces.
Alsi mag
insulation. Types 6U5 & 6G5
e There's no weak spot in a Kurman treating of magnet frame, coil winding TUNING indicator, heater type, (T -9)
precision control relay. Every phase of and assembly -and finally before eacn
construction is carefully checked -chem- relay leaves the assembly line it is glass envelope, seated height (max)
ical analysis of magnetic material, heat carefully tested and inspected. 3 9/16 inches, 6 -pin base.
KURMAN ELECTRIC CO., Inc., 241 LAFAYETTE ST., NEW YORK
Eh=6.3v
Is = 0.3 amp
Es = 250 v
Ee.,o.e = 250 vii
It =10.24 ma
/woe = 4.5 ma
Basing 6-R

Type 6S5
CATHODE-RAY tuning indicator, heater
type, (ST -12) glass envelope, 4i inches
long, 6 -pin base.
EA = 6.3 v
Is = 0.3 amp
E,0,0., = 250 v
E .... grid = 135

Sound testing chamber for calibrating E, =0v

It.,o,t = 2!ma
microphones and other acoustic devices Illuminated angle = 300°
at Bell Telephone Laboratories.
E, =
Iese
-8v
= 0 ma
Illuminated angle = 0°
Basing 6-R

Acoustic Instruments you can trust! Type 6X6 (G)

Acoustic measuring and testing You can count on Erpi acoustic equip- indicator tube, heater
CATHODE -RAY
equipment is valuable onlyto the ment for precision performance under
constant use. type, (ST -12) glass envelope, 4 inches
extent of the precision with which it is long, 8 -pin octal base.
calibrated. This accuracy must be For further details, write our Engi-
neering Laboratories. Es = 6.3 v
maintained through constant use. Is =0.3amp
All Erpi acoustic equipment is cali- E t.,o.e = 250
E.... o.;a = 135 v
brated from standards supplied by Bell Electrical Research Products Inc.
SUBSIDIARY OF E, =Ov
Telephone Laboratories. It is backed A
Iearot = 2 ma
by the long experience and continuing Western Electric Illuminated angle = 300°
research of Bell Telephone Laborato- 195 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, N Y E, = -8v
Zt.ro.t = 0 ma
ries, and is made by Western Electric. Engineering Laboratories: 76 Varick Street, New York
Illuminated angle = 0°
Basing 7AL

66 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 Type 6AC6 (G)
DIRECT coupled power amplifier, heater
type, glass envelope, '7-pin octal base.
En = 6.3 v
Ih =1.1amp PORTABLE
Eh (input) = 180
Eh ((output) = 180
v
v
0 MNICATIOIS
(max)
E. =0v RECEIVER
Ih (input) = 7 ma
Io (output) = 45 ma Model'S-2S Sky Traveler oper-
rn = 18000 ohms ates',on 11-0 volt AC or DC' or
Ri = 4000 ohms
P. = 3.8 watts (10%) frpm:self- conrained batteries.
Basing 7-W Covers Iron 542 kc to 30.5 t}rnc
(853 to meters) on 4 bands.
I3üiLtsrt collapsible antenna ex-
Type 6A5 (G) tends to 3 E-eet_ Battery life pro-
amplifier triode, heater type,
louged thr.,igh se j- contaihted
POWER ch:Iging cis-uit Automatic noise'-_
(ST -16) glass envelope, seated height
4 inches, 8 -pin octal base.
- tn3lter, electrical bandspread
built -in spez ker, etc. $59.50 NE
. .;

SCRATCHY? Eh
Eh
Zh
=6.3sr
= 1.0 amp
=250v
Remler Attenuators assure s- m- o -o -t -h
E. =
Ih = 60 ma
-
45 v

mixing . . . completely eliminate r,, = 800 ohms

gm = 5250 µmhos
"scratch." Silver blades on silver µ =4.2
Basing 6-T
taps (.030" solid silver) machined
to precision. "floated"
bearings. Self- cleaning soft thin
silver oxide automatically wipes off
- on ball -

with blade! Always quiet, even

Type 6Y7 (G)
in low -level circuits. For complete DOUBLE triode power amplifier, heater
specifications write: type (ST -12), glass envelope, seated
height 3156 inches, 8 -pin octal base.

REMLER COMPANY, Ltd. Eh =6,3v

Ih = 0.6 amp
Eh = 250 v
19th at Bryant San Francisco E. =0v
Ih (zero signal) = 10.5
a CHIJAGO,U.,S A.-
Rr (plmate to plate) =
USED BY 33 3Q:VER4i S
14000 ohms
P. = 8.0 watts
Basing 8 -B SOLD IN 89-
1

COU
As business paper SOUND CHANGED TO
publishers for over
fifty years, McGraw -Hill is uniquely ORDER
equipped to offer complete, authoritative
direct mail coverage of Industry's major
markets. Extreme accuracy is maintained
(guaranteed to 98 %) and through careful
analysis of markets, complete classifica-
tion of companies and personnel, etc., the
widest possible selections are available.
Send for handy reference folder, "Hun-
dreds of Thousands of Reasons Why'
which describes how McGraw -Hill Lists
are built and maintained.

What Fields Do You Want to Reach?

Aviation
Bus & Electric Railways
Civil Engineering and Construction
Administrative Executives
Gilbert Wright, inventor of the Sono -
tet% DIRECTI"ON%
Electrical Dealers & Wholesalers
Mill Supply Houses
Power Services
vox, demonstrating his device for
changing sound, such as that of a
FINDER
Product Engineering 6 Design
Production and Maintenance buzz saw, a high wind, or music Model S -30 Radio Compass. trd`
Radio Dealers & Wholesalers into spoken English. It will be es- Direction Finder covers from :2.0i)
Radio Engineering 6 Design
to 3000 kc .(1 `4)6 to 100 meters)

`
pecially useful in movie cartoon
For further details, selections from work and in making foreign ver- on 3 bancs -- Beacon, Broadcast
above bask classifications, counts,
prices, etc., or estimates on special lists sions of American films. The type and Marne. rias provision for ex-
. . . ask any representative or write to of sound to be modified into the ternal3pertèr. Welded aluminum
spoken word comes from the record cabiaet" ho.i3er the receiver and
S(t MAIL DIVISION....
in the background and is applied sup¢:o fife rotatable I2 -inch loop
McGRAW-HILL PUBLISHING CO. by means of the cylinders, to the a{fteit3a. P Per supply in separate
330 w.,2n, STREIT NM 101f, M. V operators throat. The operator then b4fiet- .A3eri_tes from 6 volts.
speaks and modifies the sound from 19'9.1%5 :1I16-T
the record into spoken words

-
Complete Lists Covering Industry's Major Markets

ELECTRONICS August 1910 67

 Type 5W4 (G) Type 6V6 (G)
HIGH vacuum full wave rectifier, fila- BEAM power amplifier, heater type,
ment type, (ST -12) glass envelope. (ST -14) glass envelope, seated height
seated height 3V1 inches, 5 -pin octal 4 lug inches, 7-pin octal base.

COUNTS MOST base.

Es = 6.3 y
!s = 0.45 amp
R, =5.0v
...AND COSTS LESS = I.5
>NDENSER INPUT
amps
Es =250v
= 250 v
E, = -
12.5 y
TO FILTER /s(zero signal) = 43
WITH E. (per plate) = 350 una
= 4.5
v (max) !,(zero signal)
Id, = 100 nsa (mas) ma
('IIOKE INPUT TO R, = 5000 ohms
FI LTER P., = 4.5 watts 18%)
E,,, (per plate) = 500 Basing 7 -AC
v. (max)
Id, = 100 rna (max)
Edon (Is, = I(NI ma)
= 4:iv
Basing 5 -T

Type 6W5 (G)

Ask the full wave rectifier,
HIGH vacuum
Engineers Who Type 6T7 (G) heater type, (ST -12) glass envelope,
Use T hem! seated height 3 ;,, inches, 6 -pin octal
DOUBLE diode, high mu triode, heater base.
type, (ST -12) glass envelope, seated Es =6.3v
height 3 }1 inches, 7 -pin octal base. Is = 0.9amp
Exhaustive field tests first proved CONDENSER INPUT
that Lingo "Tube'. radiators give TO FILTER
E. (per plate) = 325
within 3% of the 100% efficient v Imax)
Es = 6.3 y
system at heights as low as 0.15 Is =0.15amp = 90 nsa (max)
wave length. But Lingo's ability Es = 250 y ('HOKE INPUT TO
to consistently deliver this plus E. = -3.Ov FILTER
Is = 1.2 ma e., (per plate) = 450
performance has been proved µ = 65 v (max)
beyond question by actual results q = 1050 Id, = 90 ma (nsax)
from installations throughout the Basing 7-V Id..e(Id, = 9(ltrial =
24 y
country. One enthusiastic engi- Basing 6 -S
neer writes: . . the radiation
efficiency of the Lingo Antenna
System is higher than that of any
other radiator in broadcast serv-
ice." Lingo Radiators are out-
standing in design because the IMAGE OF ELECTRONS IN ACTION
seamless steel tubing ls a uniform
and narrow cross section through-
out. They provide low base ca-
pacitance; high characteristic im-
pedance; practically sinusoidal
current distribution. Lingo Ra-
diators have an unequalled record
of stability and not only are
moderately priced, but mainte-
nance costs are neglible.

Write for Further Information

We will be glad fo send a descrip-
tive brochure and furnish free infor-
mation based on facts that would
apply in your own case. In writing
please give location, power and fre-
quency of station.

JOHN E. LINGO
& SON, Inc.
Dept. E -8, CAMDEN, N. J.

I LICENSED MANUFACTURERS OF
PATENTED TURNSTILE
ANTENNAS FOR F. M.

LINGO Dr. L.
of
1. Berberich, Westinghouse research engineer. projects an image
electrons entering a salt crystal. The heart -shaped cloud effect is
formed by electrons entering the crystal which has been heated to a
temperature of 1200 F. The electrons reveal their presence as a
reddish mass, as their vibrations absorb all but the red and violet
colors of white light passed through the crystal

68 August 19-10 -- ELECT R1 )\I(.ti

Type 2X3 (G)
HIGH vacuum half wave rectifier, fila-
ment type (ST -12), glass envelope, S-
pin octal base. Two tubes with fila-
f°7--,tifET
ments in series are equivalent to one
type 80 tube.
Ef =2.5v
Ir = 2.0 amps
MOLYBDENUM
TUNGSTEN
TWO TUBES WITH
FILAMENTS IN
SERIES
CONDENSER INPUT
TO FILTER
E.. = 350 v (max)
Ia. = 125 ma (max)
CHOKE INPUT TO and ALLOYS for the Electronics Industry
FILTER
E.. = 500 v (max)
Ia, = 125 ma (max)
Edr.p (Id.; = 125 ma)
= 60 v
GLASS TO ME:TAr. SEALS
Basing 4 -X
Especially finished and polished Tungsten and Moly h-
Type 1J5 (G) denum rods to meet the requirements of this important
field of vacuum engineering.
POWER amplifier pentode, filament
type, (ST -14) glass envelope, seated Molybdenum. if treated and finished for this purpose, is
height 4114 inches, 7 -pin octal base. easy to work and is most economical.
Ef =2.Ov Our Tungsten and Molybdenum are perfectly homo-
If= 0.12 amp geneous and are free from flaws and cracks.
E b = 135 v
Er. = 135 v
Er =
Ib =7.0ma
-16.5 v
Lz = 2.0 ma
R, = 13,500 ohms
P. = 0.45 watts
AMERICAN ELECTRO METAL
Basing 6 -X CORPORATION
Research Laboratory and Office: 320 YONKERS AVE., YONKERS, N. Y.
Factory: LEWISTON, MAINE
Type 1G5 (G)
Cable Address: Cutanit Yonkers NewYork Telephone: Marble 7-9511.
POWER amplifier pentode, filament type
(ST -14), glass envelope, seated height
4-1g inches, 7 -pin octal base.
Ef =2.0v
If= 0.12 amp
Eb = 135 v (max)
= 135 v (max)
E.= -13.áv
Ib (zero signal) = 8.7
ma
Ire (zero signal) = 2.5
ma
R, = 9000 ohms
P. = 550 milliwatt.
(11 %)
Basing 6-X HIGHLY EFFECTIVE
in
Type 6C8 (G)
triode amplifier, heater type, Temperetu-e Ranges
-
DOUBLE
(ST -12) glass envelope, seated height
336 inches, 8 -pin octal base.
from 40° C. to + 75° C.
F.b =6.3v
Ib = 0.3 amp
EACH TRIODE
Eb =250v
E. = -4.5v
Ib =3.2ma
r, = 22500 ohms
s = 36
o. = 1600 µmhos
Basing 8 -G HEINEMANN
Type 5T4 Circuit Breakers
HIGH vacuum full wave rectifier, fila- Now Operating Satisfactorily in
ment type, metal envelope, seated Instrument Landing Equipment for Airports
height, 34 inches, 5 -pin octal base. made by International Telephone Development Co., Inc
Ef =5.Ov Any rating or spilt rating from 250
If = 2.0 amps They say, "These were the only breakers we could milliamperes to 35 amperes Instan-
CONDENSER INPUT obtain for operation in temperatures between taneous operation an short circuits and
TO FILTER
E.. (per plate) = 450
-40° and -x-75° C." Fully electro magnetic and dangerous overloads Immediate re-
closing after device has opened on over-
v (max) small in size, they give positive built-in protection load or short circuit
of tubes
Increases life
Reduces expensive replace-
la. =
225 ma (max) at low cost. Write for full information. ments.
CHOKE INPUT TO
FILTER
E.. (per plate) = 550
v (max)
HEINEMANN CIRCUIT BREAKER CO.
r,. = 225 ma (max)
Ea..p (la. = 225 ma)
= 45 v
97 PLUM ST. - - - - TRENTON, N. J.
Basing 5 -T

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 69

 of the DEPENDABILITY of Type 25L6
, a,AV s. S. WNITE MOLDED RESISTORS metal
BEAM power amplifier,
envelope, seated
inches, 7 -pin octal base.
heater type,
height 2 }i

Eh = 25.0 v
In = 0.3 amp
ab = 110 v (max)
E.s = 110 v (max)
E. = -7 .5 v
Is(zero signal) = 49
ma
I,s(zero signal) = 4
TYPE 65X ma
Ri = 2000 ohms
Actual Size P. = 2.2 watts (10%)
Basing 7-AC
Other types available in
the lower values

S. S. WHITE MOLDED your l sets. Type 6H5

st in usez our cosmict years ve o CATHODE -RAY indicator tube, heater
RESISTORS We or
TheY alti-
resistors sed sever, on us. et an
type (ST -12), glass bulb, seated height
are available in the following com- obra 3Aa inches, 6 -pin octal base.
prehensive range.
They were gone
ne ; eß It.
Evans
s vehere ve
STANDARD RANGE- and not tents and in boxes Es =6.3v
used in
1000 Ohms
to Megohms. tr&tUres. In = 0.3 amp
-
10
14,260 highh Es =250v
NOISE TESTED At
slight addi-
tional cost, resistors in the standard
38
tude °d very Ee.r..r = 250 v
Imro.e = 4.5 ma
range are supplied noise tested to have E.(zero shadow angle)
the following standard: For the com-
plete audio frequency range, resistors
= -22 v
E.(90n shadow angle)
Part of a letter from the De-
shall have less noise than corresponds
partment of Physics, University
=0v
to a change of resistance of I part Basing 6 -R
in 1,000,000." of Denver, ordering more high
HIGH VALUES- IS Megohms to value resistors.
1,000,000 Megohms.
Full details in RESISTOR BULLETIN 37.
Copy, with price list, mailed on
Type 6AB6 (G)
request.

S. S. WHITE coupled power amplifier, heater

DIRECT
type (ST -12), glass envelope, 7 -pin
octal base.
The S. S. White Dental Mfg. Co.
Es = 6.3 y
INDUSTRIAL DIVISION In = 0.5 amp
Es(output) = 250 v
Department R, East 40th St.. New York, N. Y.
(max)
10 Eu(input) = 250 v
(max)
E. =Ov
ID(output) = 34 ma
/b(input) = 4 ma
Rs = 8000 ohms
P. = 3.5 watts (10 %)
Basing 7-AU -0-0

--- l ;,
a
Input Voltage Output Vol
aryringV

5 130 VOLTS
Constant
115 VOLTS .E1
CLAIM RADIO RAY
<- KILLS CANCER GERM

INSTANTANEOUS ACTION NO MOVING PARTS

When a precision electrical device or critical process is powered from

a

an AC line, a Raytheon Voltage Stabilizer will permanently eliminate

all of the detrimental effects caused by AC line voltage fluctuations.
Made for all commercial voltages and frequencies, single or three phase.

Raytheon's twelve years of experience in successfully applying the

Stabilizer to hundreds of perplexing voltage fluctuation problems is at

your service. It will pay you to take advantage of our engineering skill. Royal Raymond Rife, left, inventor,
and Philip Hoytland, co- worker,
Write for Bulletin DL48 -71 JE describing Raytheon Stabilizers. claim that the instrument which they
are examining generates a high -
frequency radio "ray" which "kills
germs that cause cancer." The de-
RAYTHEON MANUFACTURING CO. vice was recently demonstrated at
loo Willow Street, WALTHAM, Massachusetts the California State Homeopathic
Medical Association convention

70 August 1940 ELECTRONICS

 nary direct conversation, but could
hear loud speech, telephonic conversa-
tions or speech amplified by other
THE ELECTRON ART means; (4) partial deafness, stage 3
-the person who has experienced dif-
ficulty in hearing ordinary telephonic
conversation, but could hear speech
by means of amplifiers such as tele-
Among the subjects reviewed in the phone amplifiers, electrical hearing
aids, etc.; (5) total deafness for speech
technical literature are the optimum -the person who could not understand
number of scanning lines in a television speech under any circumstances, even
by means of amplifiers, but the impair-
system, factors influencing hearing aid ment was acquired after the person
had learned to speak language by
design, amplidyne generators and induc- ordinary methods of training; (6) deaf
mutes-the person who was born deaf
tance measurement at high frequencies or acquired severe deafness at such an
early age that he did not learn to speak
language by ordinary means. The
characteristics of these various stages
Optimum Number of handicaps in hearing speech under of deafness are discussed and the re-
everyday conditions. quirements of a satisfactory hearing
Lines for Television The hearing abilities of persons are aid are described. A thoroughly ex-
AN ARTICLE ENTITLED "A Determina- divided into six groups as follows: tensive bibliography of the literature
tion of Optimum Number of Lines in a (1) normal hearing for speech-the on this subject is given.
Television System" by R. D. Kell, A. person who has never experienced dif-
V. Bedford and G. L. Fredendall, ap- ficulty of any kind with his hearing;
pears in the July 1940 issue of the (2) partial deafness, stage 1 -the per-
RCA Review. The most satisfactory son who has experienced difficulty in Amplidyne Generators
operation of a television system is ob- hearing at the theater, in church or at
tained when the horizontal resolution a conference of five or six persons, but THE PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRONIC engi-
and vertical resolution of the resulting who could understand direct conversa- neering and the principles of the
picture are approximately equal. A tion satisfactorily; (3) partial deaf- engineering of rotating electrical equip-
test subject of a single abrupt transi- ness, stage 2 -the person who has ex- ment have been merged in the design
tion in brightness is used to determine perienced difficulty in hearing ordi- of a new dynamo electric amplifier
curves of horizontal and vertical reso-
lution. The line of transition is placed
perpendicular to the scanning lines for
the analysis of horizontal resolution MODEL BATTLEFIELD
and nearly parallel to the lines for the
analysis of vertical resolution. The
picture repetition rate is also consid-
ered in this discussion. The advan-
tages and disadvantages of the three
frame rates of 15, 24 and 30 per
second are discussed. The authors usê
the highest frame rate, 30 per sews
interlaced, in this discussion. It is con-
cluded that for a maximum radio fre-
quency signal of 4.5 Mc the optimum
number of scanning lines is between
441 and 507 lines at 30 frames per
second.

Hearing Aid Design Factors

THE FACTORS INFLUENCING the design
of hearing aids are discussed in the
July 1940 issue of the Journal of the
Society of Motion Picture Engineers
by Willis C. Beasley in an article en-
titled "Partial Deafness and Hearing -
Aid Design." Despite the gradual, but
continuous improvement in the per-
formance characteristics of hearing
aids during the past fifteen years, the
available units are far from satisfac-
tory to a partially deaf person. The To provide practice in aerial maneuvers. a model battle field has
author describes briefly a coordinated been built for the U. S. Army. An observer with telescope may
research program which will overcome be seen at the left, a radio operator in the foreground who relays
the first obstacles in relieving this sit- observations to the center of firing directions on another floor,
uation. The greater portion of this two gunners on the platform awaiting orders and. in the back-
article is devoted to a description of ground an airplane observer. The model is buik to scale to
and the presentation of data concern- simulate actual conditions and is used to train soldiers for the
ing the several degrees of practical defense of this country

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 71

 rasa ABOVE ALL, known as the Amplidyne Generator.
This new control instrument was de-
ian and W. M. Brubaker. The success-
ful operation of mercury -arc tubes de-
veloped to meet new control functions pends to a great extent upon the vapor
in industry where a high rate of ampli-
OLy4 fication must be combined with quick
density being kept low, at least in the
vicinity of the anodes. In mercury -arc
and accurate response. A group of tubes vapor is continuously evaporated
CAPACITORS three articles appearing in the March
1940 issue of the General Electric Re-
view, discuss its design and applica-
from the surface of the mercury-pool
cathode. It is re- condensed upon con-
densing surfaces which are kept cool
tions. They are "The Amplidyne gen- either by water or air circulation. The
XL
erator-A Dynamoelectric Amplifier vapor density in the tubes thus de-
pends upon the dynamic balance be-
TRANSOIL
For Load axis
Permanent
Filters Load 50
240
Short - Power flux
circuit produced by '47 30
axis short-circuit
current +- 20
XD, XC
TRANSOIL
for Filters
and Bypass
Load-com-
pensating
winding
Mm Load
L I0
av 00
-60 -120 -180 -240
Control Potential of Condenser
winding with Respect to Cathode

ontro/
Con' flux
Curve showing effect of maintain-
ing mercury condenser at a nega-
Diagram showing principle of op- tive potential
XA, XH eration of the Amplidyne Generator
MICA
Oscillator
for Power Control" by E. F. W. Alex - tween the evolution at the cathode and
Tank Circuits
anderson, M. A. Edwards and K. K. the removal of vapor by condensation
Bowman, "Design Characteristics of at the condensing surfaces.
Amplidyne Generators" by Alec Fisher, It has been assumed that all mercury
and "Industrial Applications of Amp - atoms reaching the condensing sur-
lidyne Generators" by D. R. Shoults, faces would be condensed. It was some-
XR, XS M. A. Edwards and F. E. Crever. what of a shock when attention was
This new control device is a two - called to the fact that only extremely
MICA stage amplifier incorporated into one clean condensing surfaces have high
Tank Circuits.
R. F. Bypass dynamoelectric machine. In its physi- condensing efficiency. Even the slight-
cal structure it resembles the Winter - est contamination, quite unavoidable
Eichberg motor, the Rosenberg gener- in practical tubes, reduces the con-
ator and the Pestarini metadyne, densing efficiency to very low values.
characterized by a pair of short -cir- The authors describe an experiment
cuited brushes at right angles to the
XM. XQ power brushes. Its functions, however,
MICA are quite different. The first stage of
Coupling. Blocking
amplification is from the control field 25
R. F. Bypass to the short -circuited brushes, and the
second stage from the short -circuited
brushes to the power brushes. A high
ratio of amplification of the order of
10,000 to 1 can be obtained by this sys-
tem. The first mentioned article dis-
cusses the electronic analog and some
of the characteristics of the Amplidyne
Generator. Mr. Fisher's article ex-
plains the operation of the instrument .."4
and its operating characteristics under
various conditions. The third article
discusses the various methods of ap- 0
plication to industrial operation. 0 10 20 30 40 50
Actual installations of the Amplidyne Hours After Beginning of Test
Generator in a wide variety of applica
tions are also described. Comparison of nickel and steel con-
XT
OIL denser surfaces over a short period
TUBULAR
Wax -Molded Mercury Condensation which they performed to determine the
Paper Tubular in Rectifiers condensing efficiency on various sur-
faces under different conditions.
Write for AN ARTICLE OF INTEREST to those con- The following conclusions were
New Engineering Data Sheets cerned with the design of mercury - reached as a result of this experiment.
on Your Letterhead arc rectifiers is to be found in the July Water cooled steel surfaces operating
1940 issue of Electrical Engineering. under conditions similar to those in a
SOLAR MFG. CORP., It is "Condensation of Mercury in practical steel tank rectifier have very
Bayonne, New Jersey Mercury-Arc Tubes," by Joseph Slep- low condensing efficiency for mercury,

72 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 usually less than 10 per cent. Opera-
tion at a negative potential with its SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC
resultant positive ion bombardment
16 TIMES MORE causes great increase in the condens-
ing efficiency. The efficiency of nickel
AC VOLTMETER

POWER GAIN surfaces is usually several times as

large as that for steel surfaces. Posi-
MODEL 300

,J ç
c

SfeeY $
he
sen alioual new
TOP LOADED ANTENNA*
You'll find this new antenna u definite
step ahead for portable and mobile equip-
ment both receivers and transmitters.
The ideal antenna for patrol applications
on the low frequencies. 10 watts trans-
mitter power will give an excellent signal
over a 25 mile radius. This new Wunder -
lich Controlled Current Antenna will give
a power gain of 16 times (12 db) over the New operating principle.
conventional base -loaded fish pole type. Comparison of nickel and steel con-
It is especially effective in the 1000 to densers over a testing period of 10- 150,000 cycles.
6000 kc spectrum. Radio engineers are 32 days 1 millivolt to 100 volts in five
invited to write for more information...
there's no obligation. ranges (to 1,000 and 10,000
tive ion bombardment of the condens- volts with multiplier).
WUNDERLICH
Current Antenna
sing surfaces of an 8,000 -volt d-c, 25
ampere single phase ignitron rectifier
Logarithmic voltage scale
and uniform decibel scale.
Controlled greatly improved its operation. Simi-
communications lar treatment of a 3,000 volt, 200 -am- A -C operation, 115 or 230
Address off INC.
WUNDERLICH Ró pere single phase rectifier however, volts, 50 -60 cycles (rack
produced no improvement in perfor- mounting and battery -oper-
SOUTH SAN
FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

vwvwvvvvvwYwwvwwv
New
l'at. applied for.

t mance.

1940 VERSION OF THE

ated models also available).
Permanent calibration, unaf-
fected by variation in line
voltage, tubes, etc. Accuracy
2%.
POCKET RADIO Can also be used as an ampli-
LEACH RF RELAY fier (70 DB gain) flat to 100,-
000 cycles.

MODEL 505
ARTIFICIAL. EAR

* Glazed g196 AISiMag insulation.

* Pure silver contacts.
* Heat- treated and nickel -plated beryllium
copper pole pieces.
* Can be supplied with third pole center,
ei her normally -open, normally -closed, or For use with Model 300 Voltmeter for
double- throw. measurements of the efficiency and fre-
* Cushioned top contacts can be supplied quency response characteristics of tele-
when specified.
phone receivers and hearing aids. Com-
* Ideal for low power radio transmitters, such prises rubber enclosed auricular cavity
as police cars, aircraft, e:c.
* AU circuits are above ground.
and canal, acoustical resistance and a
microphone to indicate the acoustical
* Either AC or DC input, as required. Gilbert Brown, of Hol'.ywood, dem- pressure developed. Suitable for both
Write for descriptive literature. research and production testing.
onstrating how the four -tube radio
LEACH RELAY COMPANY which he built, can be carried in Write for Bulletin 6A
5915 AVALON BLVD. the pocket of a business suit. The
LOS ANGELES, CALIF. miniature receiver is 61/4 inches
Lawrence and Lamon Aves.
Chicago, III.
long, 33/4 inches wide, 13/4 inches Ballantine Laboratories, Inc.
deep and weighs 11/2 lbs. It is
15 E. 26th st. BOONTON
New York, N. Y. equipped with antenna and batteries NEW JERSEY
sufficient for 100 hours of operation

ELECTRONICS August 1940

 Loudspeakers Speed by John F. Atkinson and Harold W.
Kelley, which appears in the April
Production 1940 issue of Electric Light and Power.
HOW A LOUDSPEAKER COMMUNICATION
Manmade interference is divided into
two groups, interference originating
SYSTEM ties together the departments
on or near consumer premises and that
of the S. C. Johnson & Son plant originating on power lines. The first
in synchronizing production flow, type is usually caused by electrical ap-
straightening out tangles before they paratus containing small motors, vi-
brators and thermostats. Therapy ma-
chines are also the cause of interfer-
ence. Worn extension cords and
broken plugs that do not make solid
connections produce noise and, of
course, faulty radio sets are the cause
Series I of a large number of complaints.
A NEW Power line interference caused a
variety of defects in the line such as
full size defective pin -type insulators, loose tie
inuitirange wires and pole hardware, defective
A. C.
transformers, transformer bushings,
AMMETER lightning arrestors and cutouts, and
for all line
corona on wires and insulators.
frequencies Because of the loop antenna included
25 to 60
in the portable receiver its reception is
cycles
highly directional in character. By ro-
8 Ranges to 60 AMPERES; 0300- 600-1200 Milliam-
tating the receiver until the signal
peres; 0.3- 6-1230 -60 Amperes. All ranges terminate' Loudspeaker unit located in freight from the interference is loudest, the
at INDIVIDUAL ?9" heavy duty bakelite insulated
Extra large 46i" meter -2% ac-
car to provide instant communica- direction to its source is indicated.
binding posts.
curate-wide window opening and large scale nu- tion with shipping or production With a little experience an operator
merals for rapid easy reading. Direct Reading departments can determine by listening to the inter-
on 25 to 80 cycles lines by use of a speciallydesigned. ference the nature of its source and
over -size current transformer. Ideal tor: the labora-
tory, production line, maintenance department and can cause tie -ups, and helping to get quickly locate it.
repair shop -motors, radio receivers and transmit-
ters, electrical appliances. refrigeration. air condi- orders shipped faster, is described in
tioning, etc. an article by James Collier, in the
Series "J " -P illustrated). in hardwood portable c July 1940 issue of Factory Manage-
with tool compartment and removable hinged cove
Size 9 x 10 x 6. Net Price
ment and Maintenance. It is entitled, Measurement of True Induct-
$19
Series 'T'-L in open type hardwood portable c
"Loudspeakers Keep Us All in Step." ance at Radio Frequency
Size 7'ßi x 8 x 4. Net Price $17 With the installation of a modern con -
veyorsystem in this plant, the tele- IT IS NOT ALWAYS SAFE to assume that
phone system no longer provided at high frequencies circuit elements
adequate communication between the such as coil condensers or resistors are
various departments. comprised of pure inductance, capaci-
tance or resistance. It is therefore
necessary to determine the true induc-
tance capacitance or resistance of a
circuit element in such a manner that
Sow the masking effect of other character-
istics of that circuit element may be
:\*B4-F avoided. A method of measuring the
äÿ:,6F.:"'
Series 844J -A New All - Purpose TRAINING THE EYES
AC -DC INDUSTRIAL CIRCUIT TESTER OF THE BRITISH
Combining the well-known PRECISION Series 844
... 34 range AC-DC volt- ohm- dedbet- miIiamméter This man controls shipping and
NAVY
-ammeter and the new Series "J" (8 range AC,.
Ammeter) in one compact portable unit. loading operations by means of
6 AC and 6 DC voltage ranges to 6000 volts at 1000
the loudspeaker unit
ohms /volt 6 DC current ranges from 0 to 1.2 MA
to 0-12 AMPERES. 4 internally powered resistance A loudspeaker system with nine
ranges to 10 MEGOHMS. 6 DB ranges from -12 to master stations, each equipped to call
70 DB. 6 output ranges To 6000 volts. 8 AC Are
meter ranges from 0-300 MA to 0-60 AMPERES. any one of the other stations, was in-
stalled. By strategically locating these
An unsurpassed, combination portable instrument
to satisfy Industrial requirements for complete AC loudspeaker units, it was possible to
and DC circuit analysis. have everything synchronized to keep
Series 8444 (illustrated) in hardwood portable case a smooth and steady flow of goods go-
with dual tool compartment and removable hinged
cover--- complete with batteries and extra high volt- ing in the proper directions. The en-
age est leads- Net Price
$44.95
tire installation is quite inexpensive in
comparison to the service it renders.
The cost was about $35 per station.
Write for the new "PRECISION.' 1941 Catalog
describing more than 40 test equipment models.
Instructional films are being pre-
s MEHI©Gl
d.l4-ruK,o,
ENT
THEM
Q
SEE

PRECISION APPARATUS COMPANY

AT YOUR JOBBER
Locating Radio Interference
A NOVEL USE FOR BATTERY POWERED
portable radio receivers is described in
pared at the Royal Naval School
of Photography to train British sail-
ors. Here two men are seen re-
647 Kent Avenue Brooklyn, New York an article entitled "Portable Receiver cording sound for one of these
Export Div.: Broadway, New York, U. S. A.
458
Cables: Morhanex Aids in Locating Radio Interference," instructional films

74 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 true inductance of coils at high fre-
quencies is given in an article by
Henry R. Heese entitled "R -F Induc-
tance Measurements Using Beat Fre-
quency Test Equipment" in the May,
1940 issue of the R.M.A. Engineer. DYNAMOTORS
The true inductance of a coil may be
determined by resonance methods by
using two different and precisely known
frequencies and noting the difference
in the capacitances required to tune
the coil to these two frequencies. The SIZE FOR
true inductance L, together with its A

ANY JOB
-.distributed capacitance C. is first tuned
to high frequency f, by shunt capaci-
tance C2; then by adding capacitance
SMALL
Call ieSf o5C%//afOr
647
5,000n
same,.
MOTORS
DYNAMOTORS
41 and sound eng.neers have leorned
Lt T cc
4000
`r. 50,000n
0./,uf
0.1,a
Rodeo
from experience that Pincer Dynamotors
provide a most thoraughly dependable
C2
H t; -/,000,u,uf "B" power supply For aircraft, marine and
broadcast service, police units, auto radios
p' 115:1
f,
t-.
5
and public address systems.
k. Frames and capacities for every require -'
/,000
á
Ç
'ti Slana'ard
pp

50,000n /Op,'
50,000tí
J
g1í
]]
50,000n
ment. 5 to 850 watts. Input 6 to 110 volts:
output up to 15C0 volts. Sturdy construction
to give thousands of hours of trouble -free
service. Smooth, quiet, light weight and com
-5000n
frequent 6A7 /,000p,u{' _
pact. Send for complete information today
Osci/- c. i711111A11W
/ator s^H
/,000
ppf 0/pf
'- 50,000n
PIONEER GEN -E -MOTOR CORP.

-
466 W. SUPERIOR ST., CHICAGO, ILI.
POWER Export Address, 25 Warren St., ?few York, T. y.. Cable Simontrice,
80 71. y.
30 h
PLANTS

- H
8pf 8P {r

.30,000.n. AMCOR Ahrot&en.

FOR AIRCRAFT SOUND POWER SUPPLY USES
Circuit diagram of instrument for
measuring inductance at radio
frequencies

C, the circuit is tuned to low frequency

fr. The resonance equations for the
PMANENT MAGNEJ',f
- ALL SHAPES ALL SIZES
two frequencies are: FOR ALL PURPOSES
1 Stamped, Formed, and Cast; Chrome, Tung-
f' 2aLr (Co +C++C) sten, Cobalt and ALNICO ** (cast or sin-
(1) tered) under G. E. license.
1
/2
2g fr (Co + C2) THOMAS & SKINNER
These equations may be combined and STEEL PRODUCTS COMPANY
reduced to

L, C = 1
(2 gr f2)2
1

(2 tr f2)2 Dies
1116 E.

-
23rd STREET

Laminations for Radio Transformers

Heat Treating Stampings
Tools
- -
INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA

from which the distributed capacitance

C. has been eliminated. 39 YEARS EXPERIENCE
Calculations can be greatly facili-
tated by a suitable tabulation of fre-
quency versus the reciprocal of (2r f)2 =AUDIO SIGNAL GENERATORS=
and since A new instrument providing
standardized audio fre-
1
- LC (3) quency voltages
5 Watt output from 20-20,000 cps
a table of LC values has been provided Distortion less than 1%
in the appendix. The LC product is Output meter to set voltage
substituted in Equation (2) to give 110 db. Attenuator with 1
steps
db.

Lr =
(LC)t - (LC) , (4)
Universal Impedance Output
Large Dial with planetary drive
C
Available with separate in-
This is the equation for true induc- put meter for gain meas-
ance. rements
An instrument for performing this The MODEL 205 AG
Write for complete information about these and other instruments.
measurement is described by the author
and the circuit diagram is given in the
accompanying figure. HEWLETT-PACKARD CO. MILL
PALO AALTO. CALF.

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 75

 stituting the centrifugal field for the
30 Years Stroboscope in gravitational field. When spun at a
Structural Research speed such that the centrifugal force
Specializing "THE STROBOSCOPE IN STRUCTURAL RE-
is increased at the same ratio as the
linear dimensions of the prototype
SEARCH," by F. Ireland, appearing in have been decreased, the model behaves
in RELAYS the July 1940 issue of the General
Radio Experimenter, describes how the exactly like its prototype. A camera
is mounted over the centrifuge in
a position to take a picture of the
Your search for the 'last word" in sig- model as it passes directly beneath
nalling and control devices and equip- it and a stroboscope is arranged to
ment ends with Autocall. Single units give a single light pulse each time
or complete systems are readily avail- the model comes into position in front
able under this well -known name which of the camera. The duration of the
for over 30 years has set the standard light is short enough so that the pic-
in this highly specialized field. Write ture is not blurred.
for new catalog.

TYPE R & RI
Positive indicating
Electronic Fire Detector
target type with con- A NEW HIGHLY SENSITIVE FIRE DETEC-
trasting white bars
against dull black face TOR, making use of electronic princi-
when target is displayed
and ail flat black when ples, is briefly described in the July
target is not displayed, 1940 issue of Electronics and Televi-
large identification card,
single low current co I, sion & Short -Wave World. It was
pivoted armature. Con -
tacts returned to norm il
noted by McClelland in 1899 and subse-
by contact spring ten- quently by Langevin, that the physical
sion and gravity. Cor
a n d armature a r e
properties of air change in the vi-
laminated. cinity of a combustion. It appears
that the so- called Langevin-ions are
evolved in large quantities from the
combustion of material, but not with
radiant heat.
SHELBY OHIO The electronic fire detector contains
an electrostatic relay which operates
RELAYS
INDICATING DEVICES
A.NfJUNCIATORS
LIQUID FLOW DEVICES
whenever the conductivity of the sur-
BELLS, HORNS, CHIMES CODING TRANSMITTERS
Progressive stages of failure in a rounding air space varies. The air
and MISC. EQUIPMENT SIGNALLING SYSTEMS
TERMINAL DISCONNECT BLOCKS ALL TYPES model mine wall structure in a cen- space is permanently ionized by a
trifuge. Photographed with a strob- radioactive substance in the detector,
oscopic camera and its conductivity is continuously
compared with that of a rare gas
stroboscope is used by Professor Philip sealed within a glass vessel of the
Bucky of the Columbia University detector, which is also subjected to the
School of Mines in studying various rays from a radioactive substance.
types of structures. Because of the
unwieldly proportion of the original
structure, a scalar model of more con- CHECKING F -M RECEPTION
venient size is made. The principle of
similitude is supplied to the model by
spinning it in a centrifuge and sub-

This test car is used to check the

reception in various parts of Wis-
Photographs of a model bakelite consin of the frequency -modulation
structure by po:arized light. Upper station, W9OXA of the Milwaukee
WILBUR B. DRIVER CO. Journal. This is the only f -m sta-
oNEWARK0AEW JERSEY 0, photo shows
lower photo
unstressed model and
shows model stressed tion now operating west of the
with static loading Mississippi

76 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 s-. aa rr': :r

New Books RCA Review, is the fourth of a series

which includes two volumes of papers
(Continued from page 38) on Television and one on Facsimile.
The present collection of articles on
Ultra -High Frequencies is divided into:
The Nature of Crystals Transmitting Methods and Equipment;
Propagation and Relaying; Measure-
BY A. G. WARD ment; Reception; Above 300 Mc.
Papers falling within this classification
are presented in full; other work on
POCKET SIZE
The Nature of the Atom uhf by R.C.A. engineers which does not "Little Tripletts"
logically fall within it is given in The Little Testers with the
BY G. K. T. CONN abstract form. Big 3 -Inch Instruments
All of the papers, except those by
Seeley and Barden, "A New Method
The Wave Nature of Measurement of Ultra -High Fre-
of the Electron quency Impedance," and Holmes and
óioD-cL

BY G. K. T. CONN
Turner, "Simple Antennas and Re-
ceiver Input Circuits for Ultra-High
6
Frequencies," have been previously
published. Many of the reprinted
The Cyclotron papers are widely known, among them
Thompson and Rose on acorn tubes, Pecker''
BY W. B. MANN Haeff on inductive output tubes, Cros-
AC - DC
size Volt- O,m-
by on frequency modulation and Ner- Milliamm.ter
Published by Blackie and Sons, Limi- Dealer Mgt Price
. $14.00
ted, London. Distributed by the Chem- gaard on u -h -f measurements. It is of
ical Publishing Co., New York. 114 interest to point out that, of the 23
pages, 52 illustrations; 115 pages 15 papers, 5 deal with frequency modula-
illustrations; 78 pages, 17 illustrations; tion.
92 pages, 31 illustrations, respectively. While most of the papers have ap-
Price $1.50 each. peared before, many are not readily MODEL
obtainable everywhere, and, in addi- 670

THESE
tion, it is convenient, particularly for
FOUR LITTLE BOOKS make ex-
cellent sources of background material the specialist, to have them available
under one cover. The convenience of AC Ammeter...
for electronic engineers who profess to 0 -I: 0-2.5. 0 -5;
know something of the physical back- the volume is reduced somewhat by 0 -I0: 0.25 . .
Dealer Net Price
ground of their chosen field of work. the lack of subject and author indexes, $9.00

The first three constitute a brief re- and by the lack of complete references
view of the nature of matter from the
modern viewpoint, the last of one of
the most important electronic tools in
-page and volume numbers -to the
original sources of reprinted papers.
DALE POLLACK.
-
the hands of the physicist. While in
no sense a required part of the pro-
fessional equipment of electronic spe-
cialist, they nevertheless make worth-
while additions to a technical library.
Mr. Wards monograph reviews in Five rang: 0 -5;

simple but not popularized language CONTROL EQUIP- 0.10; 0-25; 0-50;
7 -100: 0.250;
0.500; 0.1000;
the history and present status of crys- MENT FOR TINY AC Milliamperes
Dealer Net
talline structure theory, he suggests TOWN Paie . . . $9.00

a very interesting hobby in the study

of crystal forms. The two books by The "Little Tripletts" comprise a series of
Mr. Conn are excellent reviews of the
matched instruments available in single
atomic and electronic entities. The
units or in combination to answer every
"Wave Nature of the Electron" is es-
pecially interesting in that it gives a servicing or electrical analyzing problem.
clear picture of wave mechanics in Models available in addition to the
simple terms. Mr. Mann's description above are as follows:
of the cyclotron gives considerable in- Model 672-0-150; 0 -300; 0 -750 AC Volts . . .
formation of construction, high fre- $9.00 Dealer Net
quency oscillator circuits, and opera- Model 673-0-5; 0 -10; 0 -25; 0 -50; 0 -100; 0 -250;
0.500; 0 -1000 AC Volts (Rectifier type) . . .
tion procedure hitherto available only $9.00 Dealer Net
in periodicals. -D.G.F. Model 674 --0.1; 0 -2.5; 0 -5; 0 -10; 0 -25 DC Am-
peres, $9.00 Dealer Net
Model 675 -0 -I; 0 -5; 0 -10; 0 -25; 0 -100; 0.250;
0 -500; 0 -1000 DC Milliamperes, $9.00 Dealer
Net
Model 676-0 -50; 0 -100; 0 -250; 0 -500; 0 -1000 DC
Microamperes, $9.00 Dealer Net
Model 677 -0 -I; 0 -2.5; 0 -5; 0 -10; 0 -25; 0 -50;
0 -100; 0 -250; 0 -500; 0 -1000 DC Volts at 1000
Radio At Ultra -High ohms per volt ... $9.00 Dealer Net
Here is shown the reproducing and Model 678 Ohmmeter. Self- contained batteries
Frequencies control equipment used in Tiny for 0 -1000 Ohms (10 Ohms Center Scale);
0- 10,000 Ohms (100 Ohms Center Scale);
448 pages. Not for sale; available with Town and the talking flagstones 0- 100,000 Ohms; 0 -1 Megohm; 0 -10 Megohms
which are an innovation this year ... $9.00 Dealer Nef
subscriptions to the RCA Review. Pub-
lished by RCA Institutes Technical at the World's Fair of 1940. Houses Write for Catalog
Section 238, Harmon Drive
-
Press, New York open up before your eyes and a
voice extols their advantages, or
THIS, A VOLUME OF COLLECTED PAPERS pavement stones object when they THE TRIPLETT ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENT CO.
of R.C.A. engineers issued in connection are stepped upon in this unusual Bluffion. Ohio
with the promotion of the journal, exhibit

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 77

 THE INDUSTRY IN REVIEW
News munications Inc., of Passaic, N. J., insulation testers intended for indus-
manufacturers of facsimile apparatus trial plants. Bulletin 1660 discusses
and other equipment announced the dielectric absorption measurements in
+ Preliminary tests to study the field appointment of James W. Baldwin as large equipment using motor -driven
strength of televised signals in the assistant to the president and in "Megger" testing sets.
New York area are being launched by charge of its new offices in the Bowen
engineers erecting the new Allen B. Bldg., Washington, D. C. Mr. Baldwin Transformer Catalog. Bulletin PS -404
DuMont television station, W2XWV, was formerly Secretary of the Federal incorporates a complete listing of the
at 515 Madison Ave., New York City. Radio Commission . A substantial entire 1940-41 line of transformer
A temporary antenna has been set up interest in National Union Radio Corp., components for broadcast, aircraft, in-
on the station building in preparation Newark, N. J., has been purchased by dustrial amateur and replacement serv-
for the tests. When W2XWV officially Philco Corp., as the first step in a pro- ice. United Transformer Corp., 150
goes on the air in the Autumn, it will gram to expand the scope and activi- Varick St., New York City.
be operated on 1 kw with an effective ties of National Union. It will con-
receptive range of more than 30 miles, tinue as a separate company to manu- Automatic Tuning. Discussed in Sup-
it is estimated. The station had been facture its products and distribute plement No. 8 to the 3rd edition of the
assigned channel No. 4 in the 78 -84 them nationally under its own trade- Mallory -Yaxley Radio Service Encyclo-
Mc band by the FCC The ap- mark, as in the past. pedia, available from P. R. Mallory &
pointment of Col. Hugh Knerr, for- Co., Inc., Indianapolis.
merly of the U. S. Army Air Corps,
as a Special Consultant to the Sperry
Gyroscope Co., was announced. Col.
Literature Instruments and Instrument Trans-
formers. Folder F 8563 is a new 3-
Knerr will act as a consultant to the page illustrated folder describing a
Voltage Regulator Transformer. A 4- simplified line of instruments and in-
head: of the Marine, Aeronautical and page bulletin describes "Voltstat" vari-
other departments of the Sperry or- strument transformers. Suggested ap-
able voltage regulator transformer for plication and accuracy are given for
ganization . . . Elastic Stop Nut light dimmers, heat, speed and line
Corp., announced the moving of its the various portable indicating, switch-
general offices from Elizabeth, N. J., voltage control. Industrial Trans- board, socket and recording instru-
to its new plant at 2332 Vauxhall Rd., former Corp., 2540 Belmont Ave., New ments. An illustrated page listing the
York City. Also available is a 1 -page ratings and accuracies of portable and
Union, N. J. . Bakelite Corp., and
bulletin devoted to two models of insul-
Halowax Corp., have been moved from standardized current and voltage trans-
ation breakdown testers. formers completes the leaflet. Dept.
247 Park Avenue to Carbide & Carbon
Bldg., 30 East 42nd St., New York 7 -N -20, Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg.
Resistors, Attenuators and Measuring Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa.
City . . . The Beaux -Arts Institute Equipment. The Daven Co., 160 Sum-
of Design, New York City, brought to mit St., Newark, N. J. has just issued
a conclusion its first competition for Zirconium. "Zirconium as a Getter"
an indexed bound catalog which con- is an article contained in Vol. 13, No. 1
the design of an ideal building in which tains technical information on the vari-
to house a radio transmitter and its of Foote-Prints available from Foote
ous standard resistors, attenuators and Mineral Co., 16th and Summer Sts.,
auxiliary equipment. First prize of measuring equipment which it manu-
$250 was awarded to Louis Shulman, Phila., Pa. Dr. J. D. Fast discusses the
facturers for use in the communica- physical properties of zirconium and
second prize of $100 went to Roger W. tions field.
Flood, and $50 as third prize was its ability to absorb gases and its pos-
awarded Percy C. Ilfill. All of the sible use as a getter in radio tubes.
Coaxial Transmission Line. Bulletin
prize designs, as well as 24 renderings No. 101 -E (which supersedes No.101 -A)
receiving honorable mention, will be Broadcast Catalog. Catalog No. 500-E
gives specifications, illustrations and entitled "Tru- Fidelity" is devoted to
made available to the broadcasting in- a description of g -inch diameter coax-
dustry. The contest was sponsored by descriptions and illustrations of broad-
ial transmission line. Isolantite Inc., cast transformers available from Thor -
the Western Electric Co. . . . Rowe 23 Broadway, New York City.
Radio Research Lab. Co., is now lo- darson Elec. Mfg. Co., 500 W. Huron
cated at 4201 Irving Park Blvd., Chi- St., Chicago.
Power Supplies and Electronic Con-
cago. . E. F. Johnson Co., Waseca, verters. Electronic Labs., Inc., Indian- Resistance Standards. The new No.
Minn., has completed arrangements apolis, Ind., have available two bulle- 810 -M bulletin describes accurately
for the purchase of all assets connected tins. The first, entitled "Custom Built calibrated resistance standards from
with the antenna and concentric cable Power Supplies" is a pictorial review 1 ohm to 10 megohms in single units
business of the Bassett Radio Mfg. Co., compiled from typical examples of and in various combinations. Shall-
of Niles, Mich. . The appointment
. . unique custom built power supplies for cross Mfg. Co., 10 Jackson Ave., Col -
of Walter R. Jones, Emporium, Pa., to the electrical, aircraft and general in- lingdale, Pa.
the post of Director of Commercial dustries. The second bulletin "Elec-
Engineering, Radio Tube Div., is an- tronic Converters" illustrates and de- House Organ. Electrical Measure-
nounced by Hygrade Sylvania. Mr. scribes several such instruments. Also ments is the name of a house organ
Jones will administer and guide the contained in this bulletin is an elec- published by Sensitive Research Instru-
activities of the company's engineer- tronic converter valugraph in which ment Corp., 4545 Bronx Blvd., New
ing consultants and radio service the converters are grouped by input York City. This is a bulletin devoted
schools . . .Callite Tungsten Corp., voltage. to a description of new and unusual
Union City, N. J., announces the ac- instruments.
quisition of Harris Alloys, Inc., which Insulation Testers. James G. Biddle
will be conducted as a division of and Co., 1211 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa., Rosin -Core Solder. Form 61 tells about
under the corporate name of Callite have published Bulletins 1655 and 1660 Rosin -Core a self-fluxing solder avail-
Tungsten Corp., Frederick T. Harris, to explain methods of measuring in- able from Gardiner Metal Co., 4820 S.
former Harris executive head, will sulation of nearly all types of electrical Campbell Ave., Chicago. One side of
have full charge of operations of this equipment. Bulletin 1655 tells how to the bulletin gives information concern-
new division . .. Finch Telecom- get results with hand-driven "Megger" ing dimensions and melting points.

78 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 Alcoa Aluminum. Aluminum Co. of
America, Gulf Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa.,
have issued a very beautifully illus-
trated catalog of products made from
"Alcoa" aluminum. This catalog
LEADERSHIP!
known as "Impact Extrusions and Airplane battery
Pressings" contains among other items
illustrations and descriptions of such generators cannot fail!
products as electrolytic condenser cans,
electrical and condenser parts, coup-
ling and gears, coupling parts, sound -
movie apparatus, etc.
Data Book. This book tells the how,
where and why "Formica" is used.
Formica is a laminated plastic product
made with synthetic resins of the phe-
nolic or urea types, which is cured into
a hard compact material by heat and
pressure. All classes of Formica are ECLIPSE uses WILCO ELECTRICAL
CONTACTS
infusible and insoluble. Formica In- Compromise with quality? This is but one of the many
sulation Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. Not Eclipse Aviation! That's Wilco contact materials
why they called in Wilco engi- developed during the past
Sockets, Connectors and Accessories.
Catalog No. 62, 1941, describes the
products available for aircraft, radio
neers to help them solve con-
tact problems. The result
Wilco Alloy No. 50- repre-
- twenty-six years. Wilco lead-
ership is recognized in the
industry for thoroughness and
sents the highest development absolute integrity.
and electrical industries from Ameri- of the art of noble metal con- If you use contact materials
can Phenolic Corp., 1250 Van Buren tact manufacture. Today, this or have a contact problem,
St., Chicago. Two pages are devoted new alloy is extensively used the first step in its solution
to a numerical index and list prices, in aircraft equipment because is to write for the "Wilco
while the back cover illustrates colored it gives unfailing service and Blue Book of Thermometals
sockets, plugs and receptacles which dependability. and Electrical Contacts."
can be had to identifyecircuits, etc. The H. A. Wilson Co., 105 Chestnut St., Newark, N.1. Branches: Detroit & Chicago

Recording Blanks. The Gould -Moody

Co., 395 Broadway, New York City,
have produced a pamphlet which ex-
plains the characteristics, physical and
WILCO
PLATINUM
ELECTRICAL
CONTACTS
chemical properties of the Gould - . . . SILVER . . SPECIAL ALLOYS . . TUNGSTEN
Moody "Perfected" disc, together with
a brief discussion of some of the more
prevalent disc -cutting and instantan-
eous recording problems.
Panel Instruments. Panel type 3 -inch
WAXES COMPOUNDS for
and 4 -inch instruments are described in ELECTRICAL INSULATION
Catalog 4120 available from Roller -
Smith Co., Bethlehem, Pa. Zophar offers prompt service on Insulating Compounds for
a wide variety of electrical applications, including:

Welded Stainless Tubing. This data . insulation for CONDENSERS, TRANSFORMERS, COILS, power

book tells what welded stainless tubing packs, pot heads, sockets, wiring devices, wet and dry batteries, etc.
Also WAX SATURATORS for braided wire and tape. WAXES for
is, where it is used, and gives design radio parts.
and working instructions. Available Special compounds made to your order.

I
from Carpenter Steel Co., Welded Alloy
Tube Div., Kenilworth, N. J.
Extruding Tube. "Iry -O -Lite, a new
ZOPHAR
-26th
MILLS INC.
low -cost extruding tubing ", is the title Brooklyn,
130 St. N. Y.
of a bulletin available from Irvington FOUNDED 1846
Varnish & Insulator Co., 24 Argyle
Place, Irvington, N. J. This bulletin
covers the outstanding features of a
new extruded tubing called Type
XTE -30 and contains samples, gives NOT A SIDE LINE
CONCENTRATION on a single line in a world of Industrial
sizes, etc. specialization and devotion to the ideals of quality
and service these factors, molded by years of experience,
have won for CANNON Cable Connectors recognized leadership
Stop -Nuts. Many different types of in a world market. With Cannon, the production of Multiple -
Contact Electrical Cable Connectors is not a sideline but the
elastic stop -nuts are included in this principal and practically exclusive line on which the Cannon
skilled factory organization concentrates. Over a quarter of a
57 -page catalog available from Elastic century of manufacturing experience is behind every Cannon
product. CANNON Plugs are pre-eminent in the Melds of Sound.
Stop Nut Corp., 2332 Vauxhall Rd., Aeronautics, Geo- physical Research, Instrument -Control on Ships
Union, N. J. and Laboratory Panels.
Illustrated Bulletins contain valuable information on Plug Problems. B,nlletin "P E O"
devoted exclusively to Sound. Please specify your requirements when requesting Bulletins
G -R Experimenter. Three interesting
articles make up the July issue of Gen- CANNON ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT CO.
eral Radio's (Cambridge, Mass.) house * 420 West Avenue 33, Los Angeles, California
organ Experimenter. They are: A
Portable Megohmmeter, The Strobo-
* EASTERN SALES OFFICE, 220 Fifth Ave.,NeuNorh,N.Y.
scope in Structural Research, and Us-
ing the Variac with Auxiliary Trans-
formers.

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 79

 Mu- Switch Catalog. A 10 -page catalog the metallic sleeve touched with a drop
presents the complete story of these of solder, the bushing is held firmly in
switches. Basic design data, showing place and cannot vibrate or work
MOUNTAIN the simplicity of Mu- Switch construc-
tion, are supplemented by stroboscopic
MOLE N1LL
photographs. Mu- Switch Corp., Canton,
Mass.
PA catalog. Sun Radio Co., (212 Ful-
ton St., New York City) have recently
published their first catalog, illustrated,
on PA systems, accessories, micro-
phones etc.

"Mountain or mole hill ?" Coil Winders. Several bulletins which

describe different models of coil wind- loose. While originally designed for
ers such as for radio receivers, heavy aircraft and mobile equipment, the
Dont let resistor duty winding, etc. are available from compactness and low price of this
problems stump" you. Universal Winding Co., P. O. Box bushing makes it suited for many other
1605, Providence, R. I. applications. The other new develop-
Our broad experience and mod- ment is a new 500 ma iron core r -f
ern equipment makes mole hills Coaxial Cable. "Use of Coaxial Cable choke having extremely high impe-
of the most mountainous resistor in Television ", "F-M and other u -h -f dance over wide range of frequencies.
problems.
Services ", "Coaxial Cable for Test In- While originally designed for use on
strument Leads" and a description of amateur bands between 30 Mc and
a new Amphenol "Twinax" cable are all 1.6 Mc, it is ideally suited for other
contained in the latest Amphenol News commercial applications. A feature of
The answer to YOUR problem available from American Phenolic this choke is the unique type of mount-
may be had by consulting Corp., 1250 Van Buren St., Chicago. ing comprising die cast end terminals
with threaded stud inserts which
Instrument Resistors, Inc. makes it easier to use. The catalog
LITTLE FALLS, NEW JERSEY
New Products number is 34150.
mAKERS OF WIREWOUND RESISTORS
FOR THE ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY Solder Pots Photoelectric Cell
Two electrically heated solder pots for ' A new type Selenium Barrier Layer
Catalogue upon Request tinning small electric wires and leads Photoelectric Cell, developed and man-
have been developed by Lectrohm, Inc., ufactured by the Bradley Laboratories,
5133 W. 25th Place, Cicero, Ill. They Inc., of New Haven, Connecticut, is
were designed for individual operator's offered for light measurement and con-
use in services where only a pound or trol. A special sensitizing process gives
less of solder need be melted as re- these cells high current sensitivity as
quirements demand. well as high internal impedance. They
are electrically stable and ruggedly
constructed. The Bradley Cell is
available in standard sizes or con-
structed to individual specifications.

Cutting Needles
Stiff tool metal is used to obtain hard-
ness in the steel cutting needles avail-
able from Recoton Corp., 178 Prince
ALLIED . . . TYPE K RELAY One of the chief advantages claimed St., New York City. Other features
for these solder pots is the greater are: Special Swedish steel alloy retains
Multiple contact units up to 6 pole double convenience they promote in tinning
throw -(18 contacts). Contacts can be the cutting edge for a longer time;
adjusted for make before break. Avail- wires. These pots are single heat units Diamond -dust polishing affords a
able in ranges from 6 to 125 volts A.C. designed for continuous operation.
or D.C. smoother cutting edge resulting in a
They may be plugged into any 110 - quiet, shiny groove; and each needle
Contact section -standard pile -up assem- volt a -c or d-c outlet. Each unit has
blies; springs of tinned phosphor bonze, has a flat on the shank making it im-
fine silver rivets. The bakelite insulator a cast iron pot of 11 or 2 lb solder possible to insert it at a wrong angle.
moving the spring assemblies is con- capacity mounted on a cadmium plated
structed so that it is always positive and
protects the springs from being bent. steel stand. The heating element is an
Mounting -single screw mounting or
standard metal bracket.
inexpensive quickly replaced Nichrome Microphone Switches
element. A 6 -ft approved cord and
Contact rating-standard contact, 1 am- attachment plug is regularly supplied. A new series of microphone switches
pere at 110 volts A. C. non -induc'ive. for crystal, dynamic and velocity mi-
Contacts up to 10 amperes at 110 volts
A.C. non -inductive supplied when specified. crophones is announced by the Amer-
Dimensions- over -all 21/2" long; 11/2" Choke and Bushing ican Phenolic Corporation, of Chicago,
high; 2" wide. Illinois. The MCIS switch is of the
Also manufacturers of a complete line Two new products are available from "press -to- talk" type, a slight down-
of relays for all communication and elec- James Millen Mfg. Co., Malden, Mass. ward movement of the thumb locking
tronic uses.
Write for complete descriptive literature The first is a Thru-Bushing of an un- it in the "on" position. Has a coupling
and prices. usual design. Instead of conventional ring at one end, with coupling threads
lock washer and nut for holding in at the other end, machined to fit stand-
ALLIED CONTROL CO., INC. place, a metallic sleeve has been die ard MC1 microphone connectors.
227 FULTON STREET NEW YORK CITY cast around the Isolantite tube. Thus Switch spring is silver-plated for low
Export Department:
Pan Mar Corp., 1270 Broadway, New York City
when the bushing is dropped in a resistance contact and continued noise -
inch hole in the chassis or panel and free operation.

80 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

ELECTRONIj94 .. .

Every Month Ahead. of Last Year

Why? BY RESULTS, advertisers have proved that
ELECTRONICS is the product catalog for all
important development men and engineers in
radio, broadcasting, industrial control and other
industries wherein the electronic principle finds
use.

Critical need for rapid expansion of this field

industrially, plus new and revolutionary pro-
cedures in broadcasting, plus a call for an
unprecedented number of radios for a news-
alert nation-add up to a new intensity of busi-
ness which is reflected in ELECTRONICS
advertising.
Schedules in this important magazine are defi-
nitely up and universally more consistent. How
does yours compare with your competitors?

ELECTRONICS ADVERTISING, 1940 vs. 1939

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July this issue
49% 9% 14% 83% 16% 57% 19% 57%
GRAND AVERAGE INCREASE FOR 8 MONTHS, 37%

a YCCAM`NIU VUBlcAil'ON_

ADD ELECTRONICS TO YOUR SALES STAFF

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 81
 Portable Television Pickup
Equipment
Allen B. DuMont's (Passaic, N. J.)
new pickup equipment, exclusive of

3 REASONS
WHY YOU SHOULD CONSIDER
the u -h -f relay transmitter and trans-
mitter power supplies, comprises the
camera and seven units which are as
compact as a movie sound camera and
just as easy to operate, and can be
readily carried in any sedan automo-
GLOBAR BRAND CERAMIC RESISTORS bile. The camera is of the iconoscope
type. The image is focused by means
THREE TYPES of an f/2.5 9k -inch lens on the mosaic
1 TYPE Coefficient
A- Slight Negative Voltage and TemperatureTemperature screen of the iconoscope tube. The
TYPE B-Sharp Negative Voltage and Pronounced camera (weight 45 lbs) contains the
Coefficient Slight Positive
TYPE Cx- Slight Negative Voltage Coefficient and preamplifier for building up the video
Temperature Coefficient signals which are passed through a
WIDE RESISTANCE RANGE heavy shielded coaxial cable to the
L Type A -2
ohms to % megohm per inch of length
Type B -5
ohms to 1 megohm per inch of length
per inch of length
Type Cx -0.05 ohms to 100 ohms
diameter.
P.esistance varies with
MANY SHAPES AND SIZES
3 custom niai(' shapes to nient unique requirements in addition to stand-
rods from to 1" in diameter and %" to 18" in length.
ard round )43"
Ceramic Resistors when con-
It will pay you to investigate Globar Brand Department is at your
fronted with resistance problems. Our Engineering
service. Send us the details of your requirements.
GLOBAR DIVISION
FALLS, N. Y.
THE CARBORUNDUM COMPANY, NIAGARA
Carborundum and Globar are registered
trade -marks of The Carborundum Company

separate intermediate amplifier unit.

Detailed information is available from
DuMont Labs.
BrAND
The latest DuMont 20 inch television
receiver, Model 195, is designed for
flexible reception which includes both
OXFORD RMA and DuMont types of synchro-
nizing signals, which is achieved by a
simple selector switch. The range of
Speakers the sweep controls of this receiver is
sufficient to cover line and frame com-
bination from 625 lines at 15 frames
Oxford speakers are precision built to to 507 lines at 30 frames. The receiver
exacting specifications. Permaq and handles all -wave broadcast reception
Electro-dynamic types are available
from 2" to 14" for all radio and as well.
public address applications.
Send us your specifications for pronpt
quotations. Stock items listed in bul-
letin 400 available for immediate ship-
ment to recognized parts jobbers.
Crystal Unit
Write Dept. E6 for descriptive catalog. A new crystal unit for broadcast serv-
ice, the G30 Thermocell, with a guaran-
OXFORD-TARTA
A O O A O
X
N
45o
tf-r°+``
teed temperature coefficient of less
than one part per million per degree C
"1
R D I O C R P R T I

915 W. VAN BUREN ST. CHICAGO, U. S. A. I has been announced by General Elec-
tric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. Approved
by the FCC, the G30 is guaranteed to
maintain transmitter frequency within
NEW SUPER HI -POWER GENEMOTOR -!- 10 cycles at any specified point in

for Heavy Duty Service the broadcast band. The low tempera-
ture-coefficient of the quartz plate is
standard for Power Units used on Marine,
Sets a new high possible through the use of special
Police, and Aircraft Radio. The exceptional Hi Effi- x -ray equipment during manufacture
ciency, small size, and light weight are the result of a which determines the angle of crystal
new type, one piece field ring, and armature design. cut. From a cold start, the new
Grease packed ball bearings require no oiling or atten- Thermocell is ready to go on the air
tion. Double enamel and silk wire on armature insure in less than fifteen minutes. Only 2
trouble-Free operation; end dust cover removable. Made watts of heating power are required,
in two sizes, 150 and 225 watt output, up to 1000 volts,
input 5.5 volt and up.
because of the small size and careful
150 Watt, Weight 11t/s lbs. There is a Carter Genemotor or Converter for every
thermal design of the unit. The con-
tt/y" Long, 41/2" Wide, 5" High requirement. Write for further information trol ratio is more than 50:1. Detailed
description is available from GE.
Also announced is a new square
CARTER MOTOR CO. CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
wave generator which simplifies and
speeds up the study and recording of
1606 MILWAUKEE AVENUE the response of electrical circuits. In-

82 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 stead of producing a voltage wave
Note shape corresponding to the usual wave-
The Library com-
prises a selection
of books culled
like line with rounded tops and bot-
toms, as produced in power circuits, KENYON
from leading Mc- this generator, a vacuum -tube device,
Graw-Hill publica- causes a sequence of virtually square
tions in the radio
field. figures on the screen of an oscilloscope.

Si
These voltages are applied to the cir-
cuit under test, and its response is
observed on an oscilloscope. The range
of frequencies covered is much wider
than possible with previous equipment. GROUP
Portable Communications
Receiver
McGraw-Hill The complete adaptability of Halli-
crafter Model S -29 3 -in -1 portable com-
RADIO munications receiver for all types of
service is indicated by the number of
ENGINEERING controls, the inclusion of both built -in
speaker and headphone jack, a col-
LIBRARY lapsible rod antenna socket mounted on
the case plus external antenna connec-
- especially selected by radio specialists of
McGraw -Hill publications
tions for both doublet and "L" an-
tennas. S -29 "Sky Traveler" has 9 Kenyon Telescopic Shielded Humbuckieg

- to give most complete, dependable cov-

erage of facts needed by all whose fields
Transformers typify the manner in which
Kenyon Transformer Co., Inc. asserts its
Leadership in the Quality Hall of Fame.

are grounded on radio fundamentals. Because efficiency of shielding depends

- available at a special price and terms

These books cover circuit phenomena, tube
upon permeability of the shields, Kenyon
employs an exclusive feature -annealing after
complete construction. This extra step -n
production removes all shearing and bending
theory, networks, measurements. and other strains brougtl'e about during manufacture
subjects -give specialized treatment of all and assures maximum permeability.
fields of practical design and application.
They are books of recognized position in the It is attention to detail such as this, that
literature -books you will refer to and be has made Kenyon Transformers the choice of
referred to often. If you are a researcher engineers who are associated with such names
or experimenter -if
your interest in radio is
deep -set and based on a real desire to go as Western Electric, Sperry Gyroscope.
further in this field-you want these books Wilcox Electric, Federal Telegraph, Fairchild,
for the help they give in hundreds of prob- Arma Engineering, R.E.L., R.C.A., G.E and
lems throughout the whole field of radin many others.
engineering.
5 volumes 3319 pages, 2298
illustrations TYPES AVAILABLE
Eastman's FUNDAMENTALS OF Des "gned for a multiple
1. TYPE P -202 line primary of 500'
VACUUM TUBES 333/250/200/125'50 ohms and secondary of
50,000 ohms (single class A grid) having a
2. Terman's RADIO ENGINEERING frequency response of plus or minus 2 DB
30 to 15,000 cycles, shielding, 90 db mounted
in four high permeability alloy annealed
3. Everitt's COMMUNICATION ENGI. tubes which provide one r -f and two steel cases. Case size IA
NEERING i -f stages, mixer, detector and ave, List price L $12.00
4. Hund's HIGH -FREQUENCY MEAS- two audio stages, beat oscillator, auto- Has a primary and
UREMENTS matic noise limiter, and line rectifier. TYPE P -203 frequency response the
The tuning range is continuous from same as type P above. Secondary: 100,000
-202
5. Henney's RADIO ENGINEERING ohms to PP grids. Case size $16.00
542 kc, to 30.5 Mc in four steps and IA. List price. .... w
HANDBOOK electrical band -spreading is provided
Special Low Price and Easy Terms for all parts of this range. Sensitivity TYPE P -204 oHas primary and sec -
n d a ry specifications
Bought singly, the five volumes comprising averages better than 2 microvolts in all same as P -202. Frequency response plus or
minus to 20.000 cycles.
this library would coat you more. Under ranges. Operation is from any 110 volt I DB 30 Shielding,
this offer you save money and, In addition. a -c or d -c line or from batteries. It is
90
price
DB. Case size 2A. List $20.00
have the privilege of paying in easy install-
ments beginning with $2.50. 10 days after available from Hallicrafter's Inc., 2611 Has primary and sec-
receipt of the books. and $3.00
after. Already these books aremonthly there-
recognized as S. Indiana Ave., Chicago. TYPE P -205 onda ry specifications
standard works that you are bound to require as P -203. Frequency response plus or
sooner or later. Take advantage of these con-
venient terms to add them to your library now
Insulating Beads i
minus I DB 30 to 20,000 cycles.
9c 90 DB. Case size 2A. List
Shield -
$21.00
BEND TIIIB ON APPROVAL COUPON
A new glazed ceramic insulating bead TYPE T -6 Designed with a multiple
is announced by the American Lava line primary of 500/333/
250/200/125/50 ohms and secondary of 20,000
McGraw -Hill Book Co.. Inc. Corporation, Chattanooga, Tenn. It is ohms (single Class A grid). Frequency re-
830 W. 42nd St, New York., N. Y.
made of AlSiMag and has the same sponse plus or minus 3 db. 60 to 10,000 cycles.
Shielding, 50 db. Mounted in 2 high perme-
Send me the McGraw -Hill Radio Engineering Library high mechanical strength, density and ability annealed alloy steel cases and plain
6 vole., for 10 days' examination on approval.
days I will send $2.50, plus few cents postage,In and 10
electrical resistance, even at elevated steel outer case. These units are designed
83.00 monthly tilt $23.50 is paid, or return books post- for use in low level input circuits where hum.
paid. (We pay postage on orders accompanied by temperatures. An outstanding feature pickup must be kept to absolute
remittance of first installment.)
is the smooth, glazed inside area which minimum. Case size IA. List price. e7.75
Name lowers friction, facilitates stringing, Our complete new catalog lists these and
Address safeguards the wire against tearing many other industrial, broadcast and commer-

City and State

during assembly and use. Smooth edges cial transformers. Ask for your Free Copy.
throughout are a feature of the new
Position design. Developed as an improvement KENYON TRANSFORMER CO., Inca
Company FL -8-d0 over imported glass beads, they are 840 BARRY STREET NEW YORK, N. Y.
(Books sent on approval in II. S. and Canada only.) available in a wide range of sizes and
come in dark colors. Cable Address: "KENTRAN" -New York

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 83

 Dependable Senilil ity Western Electric Products Humbucking Transformers
itb "Synchronized frequency- modulation" Two new types of telescopic shielded

Advance
Electronic Relay%
is the term selected by Western Elec-
tric Co. (195 Broadway, New York
City) to describe its new line of 503A -1
humbucking transformers have been
added to the line of Kenyon Trans-
former Co., Inc., 840 Barry St., New
York City. Type P204, has a primary
transmitters. It is a system, developed
in Bell Laboratories, in which the aver- of 500, 333, 250, 200, 125, 50 ohms and
age or carrier frequency of the f -m secondary of 50,000 ohms (single class
carrier wave is locked in step with the A grid). Frequency response plus or
vibrations of a precision quartz oscilla-
tor. The carrier drift is thus confined
to extremely close limits, to within
.0025 %, or approximately four times
better than the present F.C.C. require-
ment of .01 %. The unit is completely
self-contained, functions either as a
transmitter for powers up to 1 kw, or
as a driver for high -power r-f ampli-
fiers where more than 1 kw output is
Maximum load control (1já" Pure Silver desired. All of the apparatus needed
to take a program signal input and
Contacts rated in excess of 200 watts on
110V A.C.) with minimum power input
.012 -.022 Watts D.C.
- primary power to deliver a frequency
modulated radio signal to a transmis-
sion line is mounted on a central struc-
.120-.150 V/A 60 cy. A.C. ture.
Crisp pick-up and consfant dropout on A marine radio telephone of 25 watts minus 1 db 30 to 20,000 cps. Shield-
30% change of values. output, especially designed for the deep ing, 90 db. Type P205 has a primary
Prices and technical data in sea yachtsman and for commercial the same as P204 and a secondary of
Bulletin 850 -No obligation 100,000 ohms to P.P. grids. Fre-
ships plying coastal waters has been
announced. Model 226C features crys- quency response is z 1 db 30 to 20,000
tal control on both receiver and trans- cps. Shielding, 90 db. Transformers
..Advance mitter, high intelligibility, and semi-
automatic operation. It operates from
in this group are annealed after com-
plete construction to remove all bend-
ing and shearing strains brought about
ELECTRIC COMPANY 110 volts, 60 cps, ac, which may be
1260 W. 2nd St., Los Angeles, Calif. supplied by a small, inexpensive, ro- during manufacture.
tary converter. A universal phono-
!Relay .Manufacturers graph reproducer which plays both the
vertical cut and lateral cut records
Microphones
has also been announced. The response Universal Microphone Co., Inglewood,
of Model 9A is essentially flat up to Cal., has a new aircraft model micro-
nearly 10,000 cps for both types of phone especially designed for private
PROFESSIONAL recording. The vibrating system em-
ploys two adjacent voltage -generating
craft, marine installation and mobile
transmitters. The unit is a single but-
SERVICES coils instead of one. An adjustable
equalizer capable of introducing a
ton carbon; impedance of 200 ohms;
output approximately 30 volts rms
series of complementary characteristics across microphone transformer second-
has been designed for use with the ary. DPST press -to-talk switch con-
9A reproducer. This unit is known as nects the microphone and relay circuit
BROWNING the 171A repeat coil and the K.S. 10066 simultaneously. A heavy duty "push-
LABORATORIES, INC. switch which also serves as a means in" mounting bracket is included in the
Design-Development-Construction
Types
of matching the impedance of the unit assembly. The case is of black bakelite
Electronic Apparatus of all to the input of the amplifier. These and reinforced moisture proof cord is
Radio -Amplifiers- Controls
Frequency Modulation Equipment input values may be 30, 250, 500 or attached. Motor noises are damped out
750 Main St. Winchester, Mass. 600 ohms. by specially designed anti -noise con-
Phone: Win. 2121
struction.
There has been announced by Elec-
ELECTRICAL TESTING RCA Tubes tro -Voice Manufacturing Co., Inc., 1239
LABORATORIES
RCA Mfg. Co., Harrison, N. J., an- South Bend Ave., South Bend, Ind.,
Characteristics
of Vacuum Tubes nounces new tubes as follows: RCA - the new "605" dynamic microphone.
Tc;ts or photo cells, glow lamps, crater lamps,
Tests of electronic and optical devices 880 transmitting triode water -cooled
Among its features are an aluminum
East End Avenue and 79th Street voice coil, polystyrene insulation, Du-
New York, N. Y. type; RCA 889 -R transmitting triode rev diaphragm, Zamak castings, Armco
Phone: Butterfield 8 -2600 air -cooled radiator type. Both of these iron magnetic circuit, a large Alnico
tubes have been designed for use with magnet and a i -inch 27 coupling for
HAROLD J. McCREARY full input at frequencies as high as
Mem. A.I.E.E, & W.S.E. 25 Mc. the mike stand. The frequency re-
Consulting Engineer Also available is 117N7 -GT, a multi- sponse is 45 to 8,000 cps and the out-
Research
Laboratory Facilities
Electronics unit tube containing a half-wave recti- put level is -57 db. Impedances avail-
Development Television
fier and a beam power amplifier in the able are 50, 200 and 500 ohms and Hi -Z
Design
Factory Practice
Radio
Railroad Signaling
same envelope (T-9). It is intended for direct grid connection. It weighs
Patent Studies Telephony
15 oz.
105 W. Adams St. Phone STate 4003 Chicago, III. primarily for use in portable battery
a -c and d -c receivers. 827 -R is a new
F. H. SHEPARD, JR. air -cooled radiator type of u -h -f trans- Microphone Stand
CONSULTING ENGINEER mitting beam power amplifier. Design
ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS features of 827-R include multiple - A heavy weight broadcast microphone
Specializing In: floor stand offered by Shure Bros., 225
industrial Control Special Amplifier Design ribbon filament leads, two multiple -
Fallow -tip Devices Photoelectric Applications
Radio and Carrier Operated Remote Control ribbon grid leads to minimize the effect W. Huron St., Chicago, employs heavy,
6167 Cedar Ave., Merchantville, N. J. of lead inductance, and an entrant non -vibrating, large diameter tubing
Telephone Merchantville 1111 metal header. for rigidity and freedom from noise.

81 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 Power Tube Tester capable of greater peaks. A new type
of voice coil construction and spider
A new power tube tester has just been assembly improves the performance of
developed by Harvey -Wells Communi- the speaker. It is available from Ox-
cations Inc. of Southbridge, Mass., to ford Tartak Radio Corp., 915 W. Van
facilitate taking accurate measure- Buren St., Chicago. Another model
ments of power and rectifier tube char- available is Permag cabinet speaker
acteristics under variable load condi- 3ZM -CA which measures 4 ¡x4xfi3 in.
tions. The Type R -83 tube tester was while a second unit, Model 3ZM -CM
designed specifically for airlines and designed for use as a microphone is
other organizations maintaining a rela- equipped with a special shielded trans-
tively large group of transmitter in- former.
stallations, which must be kept at
peak operating performance at all
times. With the R -83 tester new tubes Microphone Cable
may be accepted or rejected after de- Transformers
livery and tubes in service can be
checked at frequent intervals for cor- Three new microphone cable trans-
rect performance. formers, just released by United Trans-
former Corporation, 150 Varick St., ""7:12t.:.1
Portable Recorder New York City, are designed to be
inserted in the cable circuit. The units
A portable recording system adaptable are ruggedly constructed to withstand
as a PA system has been announced by mechanical abuse. Cable connections
The Webster Co., 5622 Bloomingdale are made through the spring strain
Ave., Chicago. The system includes relief to terminal boards inside the
a recording amplifier with volume and end caps. Standard fidelity and high
tone controls and VI meter, a crystal fidelity line to grid models are avail-
pickup with a 2 oz needle pressure, able, as well as a crystal -to-line match- With the improved type
ing unit. 1554 GAMMATRON
plate dissipation -1000 wct-s
Small Power and WRITE FOR DATA
Midget Relays
Potter & Brumfield Mfg. Co., Inc., HEINTZhea KAUFMAN (
Princeton, Ind., announce, as additions SOUtN SAN iRAeCISCO\ LTD.; CALIFORNIA US,A
to their line of small power and midget
relays, a series of multiple spring types
and a series of compact low cost plate
circuit relays. Either of the new types
is offered for ac or do and can be wound
up to 10,000 ohms for maximum sensiti- Can
yO° use this TRANSFORMER
vity in plate circuit applications. Radio BUILDING les of nansfeERIENC
E?
antenna changeover and keying relays three more
Here are
examples
in transformer
Isuilds. Specialists be able
with polystyrene non-hygroscopic low - that Acme Acme may
P roduction, economically
loss insulation are also new in the line. design bed and more
te serrve You

Midget Phonograph Inverters SIGNALLING

slanting control panel, and a monitor TRANSFORMERS
speaker. It will cut records up to a American Television Radio Co., 300
&
10 inch size, and it has a crystal head East Fourth Street, St. Paul, Min- For o dependable
voltage power supply.
bw-

self -groove cutter. There are 98 lines nesota, announces a new line of Midget Mode in sizes from 50
Phonograph Inverters. ATR Midget V.A. to 750 V.A. ca-
per inch. The speed of the turntable pacity, l l 5 volt primary,
is 78 rpm. The system includes a carry- Phonograph Inverters are for opera- 4- e- 12- 16 -20 -24 volt
ing case as well as a microphone. A tion on 110 volts do inverting same to secondary. Quality con-
struction for trouble free
33? rpm model is also available. 110 volts ac 60 cycles at an output of operation.
15 watts and are available in two INSULATION
models: Model PCP -F has a built -in BREAKDOWN TESTER
Glass Enclosed Fuses r -f interference suppression system and A portable testing device,

Littlefuse, Inc., 4757 Ravenswood Ave., is designed primarily for small record incorporating a tapped type
transformer to supply secon-
Chicago, offers Underwriters approved players in conjunction with radio sets, dary voltages in steps from
Type 3AG glass enclosed fuses in rat- and Model PCP -R, which is intended 500 to 3500 volts. Useful in
mercy ways in laboratory
ings up to 8 amp for 250 volt ac or primarily for the operation of the a-c and industrial work.

dc service or less. The size is lixt phonograph portion in a -c d -c radio -

inch. The glass sleeve condenses the phonograph combinations. NIGH INTENSITY MERCURY
VAPOR TRANSFORMERS
metallic vapors released under short - Preferred by large (indus-
circuit and reduces pressure due to Other New Products trial organizations for
their exacting perform-
this cause and also prevents the sud- ance. Unique features of
den wave front of air pressure from Because of the lack of space it is design and construction
make for easy installation,
striking the outer glass casing due to impossible for the editors to describe high performance.
sudden air expansion under the heat in detail the following items of interest. Lee Acme help solve yew
Trenslermer Problems.
of short circuit. More information can be obtained from
the manufacturers. THE ACME ELECTRIC & MFG. CO.
PM Speaker Portable Model T16 record player 31 WATER STREET CUBA, N. Y.
of Speak -O -Phone Recording & Equip.
The new speaker, Model 12DM2 is an Co. (23 West 60th St., New York
addition to numerous other Permag City), is released particularly for Acnte__<0±1 Leci,l''Lc
models. It is rated at 20 watts and is transcription playback. Model DR -125 TR A N S E O R M E R S

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 85

 The combination of high ten-
sile strength that assures a last-
DOES THE WORK OF
ing bond, and faster, cleaner
work made possible by quick - two legs
Ohmite's rheostat
acting flux of pure water-white Instead of spending all your time
and energy hunting for radio parts, direction indicator rheostat of Ohmite
rosin, has given Gardiner Rosin - spend a penny for a postcard and Mfg. Co. (4835 Flournoy St., Chicago),
Core Solders an outstanding get this catalog FREE. It contains is a compact, convenient device for
everything in radio. You can sit use in order to send an indication of
reputation for efficiency and eco- the position to a remote point. Two
down and order at home from your items announced by Alden Products
nomy on radio work by expert
easy chair. And no need to worry Co. are 440JL jewel pilot light assem-
or amateur. Yet, due to modern about quality or value. This book bly and 440FZS fuse holder. A power
production methods and big has all the nationally advertised resistor decade box capable of handling
names -names famous for quality. real power so that it can be inserted in
sales, Gardiner Solders cost less And prices far lower than you're actual circuits to simulate working
than even ordinary kinds. Made used to paying. Save time and conditions, is announced by Clarostat
money with modern Radio's buy- Mfg. Co. (285 6th St., Brooklyn, N. Y).
in various alloys and core sizes Catalog 160T, available from Cornell -
ing guide. Send for a copy today. Dubilier, S. Plainfield, N. J., describes
. . . and in gauges as small as
liaóio Wire Tleuision Inc. in detail improved silver mica capaci-
1/32 of an inch in 1, 5 and ... tors for applications in electronic cir-
cuits where the utmost in frequency
20 -lb. spools. stability is essential. Also announced
by Cornell -Dubilier are (Type IF -18
"Quietone ") radio noise filters which
NEW YORK CHICAGO ATLANTA can be used either in the supply line
loo Sixth Avenue 901 W. Jackson Blvd. 265 Peachtree St. to the radio set or in the line to a
BOSTON NEWARK JAMAICA. L. L BRONX, N. Y. noise -creating electrical appliance.
4889 S. Campbell Avenue Chicago, III. 1IDFedeul St. 24 Cmaal be. Nag INN St. 542 E. fordham Rd.
Development of an improved non -
insulated rigid sign electrode for neon
and fluorescent tubing was announced
by Callite Tungsten Corp., Union City,
SEARCHLIGHT SECTION l Classified Advertising)

10 CENTS
EMPLOYMENT :
BUSINESS :
UNDISPLAYED
A WORD. MINIMUM CHARGE $2.00
Positions Wanted (full or part time salaried
employment only) 1,4 the above rates
"OPPORTUNITIES"
- RATES- DISPLAYED
: USSEDPOR RESALE

Individual Spaces with border rules for

The
display
rate is $6.00 perninch for
payable In advance. all advertising appearing on other than
Box Numbers-Care of publication New a contract basis. Contract rates quoted
York, Chicago or San Francisco offices on request.
count as 10 words.
Discount of 10% if full payment is made
in advance for 4 consecutive insertions.
An advertising inch is measured W' ver-
tically on a column
inches to a page.
columns -3 30 -
HIGH GRADE USED POSITIONS VACANT
COMPONENTS ENGINEER -Must be experi-
MACHINERY enced radio parts engineer and graduate
ELECTRON TUBE electrical engineer. Practical experience in
Huge Stork of Every Type and Variety analyzing electrical and mechanical quality and
KAHLE ENGINEERING CORPORATION design of samples submitted, as well as actual Callite Tungsten's sign electrode
manufacture of
Specialists In Equipment for the designing experience preferred. All replies con-
Neon Tubes, Radio Tubes, Incandescent Lamps. fidential but give particulars of age, experi-
Photo Cells, X -ray Tubes, etc. ence and salary. P -241, Electronics, 330 W.
42nd St.. New York, N. Y.
N. J. It is known as "Cal -lux." RCA
900 DeMott St.. North Bergen, N. J.
Brush Development Co. requires acoustical Mfg. Co. (Camden, N. J.), introduced
engineer experienced in theory and design Model AR-77 "extended range" speaker
practice of microphones, speakers, phones,
etc. Mail full details, qualifications, experi- for amateurs and short wave fans.
DEPENDABLE
Used
ence, salary required to Brush Development
Co., 3311 Perkins Ave., Cleveland, Ohio.
Model 1632 is a complete wide -range
ELECTRONIC TUBE EQUIPMENT
signal generator available from Trip-
manufac-
Complete line of used equipment for the
POSITIONS WANTED lett Electrical Instrument Co., Bluff-
ture of Radio Tubes, Neon Tubes, Incandescent CHIEF ENGINEER- Eastern NBC outlet ton, Ohio. Heavy number wheels are
Lamps, etc. Write for Bulletin showing 25 to 75% necessary to live in milder climate desires
savings.
CALLITE TUNGSTEN CORPORATION
position in the south or southwest. Present
position 11 years satisfactory record as execu-
replaced by bakelite in a new stream-
Corp.
formerly Eisler Electric tive and engineer. Age 33. Available for lined mechanical counter developed by
Street. Union City, N. J. interview at own expense latter part of Aug-
534 39th
ust. PW -242, Electronics, 330 W. 42nd St., Production Instrument Co., 710 W.
New York, N. Y. Jackson Blvd., Chicago. The Hart Mfg.
PHYSICIST -Nine years experience in design, Co., Hartford, Conn., announced a new
TRANSMITTING TUBES development, production and application of
high vacuum and gaseous discharge tubes. single pole toggle switch with "snap -
Repaired and Guaranteed to your PW -243, Electronics, 330 W. 42nd St., New
satisfaction. York. N. Y. in" mounting. Catalog 600-E describes
228A -$100 891 -892 -$125 279A -$150 PATENT ATTORNEY in detail a new microphone cable trans-
Correspondence invited Preliminary Searches: Applications; Patent former available from Thordarson
GARRETT W. LEWIS ELECTRONICS Sales; Charges Reasonable. Formerly Manager Elec. Mfg. Co., 500 W. Huron St.,
Route 3, Los Gatos, Calif. RCA Victor Patent Department. Thad Golds - Chicago.
na1 borough, 2714 Quarry Road, Washington, D. C.

-
1111131 lllllll nn1111111111111111111 lllllll 111111,,, u n,,,, 111.1111111111111111111 l n uu

86 August 1940 ELECTRONICS

 Relays
(Continued from page 16)

relay class are those for underload , un , . , m , nq , n .g nn ñn u q uuurin n., uw i n,n

and overload protection (usually a 141IIIFIIIIRIIII.EIIIIFj,IE,lotllllll® rFìIIIIE.IEa,,TR'iNX ÌI'sI11l

self-latching relay with manual or
solenoid reset), double relays for
motor reversing service, and ratchet
relays for step -by -step control of
several circuits.
Time delay relays are of particu-
lar interest in protecting the ca- We manufacture a complete line of equipment

'
SPOT WELDERS, electric, from 4 to 500 KVA
thodes of gas -filled tubes, as well as TRANSFORMERS, special and standard types AC ARC
INCANDESCENT LAMP manufacturing equipment WELDERSFrom 100 to
in control applications where time RADIO TUBES. ex -ray, cathode ray, photo cells 400 Amps.
ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT, vacuum pumps, etc.
is a factor in the control. Two types TUNGSTEN SLUGS. rod and wire manufacturing equipment
GENERAL GLASS working machines and burners
of delay relay have prominence: the COLLEGE GLASS working units for
EISLER ENGINEERING COMPANY, students and laboratory
CHAS. EISLER, Pres.
clock- operated relay and the thermal 751 So. 13th St. (near Avon Ave.) Newark, New Jersey
type. The clock relay usually em- ELECTRON TUBE PARTS
ploys a self -starting synchronous QUALITY All Type, EST. 18 YEARS VACUUM TUBES AND
clock motor to which the initiating
SealFinish Tungsten Welds
Tungar Welds
Filament Hooks
Coil Springs ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Bases Design, Development and Construction of
voltage is applied and an auxiliary Spot Welders Caps
Stem Wire Cutting & Forming Machines tubes and circuits.
mechanism for closing the coil circuit "The VACUTRON, INC.
of an auxiliary relay when the de- 59
Daniel Kondakjlan, Pre,.
Branford Street Newark. N. 1.
2819 12 St. South Arlington. Va.
sired time has elapsed. The motor is
disconnected at the same time by an
auxiliary contact, and the relay is
MICROMETER for FINE [RIBBONS
FREQUENCY transmitters,
checking of Tungsten, Molybdenum and
"recycled" ready for the next initi- from 1.5 to 56 mc, Speeial Alloys
METER within 0.01 per cent. To your specifications
ating impulse. Almost any range of
timing interval is available in the LAMPKIN LABORATORIES H. CROSS

A
-Bradenton. Fla., U. S. 15 BEEKMAN ST. NEW YORK
clock -type relay. A. --

The thermal relays depend on the

differential expansion of two pieces C T O N E
of metal, through one of which the
control current passes. When suffi- CUTTING STYLI
For recording direct on all coated alumi-
cient time has elapsed, after the num or paper base discs. Individually
lapped for a quiet, high quality cut.
application of the current, the metal
pieces snap over in the manner of a
H.W. ACTON CO., Inc., 370 7th A4e., New York REX RHEOSTAT CO.IVew ók NSY.

thermostat and close a contact in

the coil circuit of an auxiliary relay. CONSOLIDATED ENGINEERING CORPORATION
Such relays must be compensated for ELECTRONIC * OPTICAL * VIBRATION ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH
changes in the ambient temperature.
This may be done by employing
INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT AND MANUFACTURE
1255 EAST GREEN STREET
* PATENT STUDIES
PASADENA, CALIFORNIA
metallic pieces of different thick-
ness, and thus having different
thermal inertia. Slow changes of With Offices in 80 Cities
ambient temperature affect both GRAYBAR COEMCPANY
pieces alike, whereas the quick DISTRIBUTES
change incident to the current flow HIGH GRADE KIRKLAND SIGNAL & INDICATOR
affects the thinner piece first. Time
delays from a few seconds to several
minutes may be introduced in this
PILOT- LIGHTS PILOT LIGHTS
f.r all electrical devices.

/
To essanutacturers of high grade apparatus,
who cannot afford to be judged by the
manner. standards of the retail bargain counters. WRITE FOR CATALOGUE
Underwriter's Approved Units in three lens sFowirg a complete line of
In this brief review it has been sizes, 2 ", 1 1/16 ", 11/16 ", for Tungsten or
assemtlies for all purposes.
Neon lamps.
impossible to discuss all the varia- WRITE FOR TEN PAGE CATALOGUE `SIGNAL INIICATOR Corp.
tions of mechanical construction 140 CEDAR ST. NEW YORK, f.
MBy° N. R. KIRKLAND CO., MDRRISTDWN, N.J. t .
which may be employed for special
purposes. The illustrations, which
show some of the unusual examples, FILTERS -EQUALIZERS Find what you are looking for? e)
may suggest to the reader the wide Lattice Bridged -T Paralleled -T etc. If this or other advertising in
Designed and manufactured this issue does not supply the
variety of functions which may be Submit your filter problem information of products wanted
handled by relays of modern con- HOLLYWOOD TRANSFORMER CO.
write
Electronics
struction. 7364 Melrose Ave. Hollywood. Calif. 330 West 4ind St, New York City

ELECTRONICS - August 1940 87

 INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
AUDAX A
85 Lampkin Laboratories
L
87
Acme Electric & Mfg. Co
Acton Co., Inc., H. W. 87 Lamson & Sessions Co ....... 55

Advance Electric Co 84 Lapp Insulator Co

80 Leach Relay Co. 73
Allied Control Co
American Electro Metal Corp 69 Lingo & Son, Inc., John E 68
American Lava Corp 39
American Screw Co 5 M
American Transformer Co 6 Magnetic Windings Co. 65
Amperex Electronic Products, Inc. Mallory & Co., Inc. P. R. 7, 10
Inside Front Cover McGraw -Hill Book 'Co., Inc. 83
Audak Company 88 Measurements Corp. 65
Autocall Co. 76 Millen Mfg. Co., Inc., James 64
NEW Automatic Electric Co. 62
N
High Fidelity Cutter
FREQUENCY RANGE : -
substan-
tially FLAT to over 9000 cycles.
Bakelite Corp.
B

Ballantine Laboratories, Inc.

Biddle Co., James G.
55
73
60
National Screw & Mfg. Co
National Vulcanized Fibre Co.
O
5
41

DISTORTION: -less than 3.7% Blaw -Knox Co. 54 Oxford -Tartak Radio Corp 82
at 100 cycles and less than 1.2% Bliley Electric Co 62
at 1000 cycles. Bud Radio, Inc. 58 P
INPUT LEVEL:-fully modulates Parker-Kalon Corp. 5
groove with input of only 16 db. Pheoll Mfg. Co 5
IMPEDANCES:-up to 4000 ohms. C
Phillips Screws 5
DRIVE: -magnetically powered. Callite Tungsten Corp. 56
Pioneer Gen -E -Motor Corp. 75
Cannon Electric Development Co 79
Precision Apparatus Co. 74
STABILITY:-characteristics n o t Carborundum Co. 82

MOUNTING:
on any recorder.
-
affected by climatic changes.
inter-changeable
Carter Motor Co.
Centralab Div., Globe- Union, Inc
Cinch Manufacturing Co.
82
45
37
Precision Tube Co.
Presto Recording Corp
R
60
48

Clare & Co., C. P 58

Cutter Prices start at 518.25 Continental Screw Co. 5
5
Radio Wire Television, Inc.
RCA Mfg. Co.
86
Back Cover
Corbin Screw Corp.
Cornell -Dubilier Electric Corp. Raytheon Mfg. Co. 70
Inside Back Cover Remler Co., Ltd. 67
Cross, H. 87 Rex Rheostat Co. 87
Russell, Burdsall & Ward Bolt &
Nut Co. 5
D
Driver Co., Wilbur B 76 S
Du Pont Plastics 59 Scovill Mfg. Co. 5
Dunn, Inc., Struthers 60 Shakeproof Lock Washer Co 5
Signal Indicator Corp. 87
E Sola Electric Co. 44
Solar Mfg. Corp 72
Eisler Engineering Co 87 Superior Tube Co 8
Eitel- McCullough, Inc. 49 Synthane Corp Insert: 8 a, b
Electrical Research Products, Inc 66
Engineering Co. of Newark, N. J , T
The 87 Thomas & Skinner Steel Pds. Co... 75
Mierodyne Pickup Erie Resistor Corp. 47 Triplett Electrical Instrument Co... 77
Tubular Rivet & Stud Co. 50
startling /ac-simile realism F
THE
of MICRODYNE is consistently Finch Telecommunications, Inc 4 U
Carbon Corp 55
perfect under all climatic condi- Union Carbide &
tions. Sharp, clean -cut definition V
-absolute uniformity-low needle G Vacutron, Inc. 87
impedance -absence of harmonic Gardiner Metal Co 86
distortion- little wonder that this General Electric Co. 2, 3, 52 W
exceptional pickup has convinced Guardian Electric Mfg. Co. 46 57
even the most skeptical technicians Western Electric Co.
-yet it costs about the same as Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co 51
ordinary pickups. H Weston Electrical Instrument Corp. 53
Hallicrafters Inc. 67 White Dental Mfg. Co., S. S.....42, 70
Microdyne Pickup s1f.Jso Heinemann Circuit Breaker 69 Wilson Co., H. A. 79
Prices start at ii// Wunderlich Radio Co. 73
Heintz & Kaufman Ltd. 85
Hewlett- Packard Co. 75
Z
"The Standard Hollywood Transformer Co 87
Zophar Mills, Inc 79
by Which Others I
Are Judged Instrument Resistors, Inc. 80 Professional Services 84
and Valued" International Resistance Co 43

J SEARCHLIGHT SECTION
Write for latest literature Jones, Howard B 64 (Classified Advertising)
AUDAH COMPANY K
EMPLOYMENT
EQUIPMENT FOR SALE
86
500 Fifth Avenue New York
City
Kenyon Transformer Co. 83 Callite Tungsten Corp 86
"Creators of High Grade Electrical 86
and Acoustical Apparatus Since 1915" Kirkland Co., H. R 87 Kahle Engineering Corp
Kurman Electric Co. 66 Lewis, Garrett W 86

88 August 1940 - ELECTRONICS

 Only Cornell - Dubilier Electrolytics
offer all these REAL features.
Jockeys or Capacitors ... Types BRL and BRS
NG the colors of the
WEARIWEARING same stable, tipping DUAL AND TRIPLE
the beams at the same figure, they're "look - C A P A C I T Y
alikes". Yet when one of these jockeys is up, what
a difference in a thoroughbred's performance. That's "BEAVER "*
because the real qualities are hidden to the eye. ELECTROLYTIC
It's true of men; it's true of capacitors. They may CAPACITORS
look alike, but when capacitors are "up ", what a
difference in performance! These Features:
Special high -voltage paper separator
Cornell -Dubilier capacitors outperform all others C -Detched plate
in length of life, surviving soundness and economy Special C -D electrolyte
Special high formation process
of operation. These characteristics derive from years
of experience a unique combination of hidden ingre Result in:
Minimum capacity change over wide temperature
dients found only in C -D's. More than thirty years range.
of capacitor specialization stand behind Cornell - Great reduction in physical size -up to 40% for some
types.
Dubilier's exclusive construction. Here is the proof Increased useful life.
of the pudding -the reason why you get more for Reduced direct current leakage.
Reduced equivalent series resistance.
your money when you specify C -D's ... why there Higher breakdown voltage.
are more Cornell -Dubilier capacitors in use today Improved audio and radio frequency impedance
characteristics.
than any other make. The types BRL and BRS Dual 'Beaver" Electrolytics
employ the same construction as the Type BR
"Beavers ". Type BRL units are dual, common nega-
tive, while Type BRS are common positive. Catalog
U
on request.
LECTOIC CORPORATION Remember! All C-D capacitors are union made
MI6 It and competitively priced.
ETCHED FOIL- -NOT FABRICATED PLATE

THE WORLD'S LARGEST MANUFACTURER OF CAPACITORS...

ELECTRONICS August lo 10
 r

T HE basically-new principle employed in the

multi -electrode RCA -825, wherein the electron stream
is inductively coupled to the output circuit, has resulted
in removal of many of the present day limitations to
u -h -f operation. Designed for use as a power amplifier
at frequencies above 300 megacycles, the RCA -825 is
capable of handling power outputs up to 35 watts, de-
pending on the band width and type of service. It is also
useful as an oscillator and harmonic generator, being
employed in these applications in the same manner as
conventional -type tubes.
By separating the functions of the output electrode and
of the current -collecting electrode, and by making use of
high -velocity focused electrons, electron transit -time
effects are minimized without increased dissipation and
32'
loss in efficiency. This separation of functions makes it INDUCTIVE-
possible to utilize an output circuit of low effective
capacitance and high efficiency. Thus, because of its
high transconductance and its adaptability to tank circuits OUTPUT
having low effective capacitance, the 825 is especially
suited for wideband services, such as television and
frequency modulation. AMPLIFIER
Sound and practical in design, the 825 is an RCA
engineering achievement which suggests vast new possi-
bilities for the advancement of u -h -f use. Complete
technical information will gladly be sent upon request.
Inquiries regarding special applications above 300 mega-
cycles are solicited. Write to RCA MFG. CO., Commercial
Engineering Section, Harrison, N. J.

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RCA MANUFACTURING CO., INC, CAMDEN, N. J. A Service of The Radio Corporation . America