The following edited passage is an 45 civilised society, a prison.

But on one
excerpt from The Scarlet Letter by side of the portal, and rooted almost at
Nathaniel Hawthorne, a historical the threshold, was a wild rose-bush,
fiction novel set in Boston in the 1600s. covered, in this month of June, with its
delicate gems, which might be imagined
A throng of bearded men, in sad- 50 to offer their fragrance and fragile
coloured garments and grey steeple- beauty to the prisoner as he went in, and
crowned hats, inter-mixed with women, to the condemned criminal as he came
some wearing hoods, and others forth to his doom, in token that the deep
5 bareheaded, was assembled in front of a heart of Nature could pity and be kind to
wooden edifice, the door of which was 55 him.
heavily timbered with oak, and studded
with iron spikes. This rose-bush, by a strange chance, has
been kept alive in history; but whether it
The founders of a new colony, whatever had merely survived out of the stern old
10 Utopia of human virtue and happiness wilderness, so long after the fall of the
they might originally project, have 60 gigantic pines and oaks that originally
invariably recognised it among their overshadowed it, or whether, as there is
earliest practical necessities to allot a fair authority for believing, it had
portion of the virgin soil as a cemetery, sprung up under the footsteps of the
15 and another portion as the site of a sainted Ann Hutchinson as she entered
prison. In accordance with this rule it 65 the prison-door, we shall not take upon
may safely be assumed that the us to determine. Finding it so directly on
forefathers of Boston had built the first the threshold of our narrative, which is
prison-house somewhere in the Vicinity now about to issue from that
20 of Cornhill, almost as seasonably as inauspicious portal, we could hardly do
they marked out the first burial-ground, 70 otherwise than pluck one of its flowers,
on Isaac Johnson's lot, and round about and present it to the reader. It may
his grave, which subsequently became serve, let us hope, to symbolise some
the nucleus of all the congregated sweet moral blossom that may be found
25 sepulchres in the old yard of King's along the track, or relieve the darkening
Chapel. Certain it is that, some fifteen or 75 close of a tale of human frailty and
twenty years after the settlement of the sorrow.
town, the wooden jail was already
marked with weather-stains and other The grass-plot before the jail, in Prison
30 indications of age, which gave a yet Lane, on a certain summer morning, not
darker aspect to its beetle-browed and less than two centuries ago, was
gloomy front. The rust on the ponderous 80 occupied by a pretty large number of the
iron-work of its oaken door looked more inhabitants of Boston, all with their eyes
antique than anything else in the New intently fastened on the iron-clamped
35 World. Like all that pertains to crime, it oaken door. Amongst any other
seemed never to have known a youthful population, or at a later period in the
era. Before this ugly edifice, and 85 history of New England, the grim
between it and the wheel-track of the rigidity that petrified the bearded
street, was a grass-plot, much physiognomies of these good people
40 overgrown with burdock, pig-weed, would have augured some awful
apple-pern, and such unsightly business in hand. It could have
vegetation, which evidently found 90 betokened nothing short of the
something congenial in the soil that had anticipated execution of some noted
so early borne the black flower of culprit, on whom the sentence of a legal

2
March 2021
 tribunal had but confirmed the verdict of 2. As used in line 22, “lot” most nearly
public sentiment. But, in that early means
95 severity of their character, an inference A. condition.
of this kind could not so indubitably be B. bundle.
drawn. It might be that a sluggish bond- C. fate.
servant, or an undutiful child, whom his D. ground.
parents had given over to the civil
100 authority, was to be corrected at the 3. The author alludes to the rose bush’s
whipping-post. It might be that an existence as
Antinomian, a Quaker, or other A. justified.
heterodox religionist, was to be B. arbitrary.
scourged out of the town, or an idle or C. meaningful.
105 vagrant Indian, whom the white man's D. elusive.
firewater had made riotous about the
streets, was to be driven with stripes 4. Which choice best provides
into the shadow of the forest. It might evidence for the answer to the
be, too, that a witch, like old Mistress previous question?
110 Hibbins, the bitter-tempered widow of A. Lines 45-55 (“But … him.”)
the magistrate, was to die upon the B. Lines 56-57 (“This … history;”)
gallows. In either case, there was very C. Lines 57-66 (“but …
much the same solemnity of demeanour determine.”)
on the part of the spectators, as befitted D. Lines 66-71 (“Finding …
115 a people among whom religion and law reader.”)
were almost identical, and in whose
character both were so thoroughly 5. The author uses descriptive
interfused, that the mildest and severest language in the first paragraph to
acts of public discipline were alike A. allow the reader to visualize the
120 made venerable and awful. Meagre, opening scene.
indeed, and cold, was the sympathy that B. prove his large repertoire of
a transgressor might look for, from such descriptive diction.
bystanders, at the scaffold. On the other C. confuse the reader of the
hand, a penalty which, in our days, passage’s setting with jargon.
125 would infer a degree of mocking infamy D. build up to the punishments to
and ridicule, might then be invested take place.
with almost as stern a dignity as the
6. As used in line 35, “pertains” most
punishment of death itself.
nearly means
1. The primary purpose of the passage A. exists.
is to B. concerns.
C. belongs to.
A. discuss the door of the prison. D. neglects.
B. describe the inhabitants of
Boston.
C. present the context of
punishment in Boston.
D. introduce the importance of the
rose bush.

3
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7. The inhabitants’ perception of law
and punishment can best be
described as which of the following?
A. The inhabitants hold dual
feelings for all forms of
punishment.
B. The inhabitants are repulsed at
the severity of the punishments.
C. The inhabitants did not
participate in the spectacles, but
viewed it as a necessity.
D. The inhabitants feared
repercussion if they did not
observe the punishments.
8. Which choice best provides
evidence for the answer to the
previous question?
A. Lines 9-16 (“The … prison.”)
B. Lines 77-83 (“The … door.”)
C. Lines 112-120 (“In … awful.”)
D. Lines 123-128 (“On … itself.”)
9. The author mentions “Meagre,
indeed, and cold was the sympathy
that a transgressor might look for,
from such bystanders, at the
scaffold” in lines 120-123 in order
to portray a mood of
A. chronic poverty.
B. austerity and remorselessness.
C. compassion and concern.
D. empathy within indifference.
10. What is the relationship between the
last paragraph and the rest of the
passage?
A. The last paragraph presents the
reader with the criminals while
the rest of the passage describes
the gallows.
B. The last paragraph builds upon
the analogy of the rose bush.
C. The last paragraph provides
contradictory supporting details.
D. The last paragraph informs the
reader of the type of spectators
at the gallows while the rest of
the passage describes the context
of a prison door.

4
March 2021
 The following passage is taken from The was officially reckoned the first month of
Leardo Map of the World, 1452 or 1453 the year in the Republic of Venice until
by John Kirtland Wright on the calendar 45 as late as 1797; it also tells the day, hour,
and the inscription behind it. and minute when the sun enters each of
the twelve signs of the zodiac.
The calendars encircling Leardo’s three
maps constitute exceptional additions. Of The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth circles
these calendars, the one on the Society’s enable one to calculate the phases of the
map is the most interesting. The 50 moon. In the third circle the first nineteen
5 inscription in the panel below the circles, letters of the alphabet represent in order
in part an explanation of the calendar, is the years of the Metonic lunisolar cycle.
somewhat awkwardly phrased in the These years were usually designated by
Venetian dialect of the fifteenth century, the golden numbers, but before the
but, although it lacks the beginning of 55 Gregorian reform letters were frequently
10 each line, the meaning is fairly clear, employed in place of the numbers.
especially when certain of the missing Leardo explains that C stands for 1453, D
lines are reconstructed from the for 1454, and so on until T is reached,
corresponding inscription on the map in after which we begin over again at A. A
Vicenza. 60 letter is placed opposite the figures (in the
fourth, fifth, and sixth 4 circles) showing
15 In the first two lines the cartographer respectively the day of the month, the
makes an excursion into the realm of hour of the day, and the “point of the
theology. hour” at which the “conjunction of the
65 moon” (i.e. new moon) will take place in
This passage is followed by a statement the years to which the letter refers. For
that the map shows how the land and example, there will be a new moon on
20 islands stand in relation to the seas and April 8, 1453, at 16 hours, 200 points.
how the many provinces and mountains Leardo adds that there are 1080 points in
and principal rivers are distributed on the 70 an hour.
land. Then, on the asserted authority of
Macrobius, “a very excellent astrologer The seventh circle gives the dominical, or
25 and geometrician,” figures are given for “Sunday,” letters; these are indicated
the dimensions of the earth and of various opposite the days of the month (fourth
heavenly bodies. These are quite fanciful, circle) on which Sunday falls in the years
bearing little relation to the corresponding 75 designated by the seven first letters of the
figures actually cited by Macrobius. alphabet. If we know the dominical letter
for any particular year, we may thus
30 The astronomical details are followed in determine the days of the week.
the third paragraph by the explanation of Leardo, however, does not specify the
the calendar. The latter consists of eight 80 years to which the dominical letters in his
concentric circles, of which the innermost calendar refer.
gives the dates of a religious holiday for
35 ninety-five years, from April 1, 1453, to The eighth and ninth circles give the
April 10, 1547; when this holiday falls in lengths of the days in hours and minutes.
April, A is written in the small From this we see that the vernal equinox
compartment, when in March, M; leap 85 fell on March 11, inasmuch as the
years are designated by B (“bissextile calendar was constructed before the
40 years”). Gregorian reform. Finally, in the tenth
circle religious festivals are shown.
The second circle shows the names of the
months, beginning with March, which

5
 15. Which choice best provides
evidence for the answer to the
previous question?
A. Lines 4-14 (“The …
Vicenza.”)
B. Lines 15-17 (“In …
theology.”)
Times of the New Moon
C. Lines 41-45 (“The … 1797;”)
Source: James Orton
D. Lines 71-76 (“The …
alphabet.”)
11. The primary purpose of the
16. In lines 24-25, the author uses
passage is to
quotation marks most likely to
A. introduce the main elements
A. support the evidence he is
of Leardo’s calendar and its
providing with a credible
effect on calendars today.
source.
B. defend Leardo’s calendar as
B. provide a counter-claim
useful and still relevant.
through the quotation marks.
C. make clear the importance of
C. break the tone of the text.
understanding the history
D. switch voices to support his
behind the calendar.
claim.
D. outline the different
components of Leardo’s 17. As used in line 56, “employed”
calendar and the circles that most nearly means
surround it. A. hired.
12. The overall text structure of the B. used.
passage is best described as C. involved.
D. appointed.
A. cause and effect.
B. investigation. 18. Which of the following can be
C. argumentative. inferred from the passage?
D. informative. A. Leardo’s calendar was the first
13. As used in line 20, “stand” most of its kind.
nearly means B. Leardo’s calendar was heavily
based in religion.
A. endure.
C. All circles are alike.
B. apply.
D. The last two circles are the
C. erect.
most important for Leardo’s
D. exist.
calendar.
14. Which of the following is NOT
19. Which choice best provides
mentioned in the passage?
evidence for the answer to the
A. Sunday is the first day of the previous question?
week according to Leardo’s
A. Lines 2-4 (“Of …
calendar.
interesting.”)
B. The message in the panel was
B. Lines 32-36 (“The … 1547;”)
written centuries ago.
C. Lines 48-50 (“The … moon.”)
C. The second circle on the map
D. Lines 82-83 (“The …
represents the months of the
minutes.”)
year.
D. The beginning of the
inscription alludes to religion.

6
20. According to the graphic, which of
Leardo’s predictions was the most
accurate?
A. 1455 April 16
B. 1456 April 6
C. 1461 January 11
D. 1468 February 23
21. The organization of the passage is
best described as
A. cause and effect.
B. sequential.
C. compare and contrast.
D. chronological.

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Questions 32-41 are based on the following talk of fashions—men’s and women’s. We are here,

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passage. on the bridge, to ask ourselves certain questions.
This passage is adapted from Virginia Woolf, Three Guineas.
And they are very important questions; and we have
©1938 by Harcourt, Inc. Here, Woolf considers the situation very little time in which to answer them. The
of women in English society. 50 questions that we have to ask and to answer about
that procession during this moment of transition are
Close at hand is a bridge over the River Thames, so important that they may well change the lives of
an admirable vantage ground for us to make a all men and women for ever. For we have to ask
survey. The river flows beneath; barges pass, laden ourselves, here and now, do we wish to join that
Line with timber, bursting with corn; there on one side are 55 procession, or don’t we? On what terms shall we join
5 the domes and spires of the city; on the other, that procession? Above all, where is it leading us, the
Westminster and the Houses of Parliament. It is a procession of educated men? The moment is short; it
place to stand on by the hour, dreaming. But not may last five years; ten years, or perhaps only a
now. Now we are pressed for time. Now we are here matter of a few months longer. . . . But, you will
to consider facts; now we must fix our eyes upon the 60 object, you have no time to think; you have your
10 procession—the procession of the sons of educated battles to fight, your rent to pay, your bazaars to
men. organize. That excuse shall not serve you, Madam.
There they go, our brothers who have been As you know from your own experience, and there
educated at public schools and universities, are facts that prove it, the daughters of educated men
mounting those steps, passing in and out of those 65 have always done their thinking from hand to
15 doors, ascending those pulpits, preaching, teaching, mouth; not under green lamps at study tables in the
administering justice, practising medicine, cloisters of secluded colleges. They have thought
transacting business, making money. It is a solemn while they stirred the pot, while they rocked the
sight always—a procession, like a caravanserai cradle. It was thus that they won us the right to our
crossing a desert. . . . But now, for the past twenty 70 brand-new sixpence. It falls to us now to go on
20 years or so, it is no longer a sight merely, a thinking; how are we to spend that sixpence? Think
photograph, or fresco scrawled upon the walls of we must. Let us think in offices; in omnibuses; while
time, at which we can look with merely an esthetic we are standing in the crowd watching Coronations
appreciation. For there, trapesing along at the tail and Lord Mayor’s Shows; let us think . . . in the
end of the procession, we go ourselves. And that 75 gallery of the House of Commons; in the Law Courts;
25 makes a difference. We who have looked so long at let us think at baptisms and marriages and funerals.
the pageant in books, or from a curtained window Let us never cease from thinking—what is this
watched educated men leaving the house at about “civilization” in which we find ourselves? What are
nine-thirty to go to an office, returning to the house these ceremonies and why should we take part in
at about six-thirty from an office, need look passively 80 them? What are these professions and why
30 no longer. We too can leave the house, can mount should we make money out of them? Where in
those steps, pass in and out of those doors, . . . make short is it leading us, the procession of the sons of
money, administer justice. . . . We who now agitate educated men?
these humble pens may in another century or two
speak from a pulpit. Nobody will dare contradict us
35 then; we shall be the mouthpieces of the divine 32
spirit—a solemn thought, is it not? Who can say
whether, as time goes on, we may not dress in The main purpose of the passage is to
military uniform, with gold lace on our breasts, A) emphasize the value of a tradition.
swords at our sides, and something like the old
40 family coal-scuttle on our heads, save that that B) stress the urgency of an issue.
venerable object was never decorated with plumes of C) highlight the severity of social divisions.
white horsehair. You laugh—indeed the shadow of D) question the feasibility of an undertaking.
the private house still makes those dresses look a
little queer. We have worn private clothes so
45 long. . . . But we have not come here to laugh, or to

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33 36
The central claim of the passage is that Woolf indicates that the procession she describes in
A) educated women face a decision about how to the passage
engage with existing institutions. A) has come to have more practical influence in
B) women can have positions of influence in recent years.
English society only if they give up some of their B) has become a celebrated feature of English public
traditional roles. life.
C) the male monopoly on power in English society C) includes all of the richest and most powerful
has had grave and continuing effects. men in England.
D) the entry of educated women into positions of D) has become less exclusionary in its membership
power traditionally held by men will transform in recent years.
those positions.

37
34
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
Woolf uses the word “we” throughout the passage answer to the previous question?
mainly to A) Lines 12-17 (“There . . . money”)
A) reflect the growing friendliness among a group B) Lines 17-19 (“It . . . desert”)
of people.
C) Lines 23-24 (“For . . . ourselves”)
B) advance the need for candor among a group of
people. D) Lines 30-34 (“We . . . pulpit”)
C) establish a sense of solidarity among a group of
people.
D) reinforce the need for respect among a group of
people.

35
According to the passage, Woolf chooses the setting
of the bridge because it
A) is conducive to a mood of fanciful reflection.
B) provides a good view of the procession of the
sons of educated men.
C) is within sight of historic episodes to which she
alludes.
D) is symbolic of the legacy of past and present sons
of educated men.

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38 40
Woolf characterizes the questions in lines 53-57 Which choice most closely captures the
(“For we . . . men”) as both meaning of the figurative “sixpence” referred
A) controversial and threatening. to in lines 70 and 71?
B) weighty and unanswerable. A) Tolerance
C) momentous and pressing. B) Knowledge
D) provocative and mysterious. C) Opportunity
D) Perspective

39
41
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question? The range of places and occasions listed in
A) Lines 46-47 (“We . . . questions”) lines 72-76 (“Let us . . . funerals”) mainly serves to
emphasize how
B) Lines 48-49 (“And . . . them”)
A) novel the challenge faced by women is.
C) Line 57 (“The moment . . . short”)
B) pervasive the need for critical reflection is.
D) Line 62 (“That . . . Madam”)
C) complex the political and social issues of the
day are.
D) enjoyable the career possibilities for women are.

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13 CO NTI N U E
 1 1
Questions 42-52 are based on the following Companies are eyeing the iron, silicon, and

...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
passages. aluminium in lunar soil and asteroids, which could
Passage 1 is adapted from Michael Slezak, “Space Mining:
be used in 3D printers to make spare parts or
the Next Gold Rush?” ©2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2 is machinery. Others want to turn space dirt into
from the editors of New Scientist, “Taming the Final 45 concrete for landing pads, shelters, and roads.
Frontier.” ©2013 by New Scientist. Passage 2
Passage 1 The motivation for deep-space travel is shifting
Follow the money and you will end up in space. from discovery to economics. The past year has seen
That’s the message from a first-of-its-kind forum on a flurry of proposals aimed at bringing celestial riches
mining beyond Earth. down to Earth. No doubt this will make a few
Line Convened in Sydney by the Australian Centre for 50 billionaires even wealthier, but we all stand to gain:
5 Space Engineering Research, the event brought the mineral bounty and spin-off technologies could
together mining companies, robotics experts, lunar enrich us all.
scientists, and government agencies that are all But before the miners start firing up their rockets,
working to make space mining a reality. we should pause for thought. At first glance, space
The forum comes hot on the heels of the 55 mining seems to sidestep most environmental
10 2012 unveiling of two private asteroid-mining firms. concerns: there is (probably!) no life on asteroids,
Planetary Resources of Washington says it will and thus no habitats to trash. But its consequences
launch its first prospecting telescopes in two years, —both here on Earth and in space—merit careful
while Deep Space Industries of Virginia hopes to be consideration.
harvesting metals from asteroids by 2020. Another 60 Part of this is about principles. Some will argue
15 commercial venture that sprung up in 2012, that space’s “magnificent desolation” is not ours to
Golden Spike of Colorado, will be offering trips to despoil, just as they argue that our own planet’s poles
the moon, including to potential lunar miners. should remain pristine. Others will suggest that
Within a few decades, these firms may be glutting ourselves on space’s riches is not an
meeting earthly demands for precious metals, such as 65 acceptable alternative to developing more sustainable
20 platinum and gold, and the rare earth elements vital ways of earthly life.
for personal electronics, such as yttrium and History suggests that those will be hard lines to
lanthanum. But like the gold rush pioneers who hold, and it may be difficult to persuade the public
transformed the western United States, the first space that such barren environments are worth preserving.
miners won’t just enrich themselves. They also hope 70 After all, they exist in vast abundance, and even
25 to build an off-planet economy free of any bonds fewer people will experience them than have walked
with Earth, in which the materials extracted and through Antarctica’s icy landscapes.
processed from the moon and asteroids are delivered There’s also the emerging off-world economy to
for space-based projects. consider. The resources that are valuable in orbit and
In this scenario, water mined from other 75 beyond may be very different to those we prize on
30 worlds could become the most desired commodity. Earth. Questions of their stewardship have barely
“In the desert, what’s worth more: a kilogram of gold been broached—and the relevant legal and regulatory
or a kilogram of water?” asks Kris Zacny of framework is fragmentary, to put it mildly.
HoneyBee Robotics in New York. “Gold is useless. Space miners, like their earthly counterparts, are
Water will let you live.” 80 often reluctant to engage with such questions.
35 Water ice from the moon’s poles could be sent to One speaker at last week’s space-mining forum in
astronauts on the International Space Station for Sydney, Australia, concluded with a plea that
drinking or as a radiation shield. Splitting water into regulation should be avoided. But miners have much
oxygen and hydrogen makes spacecraft fuel, so to gain from a broad agreement on the for-profit
ice-rich asteroids could become interplanetary 85 exploitation of space. Without consensus, claims will
40 refuelling stations. be disputed, investments risky, and the gains made
insecure. It is in all of our long-term interests to seek
one out.

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42 46
In lines 9-17, the author of Passage 1 mentions What function does the discussion of water in
several companies primarily to lines 35-40 serve in Passage 1?
A) note the technological advances that make space A) It continues an extended comparison that begins
mining possible. in the previous paragraph.
B) provide evidence of the growing interest in space B) It provides an unexpected answer to a question
mining. raised in the previous paragraph.
C) emphasize the large profits to be made from C) It offers hypothetical examples supporting a
space mining. claim made in the previous paragraph.
D) highlight the diverse ways to carry out space D) It examines possible outcomes of a proposal put
mining operations. forth in the previous paragraph.

43 47
The author of Passage 1 indicates that space mining The central claim of Passage 2 is that space mining
could have which positive effect? has positive potential but
A) It could yield materials important to Earth’s A) it will end up encouraging humanity’s reckless
economy. treatment of the environment.
B) It could raise the value of some precious metals B) its effects should be thoughtfully considered
on Earth. before it becomes a reality.
C) It could create unanticipated technological C) such potential may not include replenishing key
innovations. resources that are disappearing on Earth.
D) It could change scientists’ understanding of D) experts disagree about the commercial viability
space resources. of the discoveries it could yield.

44 48
Which choice provides the best evidence for the As used in line 68, “hold” most nearly means
answer to the previous question? A) maintain.
A) Lines 18-22 (“Within . . . lanthanum”) B) grip.
B) Lines 24-28 (“They . . . projects”) C) restrain.
C) Lines 29-30 (“In this . . . commodity”) D) withstand.
D) Lines 41-44 (“Companies . . . machinery”)

45
As used in line 19, “demands” most nearly means
A) offers.
B) claims.
C) inquiries.
D) desires.

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49 51
Which statement best describes the relationship Which choice provides the best evidence for the
between the passages? answer to the previous question?
A) Passage 2 refutes the central claim advanced in A) Lines 60-63 (“Some . . . pristine”)
Passage 1. B) Lines 74-76 (“The resources . . . Earth”)
B) Passage 2 illustrates the phenomenon described C) Lines 81-83 (“One . . . avoided”)
in more general terms in Passage 1.
D) Lines 85-87 (“Without . . . insecure”)
C) Passage 2 argues against the practicality of the
proposals put forth in Passage 1.
D) Passage 2 expresses reservations about 52
developments discussed in Passage 1.
Which point about the resources that will be highly
valued in space is implicit in Passage 1 and explicit in
Passage 2?
50
A) They may be different resources from those that
The author of Passage 2 would most likely respond to are valuable on Earth.
the discussion of the future of space mining in
lines 18-28, Passage 1, by claiming that such a future B) They will be valuable only if they can be
harvested cheaply.
A) is inconsistent with the sustainable use of space
resources. C) They are likely to be primarily precious metals
and rare earth elements.
B) will be difficult to bring about in the absence of
regulations. D) They may increase in value as those same
resources become rare on Earth.
C) cannot be attained without technologies that do
not yet exist.
D) seems certain to affect Earth’s economy in a
negative way.

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